The Civic Union (, ''Grazhdanskiy soyuz'', GS) was a political alliance in

Russia Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...

History

Political bloc "Civic Union"

Civic Union was established on 21 June 1992 at the Forum of public organisations "Civic Union" as the political bloc of

centrist Centrism is the range of political ideologies that exist between left-wing politics and right-wing politics on the left–right political spectrum. It is associated with moderate politics, including people who strongly support moderate policie ...

forces. The bloc consisted of All-Russian Union "Renewal" (VSO),

Democratic Party of Russia The Democratic Party of Russia (DPR) is a conservative Russian political party that was founded in 1990. Under the leadership of Andrei Vladimirovich Bogdanov, Andrey Bogdanov, the party advocated the entry of Russia into the European Union. ...

(DPR), People's Party "Free Russia" (NPSR), youth organisations of DPR and NPSR, parliamentary faction

Smena — New Politics Smena may refer to: * Smena (camera) * Smena Minsk a Belarusian football club. * FC Smena Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Russian football club * Smena (Slovak newspaper) was a Slovak language newspaper in 1995 taken over by SME ''Sme'' (stylized as ''SM ...

, Russian Union of Youth (RSM, legal successor to

All-Union Leninist Young Communist League The All-Union Leninist Young Communist League, usually known as Komsomol, was a political youth organization in the Soviet Union. It is sometimes described as the youth division of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), although it w ...

) and several prominent public figures. At the Forum a policy document — "Area of Consent of the Civic Union" — was approved. Bloc's founders proposed "immediate and radical correction of social-economic policy" to rescue state-owned enterprises and to support the needs of the population, creation of "collegial body of the

Commonwealth A commonwealth is a traditional English term for a political community founded for the common good. The noun "commonwealth", meaning "public welfare, general good or advantage", dates from the 15th century. Originally a phrase (the common-wealth ...

" to restore connections between former

Soviet republics In the Soviet Union, a Union Republic () or unofficially a Republic of the USSR was a constituent federated political entity with a system of government called a Soviet republic, which was officially defined in the 1977 constitution as " ...

, "Commonwealth citizenship" and "unified professional armed forces". Opposition to the political radicalism was also proclaimed, including a refusal to try legislative authorities' dissolution. A governing body — Political Council — was also elected, the Council comprised leaders of founding organisations:

Arkady Volsky Arkady Volsky (; 15 May 1932 – 9 September 2006) was a Soviet politician and businessman. He served as a senior aide to three Soviet General Secretaries, including Mikhail Gorbachev, and was one of three Deputy Prime Ministers in the last ...

(VSO), Nikolay Travkin (DPR), Aleksandr Rutskoy (NPSR), Andrey Golovin (Smena), Andrey Bogdanov (Youth Union of DPR, MSDPR), Vyacheslav Lashchevsky (RSM) and Oleg Sokolov (Youth Movement "Free Russia", MDSR). In September coordinator of parliamentary factions Free Russia,

Non-partisan Deputies The Non-Partisan Deputies (, TVF), was a minor political party in Norway and the predecessor of the Coastal Party of Norway. The party emerged from the relatively small stratum of conservative EU critics during the 1994 Norwegian EU referendum who ...

and

Left Centre The Left Centre () was a political party in Hungary in the 1860s and 1870s led by Kálmán Tisza and Kálmán Ghyczy.Vincent E McHale (1983) ''Political parties of Europe'', Greenwood Press, p505 History The Left Centre finished second to the De� ...

joined the bloc, with representatives of Non-partisan Deputies, Left Centre and

Sovereignty and Equality Sovereignty can generally be defined as supreme authority. Sovereignty entails hierarchy within a state as well as external autonomy for states. In any state, sovereignty is assigned to the person, body or institution that has the ultimate au ...

elevated to the Political Council. The Political Consultative Council was created with 6 experts from each member organisation. Officially, the agreement on bloc's establishment was signed at the Political Council session on 19 November 1992. At the same session coordinator of Sovereignty and Equality joined the bloc. In autumn a political programme was adopted, which proposed premier-presidential system, administrative-territorial reform and reorganisation of

Commonwealth of Independent States The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is a regional organization, regional intergovernmental organization in Eurasia. It was formed following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. It covers an ar ...

into a

confederation A confederation (also known as a confederacy or league) is a political union of sovereign states united for purposes of common action. Usually created by a treaty, confederations of states tend to be established for dealing with critical issu ...

. Civic Union's experts also developed an anti-crisis programme "Twelve steps away from the abyss", under which state-owned enterprises would return to governmental administration,

protectionism Protectionism, sometimes referred to as trade protectionism, is the economic policy of restricting imports from other countries through methods such as tariffs on imported goods, import quotas, and a variety of other government regulations ...

would be used to support domestic producers, conversion of munitions facilities would be held and natural tax on extractive industries would be imposed. In autumn 1992 Civic Union was among most powerful political forces in Russia. Especially, the bloc's power became evident at the VII

Congress of People's Deputies of Russia The Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian SFSR () and since 1992 Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation () was the supreme government institution in the Russian SFSR and in the Russian Federation from 16 May 1990 to 21 Se ...

(1—12 December 1992), when acting

prime minister A prime minister or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. A prime minister is not the head of state, but r ...

Yegor Gaidar Yegor Timurovich Gaidar (; rus, Егор Тимурович Гайдар, p=jɪˈɡor tʲɪˈmurəvʲɪtɕ ɡɐjˈdar; 19 March 1956 – 16 December 2009) was a Soviet and Russian economist, politician, and author, and was the Acting Prime Min ...

was deposed and replaced with

Viktor Chernomyrdin Viktor Stepanovich Chernomyrdin (, ; 9 April 19383 November 2010) was a Soviet and Russian politician and businessman. He was the Minister of Gas Industry of the Soviet Union (13 February 1985 – 17 July 1989), after which he became first chairm ...

Politico-economic association "Civic Union"

On 9 February 1993 Civic Union's co-founders registered in the

Ministry of Justice A justice ministry, ministry of justice, or department of justice, is a ministry or other government agency in charge of the administration of justice. The ministry or department is often headed by a minister of justice (minister for justice in a ...

a politic-economic association with the same name. Board of founders consisted of Vasily Lipitsky (NPSR), Valery Khomyakov (DPR), Aleksandr Vladislavlev (VSO), Andrey Golovin (Smena), Vyacheslav Lashchevsky (RSM), Oleg Sokolov (MDSR) and Andrey Bogdanov (MSDPR). Viktor Yermakov was appointed as executive director. During 1993 several

centre-left Centre-left politics is the range of left-wing political ideologies that lean closer to the political centre. Ideologies commonly associated with it include social democracy, social liberalism, progressivism, and green politics. Ideas commo ...

parties joined the association: Russian Social Democratic Centre of Oleg Rumyantsev,

Socialist Party of Workers Socialism is an economic and political philosophy encompassing diverse economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of the means of production, as opposed to private ownership. It describes the economic, political, and social ...

and Party of Labour. 1993 was characterised with deepening of the political crisis and radicalisation of parliamentary opposition. As the result, tensions arose between hardline centrists (Vladislavlev, parts of DPR and NPSR) and opposition-leaning members (Smena — New Politics, parts of NPSR and DPR), which led to the decline in Union's influence on the people's deputies. After the April 1993 referendum the bloc started to fall apart: in May DPR decided to pull out its representatives and in August members of VSO left the Civic Union's leadership. In the middle of 1993 moderate wing of the bloc clashed with

Vice President A vice president or vice-president, also director in British English, is an officer in government or business who is below the president (chief executive officer) in rank. It can also refer to executive vice presidents, signifying that the vi ...

Aleksandr Rutskoy due to the latter's partnership with radical anti-Yeltsin opposition, which was not in line with the bloc's declared centrist position. During the October 1993 political crisis association's leadership supported a "zero option": mutual repeal of

presidential Presidential may refer to: * "Presidential" (song), a 2005 song by YoungBloodZ * Presidential Airways (charter), an American charter airline based in Florida * Presidential Airways (scheduled), an American passenger airline active in the 1980s * ...

and

parliamentary In modern politics and history, a parliament is a legislative body of government. Generally, a modern parliament has three functions: Representation (politics), representing the Election#Suffrage, electorate, making laws, and overseeing ...

decrees aimed at each other and span presidential and parliamentary elections. Vice President Rutskoy, unhappy with the bloc's peaceful stance, left the Civic Union. As the result, 1993 constitutional crisis brought an ed to Civic Union's original form.

Electoral bloc "Civic Union"

In October 1993 association "Civic Union" became a co-founder of the electoral bloc

Future of Russia–New Names Future of Russia – New Names (, ''Budushchee Rosii – Novye imena'', BRNI) was a political alliance in Russia. History Electoral bloc "Future of Russia — New Names" was created prior to the 1993 Russian legislative election, 1993 legislative ...

(BR-NI), However, several members of the association's leadership led by

and Aleksandr Volsky decided to run in the upcoming legislative election separately and created electoral bloc "Civic Union in the Name of Stability, Justice and Progress". The bloc was joined by Civic Union's executive committee chairman Vasily Lipitsky. Seven organisations were co-founders of the Civic Union electoral bloc: *

Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs The Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs (RSPP), a lobby group based in Moscow, promotes the interests of business in Russia. It has over 1,000 members, including both private and state-owned companies, factories, and foreign and Rus ...

* All-Russian Union "Renewal" * Russian Social Democratic Centre * Association of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs of Russia * Trade Union for Workers of Forestry * Trade Union for Workers of Construction and Building-Materials Industry * Movement "War Veterans — For Peace" Civi Union's party list was approved in 21 October 1993. The federal list was headed by RSPP president

, general director of Kamaz Nikolay Bekh and VSO co-chairman Aleksandr Vladislavlev. Several prominent figures joined the bloc, including jurist Oleg Rumyantsev, former first secretary of

VLKSM The All-Union Leninist Young Communist League, usually known as Komsomol, was a political youth organization in the Soviet Union. It is sometimes described as the youth division of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), although it w ...

Viktor Mironenko The name Victor or Viktor may refer to: * Victor (name), including a list of people with the given name, mononym, or surname Arts and entertainment Film * ''Victor'' (1951 film), a French drama film * ''Victor'' (1993 film), a French shor ...

, admiral

Vladimir Chernavin Vladimir Nikolayevich Chernavin (; 22 April 1928 – 18 March 2023) was a Russian officer of the Soviet Navy. He served as the last commander-in-chief of the Soviet Navy from 1985 to 1991 and the only commander-in-chief of the Commonwealth of In ...

, singer

Iosif Kobzon Joseph Davydovich Kobzon (11 September 1937 – 30 August 2018) was a Soviet-born Russian singer, known for his crooner style. Early life Kobzon was born to Jewish Ukrainian parents in the mining town of Chasiv Yar, in the Donbas region of ...

, former Vice Chairman of the

Supreme Soviet of Russia The Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR, later the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation, was the supreme government institution of the Russian SFSR from 1938 to 1990; between 1990 and 1993, it was ...

Vladimir Ispravnikov, economists Igor Yurgens and Iosif Diskin, philosopher Aleksandr Tsipko, journalists

Pavel Voshchanov Pavel ( Bulgarian, Russian, Serbian: Павел; Czech, Slovene, and (although Romanian also uses Paul); ; ; ) is a male given name. It is a Slavic cognate of the name Paul (derived from the Greek Pavlos). Pavel may refer to: People Given ...

and Anatoly Yurkov, former chairman of the

Soviet of the Union The Soviet of the Union (, ''Sovet Soyuza''; , ''İttifaqı Soveti''; ; , Moldovan Cyrillic: ; ; ; ; ; , ''Bileleşigiň Geňeşi''; ) was the lower chamber of the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, elected on the b ...

Konstantin Lubenchenko, sociologist Fyodor Burlatsky, general Valery Ochirov, cosmonaut

Svetlana Savitskaya Svetlana Yevgenyevna Savitskaya (; born 8 August 1948) is a Russian former aviator and Soviet cosmonaut who flew aboard Soyuz T-7 in 1982, becoming the second woman in space. On her 1984 Soyuz T-12 mission she became the first woman to fly t ...

and businessman

Alisher Usmanov Alisher Burkhanovich Usmanov (, ; born 9 September 1953) is a Russian-Uzbek oligarch. He is sanctioned by the US, EU, UK, and Ukrainian governments. By March 2025, Usmanov had an estimated net worth of $16.7 billion and was ranked number 124 a ...

. A total of 78 directors of enterprises, 29 chairmen of unions of industrialists and entrepreneurs and 35 businessmen joined Civic Union party list. Civic Union also received support from multiple industrial and financial organisations, including concern Goryachev, concern DeKo, JSC Diamonds of Russia — Sakha, Telebank and commercial bank Moskva. The bloc could receive some administrative support, as several regional officials joined Civic Union:

President of Ingushetia The head of the Republic of Ingushetia (, formerly president of the Republic of Ingushetia) is the highest office within the Government of Ingushetia, Russia. The head is elected by Parliament of Ingushetia. Term of service is five years. Histo ...

Ruslan Aushev Ruslan Sultanovich Aushev (born 29 October 1954) is a Russian Ingush former politician. He was the President of Ingushetia from March 1993 to December 2001. He was reportedly the youngest officer in the Soviet Army to reach the rank of lieute ...

(later withdrew), vice premiers of

Kabardino-Balkaria Kabardino-Balkaria (), officially the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, is a republic of Russia located in the North Caucasus. As of the 2021 Census, its population was 904,200. Its capital is Nalchik. The area contains the highest mountain in ...

Khakassia Khakassia (), officially the Republic of Khakassia, is a republic of Russia located in southern Siberia. It is situated between Krasnoyarsk Krai to the north and the Altai Republic to the south. The capital city of Khakassia is Abakan, and the ...

and

Udmurtia Udmurtia, officially the Udmurt Republic, is a republics of Russia, republic of Russia located in Eastern Europe. It is administratively part of the Volga Federal District. Its capital city, capital is the types of inhabited localities in Russi ...

, deputy governors of

Astrakhan Oblast Astrakhan Oblast (; ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast) located in southern Russia. Its administrative center is the city of Astrakhan. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 1,010,073. Geography Astrakhan's southern border is the ...

Oryol Oblast Oryol Oblast (), also known as Orlovshchina (), is a federal subjects of Russia, federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the types of inhabited localities in Russia, city of Oryol. Population: Geography It is loc ...

Rostov Oblast Rostov Oblast ( rus, Росто́вская о́бласть, r=Rostovskaya oblastʹ, p=rɐˈstofskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ) is a federal subjects of Russia, federal subject of Russia (an oblast), located in the Southern Federal District. The oblast ...

and

Smolensk Oblast Smolensk Oblast (), informally also called Smolenshchina (), is a federal subjects of Russia, federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative centre is the types of inhabited localities in Russia, city of Smolensk. As of the 2021 Russ ...

. In the general election on 12 December 1993 Civic Union won only 1.93% of popular vote and placed 10th among 13 political parties and blocs, failing to cross a 5% threshold. However, 10 Civic Union candidates won in single-mandate constituencies: *

Artur Chilingarov Artur Nikolaevich Chilingarov (; 25 September 1939 – 1 June 2024) was an Armenian-Russian polar explorer, a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union in 1986 and the title of ...

(

Nenets The Nenets (; ), in the past also called 'Samoyeds' or 'Yuraks', are a Samoyedic ethnic group native to Arctic Russia, Russian Far North. According to the latest census in 2021, there were 49,646 Nenets in the Russian Federation, most of them l ...

) * Mark Goryachev (

South West Southwest is a compass point. Southwest, south-west, south west, southwestern or south-western or south western may also refer to: * Southwest (direction), an intercardinal direction Geography *South West Queensland, Australia *South West (Weste ...

) * Konstantin Laikam (

Ryazan Ryazan (, ; also Riazan) is the largest types of inhabited localities in Russia, city and administrative center of Ryazan Oblast, Russia. The city is located on the banks of the Oka River in Central Russia, southeast of Moscow. As of the 2010 C ...

) * Vasily Lipitsky ( Zayeltsovsky) * Igor Muravyov ( Pravoberezhny) * Mikhail Putilov (

Kungur Kungur () is a town in the southeast of Perm Krai, Russia, located in the Ural Mountains at the confluence of the rivers Iren and Shakva with the Sylva ( Kama's basin). Population: 62,173 ( 2023 Estimate). History Kungur was founded ...

) * Sergey Shulgin (

Arkhangelsk Arkhangelsk (, ) is a types of inhabited localities in Russia, city and the administrative center of Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. It lies on both banks of the Northern Dvina near its mouth into the White Sea. The city spreads for over along the ...

) *

Vladimir Utkin Vladimir Fyodorovich Utkin (; 17 October 1923 – 15 February 2000) was a Russian engineer and rocket scientist in the Soviet Union. He developed railcar- launched ICBM RT-23 Molodets and other Soviet rockets. Early life Utkin was born in th ...

( Sovetsky) * Andrey Zakharov (

Blagoveshchensk Blagoveshchensk ( rus, Благовещенск, p=bləɡɐˈvʲeɕːɪnsk, ) is a types of inhabited localities in Russia, city and the administrative center of Amur Oblast, Russia. It is located at the confluence of the Amur River, Amur and the ...

) * Sergey Zenkin (

Kineshma Kineshma (), the second-largest town in Ivanovo Oblast in Russia, sprawls for along the Volga River, 335 kilometers north-east of Moscow. Population: Etymology From a substrate Finno-Ugric language (cf. ('kine', < Proto-Finno-Permic ''*kän� ...

) In addition, 11 Civic Union-supported candidates were elected to the

State Duma The State Duma is the lower house of the Federal Assembly (Russia), Federal Assembly of Russia, with the upper house being the Federation Council (Russia), Federation Council. It was established by the Constitution of Russia, Constitution of t ...

: * Andrey Aizderdzis (

Independent Independent or Independents may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Artist groups * Independents (artist group), a group of modernist painters based in Pennsylvania, United States * Independentes (English: Independents), a Portuguese artist ...

Mytishchi Mytishchi ( rus, Мыти́щи, p=mɨˈtʲiɕːɪ) is a types of inhabited localities in Russia, city and the administrative center of Mytishchinsky District in Moscow Oblast, Russia, which lies 19 km northeast of Russia's capital Moscow o ...

) * Sergey Boskholov (

, Ust-Orda Buryat) * Anatoly Guskov ( BR-NI,

Lyubertsy Lyubertsy (, ) is a city and the administrative center of Lyuberetsky District in Moscow Oblast, Russia. Demographics Population: History It was first mentioned in 1621 and was granted town status in 1925. It is sometimes described as a wo ...

) *

Aleksey Krasnykh Alexey ( ; ), is a Russian and Bulgarian male given name derived from the Greek ''Aléxios'' (), meaning "Defender", and thus of the same origin as the Latin Alexius. Similar Ukrainian and Belarusian names are romanized as Oleksii (Олек ...

(

PRES Pres may refer to: Abbreviations *President (disambiguation), President *Pressure *Presbyterian *Pres, glossing abbreviation for the present tense Acronyms *Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome *Pôle de recherche et d'enseignement supéri ...

Izhevsk Izhevsk or Ijevsk (, ; , or ) is the capital city of Udmurtia, Russia. It is situated along the Izh River, west of the Ural Mountains in Eastern Europe. It is the 21st-largest city in Russia, and the most populous in Udmurtia, with over 600,000 ...

) *

Vladimir Kravtsov Vladimir Nikolaevich Kravtsov (, October 19, 1949 – December 2, 1999) was a Soviet/Russian handball player who competed in the 1976 Summer Olympics and in the 1980 Summer Olympics The 1980 Summer Olympics (), officially known as the Ga ...

(

Berezniki Berezniki (; Komi-Permyak: ) is the second-largest city in Perm Krai, Russia. The city is located on the banks of the Kama River, in the Ural Mountains with a population of 135,533 as of 2023. Etymology The name Berezniki is derived from a ...

) * Viktor Mashinsky (

Angarsk Angarsk ( rus, Ангарск, p=ɐnˈgarsk) is a city and the administrative center of Angarsky District of Irkutsk Oblast, Russia, located on the Kitoy River, from Irkutsk, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: History Ang ...

) * Nikolay Stolyarov (

Noginsk Noginsk (), known as Bogorodsk () until 1930, is a Classification of inhabited localities in Russia, city and the administrative center of Noginsky District, Bogorodsky District in Moscow Oblast, Russia, located east of the Moscow Ring Road on ...

) * Vladimir Surenkov (

Borzya Borzya ( rus, Борзя, p=ˈborzʲə; , ''Boorjo''; , ''Boorj'') is a types of inhabited localities in Russia, town and the administrative center of Borzinsky District in Zabaykalsky Krai, Russia, located southeast of Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai, ...

) * Yury Ten (

Irkutsk Irkutsk ( ; rus, Иркутск, p=ɪrˈkutsk; Buryat language, Buryat and , ''Erhüü'', ) is the largest city and administrative center of Irkutsk Oblast, Russia. With a population of 587,891 Irkutsk is the List of cities and towns in Russ ...

) *

Aleksandr Tsapin Aleksandr Nikolayevich Tsapin (; born 29 May 1949) is a Russian statesman, who served as the governor of Voronezh Oblast in 1996. Biography Aleksandr Tsapin was born on 29 May 1949. In 1972, he graduated from the Voronezh Polytechnic Institut ...

(

, Avtozavodsky) * Vladimir Zelenin (

, Leninsky) As at least 35 deputies could create a faction in the State Duma, Civic Union-aligned deputies joined different factions. Seven members of Mark Goryachev's Financial-Industrial Group joined

, another seven —

New Regional Politics New or NEW may refer to: Music * New, singer of K-pop group The Boyz * ''New'' (album), by Paul McCartney, 2013 ** "New" (Paul McCartney song), 2013 * ''New'' (EP), by Regurgitator, 1995 * "New" (Daya song), 2017 * "New" (No Doubt song), 19 ...

deputies' group, and

CPRF The Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF; ) is a communist political party in Russia that officially adheres to Marxist–Leninist philosophy. It is the second-largest political party in Russia after United Russia. The youth o ...

, APR,

Women of Russia A woman is an adult female human. Before adulthood, a female child or adolescent is referred to as a girl. Typically, women are of the female sex and inherit a pair of X chromosomes, one from each parent, and women with functional uteruses ...

Yabloko The Russian United Democratic Party Yabloko (RUDP Yabloko; rus, Росси́йская объединённая демократи́ческая па́ртия «Я́блоко», Rossiyskaya obyedinyonnaya demokraticheskaya partiya "Yabloko" ...

and Union of 12 December were joined by one member each. Vasily Lipitsky and Andrey Zakharov remained

for the rest of their term. In the concurrent election to the

Federation Council The Federation Council, unofficially Senate, is the upper house of the Federal Assembly of Russia, with the lower house being the State Duma. It was established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 1993. Each of the 89 federal s ...

4 candidates supported by the Civic Union were elected: former chairman of

Mossoviet The Moscow City Council () in short Mossoviet (), an abbreviation of Moscow Soviet (), was established following the February Revolution . Initially it was a parallel, shadow city administration of Moscow, Russia run by left-wing parties. Follow ...

Nikolay Gonchar, First Deputy

Governor of Moscow Oblast The Governor of Moscow Oblast () is the Governor (Russia), governor of Moscow Oblast, a Federal subjects of Russia, federal subject of Russia. The governor is the highest-ranking official and Head of Administration, head of administration of the ...

Anatoly Dolgolaptev,

Governor of Irkutsk Oblast The Governor of Irkutsk Oblast () is the highest official of Irkutsk Oblast. The office of governor of Irkutsk Governorate was established in 1783 as part of the Russian Empire. In 1926, under the Soviet Union, the governorate became part of the ...

Yury Nozhikov Yury Abramovich Nozhikov (, 17 February 1934 – 15 June 2010) was a Soviet Union, Soviet and Russian politician who was the first governor of Irkutsk Oblast (Siberia, East Siberia) in 1991–1997. Early life Yury Chen was born in Saint Peters ...

and former federal Minister of Industry Aleksandr Titkin (in

Tula Oblast Tula Oblast () is a federal subjects of Russia, federal subject (an Oblasts of Russia, oblast) of Russia. It is geographically located in European Russia and is administratively part of the Central Federal District, covering an area of . It has a ...

). In November 1994 representatives of the Civic Union, All-Russian Union "Renewal" and newly-formed Party of Majority established

Russian Civil Union (Third Force) Russian(s) may refer to: *Russians (), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries *A citizen of Russia *Russian language, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages *''The Russians'', a b ...

. The new bloc unified mainly small political parties and eventually disintegrated by 1996. In the 1995 election

became the leader of

Trade Unions and Industrialists – Union of Labour Trade Unions and Industrialists – Union of Labour (, ''Profsoyuzi – Promishlenniki Rossii – Soyuz Truda'') was a political party in Russia. History In the 1995 parliamentary elections the party received 1.6% of the proportional representat ...

, while Aleksandr Vladislavlev was included into the Forward, Russia! party list.Избирательные объединения, проигравшие выборы по федеральному округу, и их представители в Государственной Думе первого созыва (1994–1995)
/ref>

Electoral history

Federal parliamentary elections

References

{{Defunct Russian political parties 1992 establishments in Russia 1994 disestablishments in Russia Defunct political party alliances in Russia Opposition to Boris Yeltsin Political parties disestablished in 1994 Political parties established in 1992 Political opposition alliances