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Commonwealth Of Independent States
The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is a regional organization, regional intergovernmental organization in Eurasia. It was formed following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. It covers an area of and has an estimated population of 246,200,194. The CIS encourages cooperation in economic, political, and military affairs and has certain powers relating to the coordination of trade, finance, lawmaking, and security, including cross-border crime prevention. As the Soviet Union disintegrated, Byelorussian SSR, Belarus, Russian SFSR, Russia, and Ukrainian SSR, Ukraine signed the Belovezha Accords on 8 December 1991, declaring that the Union had effectively ceased to exist and proclaimed the CIS in its place. On 21 December, the Alma-Ata Protocol was signed, but Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania chose not to participate. Georgia (country), Georgia withdrew its membership in 2008 following Russo-Georgian War, a war with Russia. Ukraine f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Belavezha Accords
The Agreement on the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (officially), or unofficially the Minsk Agreement and best known as the Belovezha Accords, is the agreement declaring that the Soviet Union (USSR) had effectively ceased to exist and establishing the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in its place as an organization created by the same Union Republics. The documentation was signed at the state dacha near Viskuli in Belovezhskaya Pushcha, Belarus on 8 December 1991, by leaders of three of the four republics (except for the defunct Transcaucasian SFSR) which had signed the 1922 Treaty on the Creation of the USSR: * Belarusian Parliament Chairman Stanislav Shushkevich and Prime Minister of Belarus Vyacheslav Kebich * Russian President Boris Yeltsin and First Deputy Prime Minister of the RSFSR/Russian Federation Gennady Burbulis * Ukrainian President Leonid Kravchuk and Ukrainian Prime Minister Vitold Fokin As Shushkevich said in 2006, by December ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Armenian Language
Armenian (endonym: , , ) is an Indo-European languages, Indo-European language and the sole member of the independent branch of the Armenian language family. It is the native language of the Armenians, Armenian people and the official language of Armenia. Historically spoken in the Armenian highlands, today Armenian is also widely spoken throughout the Armenian diaspora. Armenian is written in its own writing system, the Armenian alphabet, introduced in 405 AD by Saint Mesrop Mashtots. The estimated number of Armenian speakers worldwide is between five and seven million. History Classification and origins Armenian is an independent branch of the Indo-European languages. It is of interest to linguists for its distinctive phonological changes within that family. Armenian exhibits Centum and satem languages, more satemization than centumization, although it is not classified as belonging to either of these subgroups. Some linguists tentatively conclude that Armenian, Greek ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Commonwealth Of Independent States Free Trade Area
The Common Economic Space is the goal and the result of the process of economic integration of post-Soviet states envisaged by the Article 7 of the Agreement on the creation the Commonwealth of Independent States signed on 8 December 1991. According to Article 7, the High Contracting Parties indicate that through common coordinating institutions, their joint activities will consist in coordinating foreign policy activities, ''cooperation in the formation and development of a common economic space, common European and Eurasian markets, in the field of customs policy'', in the development of transport and communication systems, cooperation in the field of environmental protection, migration policy and the fight against organized crime. The former Soviet republics that became independent states were part of the economy of the Soviet Union with its common technical standards, common infrastructure, territorial proximity, chains of cooperation, and common legal heritage. Through the sig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
UTC+12
UTC+12:00 is an identifier for a time offset from UTC of +12:00. As standard time (year-round) ''Principal cities: Anadyr, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Mata Utu, Funafuti, Majuro, Yaren, South Tarawa on Tarawa, Suva'' North Asia *Russia – Kamchatka Time **Far Eastern Federal District *** Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and Kamchatka Krai Oceania Pacific Ocean = Polynesia = *France **Wallis and Futuna *Tuvalu = Micronesia = *United States ** Wake Island – Time in the United States *Marshall Islands *Kiribati ** Gilbert Islands ***(Including the Islands of Abaiang, Abemama, Aranuka, Arorae, Banaba, Beru, Butaritari, Kuria, Maiana, Makin, Marakei, Nikunau, Nonouti, Onotoa, Tabiteuea, Tamana and Tarawa) * Nauru = Melanesia = *Fiji As standard time (Southern Hemisphere winter) ''Principal cities: Auckland, Christchurch, Wellington'' Oceania Australasia *New Zealand (except Chatham Islands) – New Zealand Standard Time Antarctica *Some research bases ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
UTC+2
UTC+02:00 is an identifier for a time offset from UTC of +02:00. In ISO 8601, the associated time would be written as 2020-11-08T23:41:45+02:00. As standard time (year-round) Principal cities: Pretoria, Cape Town, Johannesburg, Durban, Port Elizabeth, Khartoum, Lubumbashi, Kigali, Gaborone, Bujumbura, Manzini, Maseru, Tripoli, Lilongwe, Maputo, Windhoek, Omdurman, Juba, Lusaka, Harare, Kaliningrad Central Africa *Botswana *Burundi *Democratic Republic of the Congo **The provinces of Bas-Uele, Haut-Katanga, Haut-Lomami, Haut-Uele, Kasaï, Kasaï Occidental, Kasaï Oriental, Katanga, Lomami, Lualaba, Maniema, Nord-Kivu, Orientale, Sankuru, Sud-Kivu, Tanganyika, Tshopo, and Ituri Interim Administration *Eswatini *Lesotho *Libya *Malawi *Mozambique *Namibia *Rwanda *South Africa (except Prince Edward Islands) *South Sudan *Sudan *Zambia *Zimbabwe Europe *Russia ** Northwestern Federal District ***Kaliningrad Oblast As standard time (Northern Hemi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Turkmenistani Manat
The manat (; Currency symbol, abbreviation: m; ISO 4217, code: TMT) is the currency of Turkmenistan. The original manat was introduced on 1 November 1993, replacing the Soviet rouble, rouble at a rate of 1 manat = Rbls 500. The manat is subdivided into 100 ''tenge'' (). Due to heavy inflation a new manat was introduced on 1 January 2009 at the rate of 5,000 old manats to 1 new manat. Etymology The word ''"manat"'' is derived from the Russian word монета ("moneta") meaning "coin," which derived from Latin ''Moneta, Monēta''. It was used as the name of the Soviet ruble#Ruble in the Soviet Union, Soviet currency in Turkmen () and in Azerbaijani language, Azerbaijani. Coins In 1993, coins were introduced in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 20, and 50 tenge. The 1, 5, and 10 tenge were struck in copper-plated-steel, with the higher denominations in nickel-plated-steel. This first series of coins was short lived as their metal value soon became worth more than their actual face ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Uzbekistani Soum
The sum ( uz-Latn-Cyrl, soʻm, сўм ; ISO 4217, ISO code: UZS) is the official currency of Uzbekistan. Uzbekistan replaced the ruble with the sum at par in on 16 July 1994. No subdivisions of this sum were initially issued and only banknotes were produced, in denominations of 1, 3, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1,000, 5,000, and 10,000 sum. Further series, however, have introduced coins and a subunit, the tiyin. Because it was meant to be a transitional currency, the design was rather simplistic. Etymology The official name of the Soviet ruble, Soviet currency in Kazakh language, Kazakh, Kyrgyz language, Kyrgyz, Tajik language, Tajik, and Uzbek language, Uzbek was ''som'', and this name appeared written on the back of banknotes, among the texts for the value of the note in all 15 official languages of the USSR. The word ''sum'' (alternatively transliterated "som" or "soum") means "pure" in Kazakh language, Kazakh, Kyrgyz language, Kyrgyz, Uyghur language, Uyghur and Uzbek langua ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tajikistani Somoni
The somoni (ISO 4217 code: TJS, SM) is the currency of Tajikistan. It is subdivided into 100 dirham, dirams. History The somoni was introduced on 30 October 2000, replacing the Tajikistani rouble, rouble, at the rate of SM 1 = 1,000 Rbls. One somoni is divided into 100 dirams. Diram banknotes were first introduced on 30 October 2000, and coins were later introduced in 2001 with the intention of creating a more efficient monetary system and gradually replacing the diram notes. This was also the first time circulating coins were used in Tajikistan since independence in 1991. Coins Circulation coins, first issued in 2001, were struck in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 25, and 50 dirams composed of brass-clad steel and SM 1, SM 3, and SM 5 struck in nickel-clad steel. Bimetallic SM 3 and SM 5 coins were first released in 2003. The reverses of all somoni coins are changed annually and commemorate various events. A second issue dated 2011 was iss ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russian Ruble
The ruble or rouble (; Currency symbol, symbol: ₽; ISO 4217, ISO code: RUB) is the currency of the Russia, Russian Federation. Banknotes and coins are issued by the Central Bank of Russia, which is Russia's central bank, monetary authority independent of all other government bodies.wikisource:en:Constitution of Russia#Article 75, Article 75 - Constitution of the Russian Federation (English translation) The ruble is the second-oldest currency in continuous use and the first Decimalisation, decimal currency. The ruble was the currency of the Russian Empire, which was replaced by the Soviet ruble (code: SUR) during the Soviet Union, Soviet period. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, by 1992, the Soviet ruble was replaced in the Russian Federation by the Russian ruble (code: RUR) Par value, at par. The Russian ruble then further continued to be used in 11 post-Soviet states, forming a "ruble zone" until 1993. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moldovan Leu
The leu (, plural lei ; Currency symbol, sign: L; ISO 4217 code: MDL) is the currency of Moldova. Like the Romanian leu, the Moldovan leu is subdivided into 100 bani ( ban). The name of the currency originates from a Romanian word which means "lion". Etymology The name of the currency means "lion", and is derived from the Thaler#Dutch Republic, Dutch thaler ( "lion thaler/dollar"). The Dutch ''leeuwendaalder'' was imitated in several German and Italian cities. These coins circulated in Moldova, Romania and Bulgaria and gave their name to their respective currencies: the ''Moldovan leu'', the ''Romanian leu'' and the ''Bulgarian lev''. History Between 1918 and 1940 and again between 1941 and 1944, when Moldova was part of Romania, the Romanian leu was used in what was then the eastern part of the broader Romanian region of Moldavia (''Moldova'' in Romanian language, Romanian). The Moldovan leu was established on 29 November 1993, following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kyrgyzstani Som
The som (; ; ISO 4217, ISO code: KGS; Currency symbol, sign: ⃀ ()) is the currency of Kyrgyzstan. It is subdivided into 100 tıyın. Initially, only banknotes were issued, but coins were introduced in 2008. The currency features denominations ranging from 1 tıyın to 5000 som. The National Bank of the Kyrgyz Republic oversees its issuance, and various commemorative coins have been released to celebrate cultural and historical events. The banknotes display notable Kyrgyz historical figures and symbols, with periodic updates to enhance security features such as watermarks, holograms, and microprinting. Over time, higher denomination notes have been introduced to manage inflation. Etymology The official name of the Soviet ruble in Kazakh language, Kazakh, Kyrgyz language, Kyrgyz, Tajik language, Tajik, and Uzbek language, Uzbek was ''soum'', and this name appeared written on the back of banknotes, among the texts for the value of the note in all 15 official languages of the U ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kazakhstani Tenge
The tenge ( or ; , ; ; Currency symbol, sign: ₸ ; ISO 4217, code: KZT) is the currency of Kazakhstan. It is divided into 100 tiyn (, ). History After the breakup of the Soviet Union in December 1991, most of the formerly Soviet republics attempted to maintain a common currency. Some politicians hoped to at least maintain "special relations" among former Soviet republics (the "near abroad"). Other reasons were the economic considerations for maintaining the ruble zone. The wish to preserve strong trade relations between former Soviet republics was considered the most important goal. The break-up of the Soviet Union was not accompanied by any formal changes in monetary arrangements. The Central Bank of Russia took over the State Bank of the USSR (Gosbank) on 1 January 1992. It continued to ship Soviet notes and coins to the central banks of the eleven newly independent countries, which had formerly been the main branches of Gosbank in the republics. The political situation, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
