''Cheiracanthium'', commonly called yellow sac spiders, is a

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

araneomorph The Araneomorphae (also called the Labidognatha or "true spiders") are an infraorder of spiders. They are distinguishable by chelicerae (fangs) that point diagonally forward and cross in a pinching action, in contrast to the Mygalomorphae (taran ...

spiders in the family Cheiracanthiidae, and was first described by

Carl Ludwig Koch Carl Ludwig Koch (21 September 1778 – 23 August 1857) was a German entomologist and arachnologist. He was responsible for classifying a great number of spiders, including the Brazilian whiteknee tarantula and common house spider. He was born ...

in 1839. They are usually pale in colour, and have an

abdomen The abdomen (colloquially called the gut, belly, tummy, midriff, tucky, or stomach) is the front part of the torso between the thorax (chest) and pelvis in humans and in other vertebrates. The area occupied by the abdomen is called the abdominal ...

that can range from yellow to beige. Both sexes range in size from . They are unique among common house spiders because their tarsi do not point either outward, like members of '' Tegenaria'', or inward, like members of ''

Araneus ''Araneus'' is a genus of common orb-weaving spiders. It includes about 650 species, among which are the European garden spider and the barn spider. The genus was erected by Carl Alexander Clerck in 1757. Description Spiders of this genus prese ...

'', making them easier to identify.

Venom

Though they are beneficial predators in agricultural fields, they are also known to be mildly venomous to humans. Painful bites may be incurred from species such as '' C. punctorium'' in

Europe Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east ...

, '' C. mildei'' in Europe and

North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere, Northern and Western Hemisphere, Western hemispheres. North America is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South Ameri ...

, '' C. inclusum'' in the

Americas The Americas, sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North America and South America.''Webster's New World College Dictionary'', 2010 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio. When viewed as a sing ...

, ''C. lawrencei'' in

South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the Southern Africa, southernmost country in Africa. Its Provinces of South Africa, nine provinces are bounded to the south by of coastline that stretches along the Atlantic O ...

and ''C. japonicum'' in

Japan Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asia, Asian mainland, it is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan and extends from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea ...

. ''Cheiracanthium'' venom is purportedly

necrotic Necrosis () is a form of cell injury which results in the premature death of cells in living tissue by autolysis. The term "necrosis" came about in the mid-19th century and is commonly attributed to German pathologist Rudolf Virchow, who is ...

, and can cause

pain Pain is a distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging Stimulus (physiology), stimuli. The International Association for the Study of Pain defines pain as "an unpleasant sense, sensory and emotional experience associated with, or res ...

, swelling, and

lesion A lesion is any damage or abnormal change in the tissue of an organism, usually caused by injury or diseases. The term ''Lesion'' is derived from the Latin meaning "injury". Lesions may occur in both plants and animals. Types There is no de ...

s in humans, but the necrotic nature and severity of its bite has been disputed. A study of twenty confirmed ''Cheiracanthium'' bites in the United States and Australia found that none resulted in necrosis, and a review of the international literature on 39 verified Cheiracanthium bites found only one case of mild necrosis in the European species ''C. punctorium''.

Misconceptions

A theory that these spiders were attracted to the smell of gasoline was involved in a series of consumer vehicle callbacks in which spiderwebs had blocked fuel lines, but it has since been disproven by a study which found that the juvenile yellow sac spiders were attracted to the hose material itself.

Species

''Cheiracanthium'' is primarily an

Old World The "Old World" () is a term for Afro-Eurasia coined by Europeans after 1493, when they became aware of the existence of the Americas. It is used to contrast the continents of Africa, Europe, and Asia in the Eastern Hemisphere, previously ...

genus, with many species found from northern

, from

Southern Africa Southern Africa is the southernmost region of Africa. No definition is agreed upon, but some groupings include the United Nations geoscheme for Africa, United Nations geoscheme, the intergovernmental Southern African Development Community, and ...

India India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...

and

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising mainland Australia, the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and list of islands of Australia, numerous smaller isl ...

. The only known species in the

New World The term "New World" is used to describe the majority of lands of Earth's Western Hemisphere, particularly the Americas, and sometimes Oceania."America." ''The Oxford Companion to the English Language'' (). McArthur, Tom, ed., 1992. New York: ...

are ''C. inclusum'' and ''C. mildei''. While the former also occurs in

Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent after Asia. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 20% of Earth's land area and 6% of its total surfac ...

and

Réunion Réunion (; ; ; known as before 1848) is an island in the Indian Ocean that is an overseas departments and regions of France, overseas department and region of France. Part of the Mascarene Islands, it is located approximately east of the isl ...

, the latter is found in the

Holarctic The Holarctic realm is a biogeographic realm that comprises the majority of habitats found throughout the continents in the Northern Hemisphere. It corresponds to the floristic Boreal Kingdom. It includes both the Nearctic zoogeographical reg ...

region and

Argentina Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the southern half of South America. It covers an area of , making it the List of South American countries by area, second-largest country in South America after Brazil, the fourt ...

. They can also be found in the lower mainland of

British Columbia British Columbia is the westernmost Provinces and territories of Canada, province of Canada. Situated in the Pacific Northwest between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains, the province has a diverse geography, with rugged landscapes that ...

Canada Canada is a country in North America. Its Provinces and territories of Canada, ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, making it the world's List of coun ...

. The genus is quite diverse in

and at least three or four species are known to occur in

Egypt Egypt ( , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country spanning the Northeast Africa, northeast corner of Africa and Western Asia, southwest corner of Asia via the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to northe ...

ian

cotton Cotton (), first recorded in ancient India, is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective case, around the seeds of the cotton plants of the genus '' Gossypium'' in the mallow family Malvaceae. The fiber is almost pure ...

fields alone. , the

World Spider Catalog The World Spider Catalog (WSC) is an online searchable database concerned with spider taxonomy. It aims to list all accepted families, genera and species, as well as provide access to the related taxonomic literature. The WSC began as a series of ...

accepts 231 species, found in the Caribbean, South America, Oceania, Europe, Central America, Africa, Asia, North America, and on

Saint Helena Saint Helena (, ) is one of the three constituent parts of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, a remote British overseas territory. Saint Helena is a volcanic and tropical island, located in the South Atlantic Ocean, some 1,874 km ...

: *'' C. abbreviatum'' Simon, 1878 –

France France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlan ...

Denmark Denmark is a Nordic countries, Nordic country in Northern Europe. It is the metropole and most populous constituent of the Kingdom of Denmark,, . also known as the Danish Realm, a constitutionally unitary state that includes the Autonomous a ...

*'' C. aculeatum'' Simon, 1884 –

*'' C. aden'' Lotz, 2007 –

Yemen Yemen, officially the Republic of Yemen, is a country in West Asia. Located in South Arabia, southern Arabia, it borders Saudi Arabia to Saudi Arabia–Yemen border, the north, Oman to Oman–Yemen border, the northeast, the south-eastern part ...

*'' C. adjacens'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1885 –

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...

(

Yarkand Yarkant County,, National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency also Shache County,, National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency also SASM/GNC ro ...

Karakorum Karakorum (Khalkha Mongolian: Хархорум, ''Kharkhorum''; Mongolian script:, ''Qaraqorum'') was the capital city, capital of the Mongol Empire between 1235 and 1260 and of the Northern Yuan, Northern Yuan dynasty in the late 14th and 1 ...

*'' C. adjacensoides'' Song, Chen & Hou, 1990 – India, China, Taiwan, Philippines *'' C. africanum'' Lessert, 1921 – Africa,

Madagascar Madagascar, officially the Republic of Madagascar, is an island country that includes the island of Madagascar and numerous smaller peripheral islands. Lying off the southeastern coast of Africa, it is the world's List of islands by area, f ...

*'' C. aizwalense'' Biswas & Biswas, 2007 –

*'' C. aladanense'' Lotz, 2007 – Yemen *'' C. albidulum'' ( Blackwall, 1859) – Madeira *'' C. algarvense'' Wunderlich, 2012 –

Portugal Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe. Featuring Cabo da Roca, the westernmost point in continental Europe, Portugal borders Spain to its north and east, with which it share ...

Spain Spain, or the Kingdom of Spain, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe with territories in North Africa. Featuring the Punta de Tarifa, southernmost point of continental Europe, it is the largest country in Southern Eur ...

; synonym of '' Cheiracanthium annulipes'' *'' C. ambrense'' Lotz, 2014 – Madagascar *'' C. ampijoroa'' Lotz, 2014 – Madagascar *'' C. andamanense'' (Tikader, 1977) - India *'' C. andranomay'' Lotz, 2014 – Madagascar *'' C. angolense'' Lotz, 2007 –

Angola Angola, officially the Republic of Angola, is a country on the west-Central Africa, central coast of Southern Africa. It is the second-largest Portuguese-speaking world, Portuguese-speaking (Lusophone) country in both total area and List of c ...

Zimbabwe file:Zimbabwe, relief map.jpg, upright=1.22, Zimbabwe, relief map Zimbabwe, officially the Republic of Zimbabwe, is a landlocked country in Southeast Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers, bordered by South Africa to the south, Bots ...

*'' C. angulitarse'' Simon, 1878 – Spain, France (

Corsica Corsica ( , , ; ; ) is an island in the Mediterranean Sea and one of the Regions of France, 18 regions of France. It is the List of islands in the Mediterranean#By area, fourth-largest island in the Mediterranean and lies southeast of the Metro ...

Italy Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe, Western Europe. It consists of Italian Peninsula, a peninsula that extends into the Mediterranean Sea, with the Alps on its northern land b ...

Hungary Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning much of the Pannonian Basin, Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Croatia and ...

Romania Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern and Southeast Europe. It borders Ukraine to the north and east, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Bulgaria to the south, Moldova to ...

*'' C. anjozorobe'' Lotz, 2014 – Madagascar *'' C. annulipes'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872 – Spain,

Israel Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in West Asia. It Borders of Israel, shares borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria to the north-east, Jordan to the east, Egypt to the south-west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the west. Isr ...

*'' C. antungense'' Chen & Huang, 2012 –

Taiwan Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia. The main geography of Taiwan, island of Taiwan, also known as ''Formosa'', lies between the East China Sea, East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocea ...

*'' C. apia'' Platnick, 1998 –

Samoa Samoa, officially the Independent State of Samoa and known until 1997 as Western Samoa, is an island country in Polynesia, part of Oceania, in the South Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main islands (Savai'i and Upolu), two smaller, inhabited ...

*'' C. approximatum'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1885 – China (Yarkand) *'' C. arcilongum'' Li & Zhang, 2023 – China *'' C. ashleyi'' Lotz, 2014 – Madagascar *'' C. auenati'' Caporiacco, 1936 –

Libya Libya, officially the State of Libya, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It borders the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to Egypt–Libya border, the east, Sudan to Libya–Sudan border, the southeast, Chad to Chad–L ...

*'' C. auriculatum'' Zhang, Zhang & Yu, 2018 – China *'' C. bannaensis'' Li & Zhang, 2024 – China *'' C. bantaengi'' Merian, 1911 –

Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian Ocean, Indian and Pacific Ocean, Pacific oceans. Comprising over List of islands of Indonesia, 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, ...

(

Sulawesi Sulawesi ( ), also known as Celebes ( ), is an island in Indonesia. One of the four Greater Sunda Islands, and the List of islands by area, world's 11th-largest island, it is situated east of Borneo, west of the Maluku Islands, and south of Min ...

) *'' C. barbarum'' (Lucas, 1846) –

Algeria Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is bordered to Algeria–Tunisia border, the northeast by Tunisia; to Algeria–Libya border, the east by Libya; to Alger ...

*'' C. bawanglingense'' Li & Zhang, 2024 – China (Hainan) *'' C. bifurcatum'' Li & Zhang, 2024 – China *'' C. boendense'' Lotz, 2015 – Congo *'' C. brevicalcaratum'' L. Koch, 1873 – Indonesia (Lombok), Australia (Western Australia) *'' C. brevidens'' Kroneberg, 1875 – Central Asia *'' C. brevispinum'' Song, Feng & Shang, 1982 – China,

Korea Korea is a peninsular region in East Asia consisting of the Korean Peninsula, Jeju Island, and smaller islands. Since the end of World War II in 1945, it has been politically Division of Korea, divided at or near the 38th parallel north, 3 ...

*'' C. buri'' Esyunin & Efimik, 202 - Russia *'' C. campestre'' Lohmander, 1944 –

Sweden Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic countries, Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and north, and Finland to the east. At , Sweden is the largest Nordic count ...

, Denmark,

Central Europe Central Europe is a geographical region of Europe between Eastern Europe, Eastern, Southern Europe, Southern, Western Europe, Western and Northern Europe, Northern Europe. Central Europe is known for its cultural diversity; however, countries in ...

, Romania,

Ukraine Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the List of European countries by area, second-largest country in Europe after Russia, which Russia–Ukraine border, borders it to the east and northeast. Ukraine also borders Belarus to the nor ...

Russia Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...

(

) *'' C. canariense'' Wunderlich, 1987 – Canary Is.,

Turkey Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly located in Anatolia in West Asia, with a relatively small part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe. It borders the Black Sea to the north; Georgia (country), Georgia, Armen ...

, Egypt *'' C. catindigae'' Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 –

Philippines The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an Archipelagic state, archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. Located in the western Pacific Ocean, it consists of List of islands of the Philippines, 7,641 islands, with a tot ...

*'' C. caudatum'' ( Thorell, 1887) –

Myanmar Myanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar; and also referred to as Burma (the official English name until 1989), is a country in northwest Southeast Asia. It is the largest country by area in Mainland Southeast Asia and has ...

*'' C. chayuense'' Li & Zhang, 2019 - China *'' C. circulum'' Li & Zhang, 2023 – China *'' C. conflexum'' Simon, 1906 – India *'' C. conspersum'' (Thorell, 1891) – India (Nicobar Is.) *'' C. crucigerum'' Rainbow, 1920 –

(Norfolk Is.) *'' C. danieli'' Tikader, 1975 – India *'' C. daofeng'' Yu & Li, 2020 - China *'' C. daquilium'' Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Indonesia, Philippines *'' C. debile'' Simon, 1890 –

Chad Chad, officially the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of North Africa, North and Central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to Chad–Libya border, the north, Sudan to Chad–Sudan border, the east, the Central Afric ...

, Yemen *'' C. denisi'' Caporiacco, 1939 –

Ethiopia Ethiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country located in the Horn of Africa region of East Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the east, Ken ...

, Congo *'' C. digitatum'' Li & Zhang, 2023 – China *'' C. dippenaarae'' Lotz, 2007 – South Africa *'' C. duanbi'' Yu & Li, 2020 - China *'' C. echinulatum'' Zhang, Zhang & Yu, 2018 – China *'' C. effossum'' Herman, 1879 – Central to eastern Europe *'' C. elegans'' Thorell, 1875 – Europe, Turkey,

Caucasus The Caucasus () or Caucasia (), is a region spanning Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is situated between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, comprising parts of Southern Russia, Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The Caucasus Mountains, i ...

, Russia (Europe to south Siberia),

Kazakhstan Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a landlocked country primarily in Central Asia, with a European Kazakhstan, small portion in Eastern Europe. It borders Russia to the Kazakhstan–Russia border, north and west, China to th ...

, Central Asia *'' C. equestre'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874 – Libya, Egypt *'' C. erraticum'' ( Walckenaer, 1802) – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East),

Iran Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) and also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Iraq to the west, Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Armenia to the northwest, the Caspian Sea to the north, Turkmenistan to the nort ...

, Central Asia, China, Korea,

*'' C. eutittha'' Bösenberg &

Strand Strand or The Strand may refer to: Topography *The flat area of land bordering a body of water, a: ** Beach ** Shoreline * Strand swamp, a type of swamp habitat in Florida Places Africa * Strand, Western Cape, a seaside town in South Africa * ...

, 1906 – Taiwan, Japan, Korea? *'' C. excavatum'' Rainbow, 1920 – Australia (Norfolk Is.) *'' C. exilipes'' (Lucas, 1846) – Algeria *'' C. exquestitum'' Zhang & Zhu, 1993 – China *'' C. falcatum'' Chen, Huang, Chen & Wang, 2006 – Taiwan *'' C. falcis'' Lotz, 2015 –

Gabon Gabon ( ; ), officially the Gabonese Republic (), is a country on the Atlantic coast of Central Africa, on the equator, bordered by Equatorial Guinea to the northwest, Cameroon to the north, the Republic of the Congo to the east and south, and ...

*'' C. festae'' Pavesi, 1895 – Israel *'' C. fibrosum'' Zhang, Hu & Zhu, 1994 – China *'' C. filiapophysium'' Chen & Huang, 2012 – Taiwan *'' C. fisheri'' Lotz, 2014 – Madagascar *'' C. floresense'' Wunderlich, 2008 –

Azores The Azores ( , , ; , ), officially the Autonomous Region of the Azores (), is one of the two autonomous regions of Portugal (along with Madeira). It is an archipelago composed of nine volcanic islands in the Macaronesia region of the North Atl ...

*'' C. foordi'' Lotz, 2015 – South Africa *'' C. foulpointense'' Lotz, 2014 – Madagascar *'' C. fujianense'' Gong, 1983 – China *'' C. fulvotestaceum'' Simon, 1878 – France *'' C. furax'' L. Koch, 1873 – Samoa *'' C. furculatum'' Karsch, 1879 – Cape Verde Is., Africa, Madagascar,

Comoros The Comoros, officially the Union of the Comoros, is an archipelagic country made up of three islands in Southeastern Africa, located at the northern end of the Mozambique Channel in the Indian Ocean. Its capital and largest city is Moroni, ...

*'' C. ghanaense'' Lotz, 2015 –

Ghana Ghana, officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country in West Africa. It is situated along the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean to the south, and shares borders with Côte d’Ivoire to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, and Togo to t ...

*'' C. gobi''

Schmidt Schmidt may refer to: * Schmidt (surname), including list of people and fictional characters with the surname * Schmidt (singer) (born 1990), German pop and jazz singer * Schmidt (lunar crater), a small lunar impact crater * Schmidt (Martian c ...

& Barensteiner, 2000 – China *'' C. gou'' Yu & Li, 2020 - China *'' C. gracile'' L. Koch, 1873 – Australia (

Queensland Queensland ( , commonly abbreviated as Qld) is a States and territories of Australia, state in northeastern Australia, and is the second-largest and third-most populous state in Australia. It is bordered by the Northern Territory, South Austr ...

New South Wales New South Wales (commonly abbreviated as NSW) is a States and territories of Australia, state on the Eastern states of Australia, east coast of :Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria (state), Victoria to the south, and South ...

) *'' C. gratum'' Kulczyński, 1897 –

Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen States of Germany, constituent states have a total popu ...

, Hungary *'' C. griswoldi'' Lotz, 2014 – Madagascar *'' C. hainanense'' (Li & Zhang, 2024) – China (Hainan) *'' C. halophilum'' Schmidt & Piepho, 1994 – Cape Verde Is. *'' C. haroniense'' Lotz, 2007 – Zimbabwe *'' C. himalayense'' Gravely, 1931 – India *'' C. hypocyrtum'' Zhang & Zhu, 1993 – China *'' C. ienisteai'' Sterghiu, 1985 – Romania,

Albania Albania ( ; or ), officially the Republic of Albania (), is a country in Southeast Europe. It is located in the Balkans, on the Adriatic Sea, Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea, and shares land borders with Montenegro to ...

*'' C. ilicis'' Morano & Bonal, 2016 – Spain *'' C. impressum'' Thorell, 1881 – Australia (Queensland) *'' C. incertum'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869 –

Sri Lanka Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, also known historically as Ceylon, is an island country in South Asia. It lies in the Indian Ocean, southwest of the Bay of Bengal, separated from the Indian subcontinent, ...

*'' C. inclusum'' ( Hentz, 1847) –

Central America Central America is a subregion of North America. Its political boundaries are defined as bordering Mexico to the north, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the southwest. Central America is usually ...

Caribbean The Caribbean ( , ; ; ; ) is a region in the middle of the Americas centered around the Caribbean Sea in the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean, mostly overlapping with the West Indies. Bordered by North America to the north, Central America ...

, South America. Introduced to Réunion *'' C. incomptum'' (Thorell, 1891) – India (Nicobar Is.) *'' C. indicum'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874 – India, Sri Lanka *'' C. inflatum'' Wang & Zhang, 2013 – China *'' C. inornatum'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874 – India *'' C. insigne'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874 – India, Sri Lanka,

Thailand Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand and historically known as Siam (the official name until 1939), is a country in Southeast Asia on the Mainland Southeast Asia, Indochinese Peninsula. With a population of almost 66 million, it spa ...

, Myanmar,

Laos Laos, officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic (LPDR), is the only landlocked country in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by Myanmar and China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the southeast, and Thailand to the west and ...

, China *'' C. insulanum'' (Thorell, 1878) – China, Indonesia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, and Taiwan *'' C. insulare'' (Vinson, 1863) – Madagascar, Réunion *'' C. iranicum'' Esyunin & Zamani, 2020 - Iran *'' C. isiacum'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874 – Libya, Egypt *'' C. itakeum'' Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines *'' C. jabalpurense'' Majumder & Tikader, 1991 – India *'' C. japonicum'' Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 – China, Korea, Japan *'' C. jiuquan'' Li & Zhang, 2023 – China *'' C. jocquei'' Lotz, 2014 – Comoros, Madagascar *'' C. joculare'' Simon, 1910 –

São Tomé and Príncipe São Tomé and Príncipe, officially the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, is an island country in the Gulf of Guinea, off the western equatorial coast of Central Africa. It consists of two archipelagos around the two main isla ...

*'' C. jorgeense'' Wunderlich, 2008 – Azores *'' C. jovium'' Denis, 1947 – Egypt *'' C. kabalense'' Lotz, 2015 –

Uganda Uganda, officially the Republic of Uganda, is a landlocked country in East Africa. It is bordered to the east by Kenya, to the north by South Sudan, to the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to the south-west by Rwanda, and to the ...

*'' C. kakamega'' Lotz, 2015 –

Kenya Kenya, officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country located in East Africa. With an estimated population of more than 52.4 million as of mid-2024, Kenya is the 27th-most-populous country in the world and the 7th most populous in Africa. ...

*'' C. kakumense'' Lotz, 2015 – Ivory Coast, Ghana, Congo *'' C. kashmirense'' Majumder & Tikader, 1991 – India *'' C. kazachstanicum'' Ponomarev, 2007 – Kazakhstan *'' C. kenyaense'' Lotz, 2007 – Africa *'' C. kibonotense'' Lessert, 1921 – Ethiopia, Congo, Kenya,

Tanzania Tanzania, officially the United Republic of Tanzania, is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region. It is bordered by Uganda to the northwest; Kenya to the northeast; the Indian Ocean to the east; Mozambique and Malawi to t ...

, Uganda *'' C. klabati'' Merian, 1911 – Indonesia (Sulawesi) *'' C. knipperi'' Lotz, 2011 – Tanzania *'' C. kupense'' Lotz, 2007 –

Cameroon Cameroon, officially the Republic of Cameroon, is a country in Central Africa. It shares boundaries with Nigeria to the west and north, Chad to the northeast, the Central African Republic to the east, and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the R ...

*'' C. lanceolatum'' Chrysanthus, 1967 – Indonesia (New Guinea) *'' C. lascivum'' Karsch, 1879 – Russia (

Sakhalin Sakhalin ( rus, Сахали́н, p=səxɐˈlʲin) is an island in Northeast Asia. Its north coast lies off the southeastern coast of Khabarovsk Krai in Russia, while its southern tip lies north of the Japanese island of Hokkaido. An islan ...

), China, Korea, Japan *'' C. leucophaeum'' Simon, 1897 – Madagascar *'' C. ligawsolanum'' Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines *'' C. liplikeum'' Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines *'' C. liuyangense'' Xie, Yin, Yan & Kim, 1996 – China *'' C. lompobattangi'' Merian, 1911 – Indonesia (Sulawesi) *'' C. longipes'' (Thorell, 1890) – Indonesia (

Sumatra Sumatra () is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the list of islands by area, sixth-largest island in the world at 482,286.55 km2 (182,812 mi. ...

) *'' C. ludovici'' Lessert, 1921 – Congo, Kenya, Tanzania, Madagascar *'' C. lukiense'' Lotz, 2015 – Congo *'' C. macedonicum'' Drensky, 1921 – Italy,

Slovenia Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia, is a country in Central Europe. It borders Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Hungary to the northeast, Croatia to the south and southeast, and a short (46.6 km) coastline within the Adriati ...

Slovakia Slovakia, officially the Slovak Republic, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east, Hungary to the south, Austria to the west, and the Czech Republic to the northwest. Slovakia's m ...

, Hungary, Romania,

Macedonia Macedonia (, , , ), most commonly refers to: * North Macedonia, a country in southeastern Europe, known until 2019 as the Republic of Macedonia * Macedonia (ancient kingdom), a kingdom in Greek antiquity * Macedonia (Greece), a former administr ...

Bulgaria Bulgaria, officially the Republic of Bulgaria, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern portion of the Balkans directly south of the Danube river and west of the Black Sea. Bulgaria is bordered by Greece and Turkey t ...

; synonym of '' Cheiraignotum macedonicum'' *'' C. madagascarense'' Lotz, 2014 – Comoros, Madagascar *'' C. mahajanga'' Lotz, 2014 – Madagascar *'' C. malkini'' Lotz, 2007 –

Nigeria Nigeria, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa. It is situated between the Sahel to the north and the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean to the south. It covers an area of . With Demographics of Nigeria, ...

*'' C. mangiferae'' Workman, 1896 –

Singapore Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, is an island country and city-state in Southeast Asia. The country's territory comprises one main island, 63 satellite islands and islets, and one outlying islet. It is about one degree ...

, Indonesia (Sumatra) *'' C. maraisi'' Lotz, 2007 –

Namibia Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country on the west coast of Southern Africa. Its borders include the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Angola and Zambia to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south; in the no ...

Botswana Botswana, officially the Republic of Botswana, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. Botswana is topographically flat, with approximately 70 percent of its territory part of the Kalahari Desert. It is bordered by South Africa to the sou ...

*'' C. margaritae'' Sterghiu, 1985 – Romania *'' C. marplesi'' Chrysanthus, 1967 – Indonesia (New Guinea) *'' C. mayombense'' Lotz, 2015 – Congo *'' C. melanostomum'' (Thorell, 1895) – India,

Bangladesh Bangladesh, officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by population, eighth-most populous country in the world and among the List of countries and dependencies by ...

, Myanmar *'' C. mertoni'' Strand, 1911 – Indonesia (Aru Is.) *'' C. mildei'' L. Koch, 1864 – Europe,

North Africa North Africa (sometimes Northern Africa) is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region. However, it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of t ...

, Turkey, Middle East, Caucasus, Russia (Europe) to Central Asia. Introduced to North America,

*'' C. minahassae'' Merian, 1911 – Indonesia (Sulawesi) *'' C. minshullae'' Lotz, 2007 – Zimbabwe, Botswana, South Africa *'' C. minusculum'' Zamani & Marusik, 2025 – Iran *'' C. minutum'' Baba & Tanikawa, 2024 – Japan (Ryukyu Is.) *'' C. molle'' L. Koch, 1875 – Africa,

Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a country in West Asia. Located in the centre of the Middle East, it covers the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula and has a land area of about , making it the List of Asian countries ...

*'' C. mondrainense''

Main Main may refer to: Geography *Main River (disambiguation), multiple rivers with the same name *Ma'in, an ancient kingdom in modern-day Yemen * Main, Iran, a village in Fars Province *Spanish Main, the Caribbean coasts of mainland Spanish territ ...

, 1954 – Australia (Western Australia) *'' C. mongolicum'' Schenkel, 1963 –

Mongolia Mongolia is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south and southeast. It covers an area of , with a population of 3.5 million, making it the world's List of countries and dependencies by po ...

*'' C. monstrum'' Zamani & Marusik, 2025 – Iran *'' C. montanum'' L. Koch, 1877 – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Iran *'' C. mordax'' L. Koch, 1866 – Japan, Australia, New Hebrides, Samoa, Solomon Is., Tonga?, French Polynesia? *'' C. murinum'' (Thorell, 1895) – India, Myanmar *'' C. mysorense'' Majumder & Tikader, 1991 – India, Bangladesh *'' C. nalsaroverense'' Patel & Patel, 1973 – India *'' C. nervosum'' Simon, 1909 – Australia (Western Australia) *'' C. nickeli'' Lotz, 2011 –

Mauritania Mauritania, officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a sovereign country in Maghreb, Northwest Africa. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Western Sahara to Mauritania–Western Sahara border, the north and northwest, ...

*'' C. occidentale'' L. Koch, 1882 – Spain (Minorca), Italy *'' C. olliforme'' Zhang & Zhu, 1993 – China *'' C. oncognathum'' Thorell, 1871 – Europe *'' C. pauriense'' Majumder & Tikader, 1991 – India *'' C. pelasgicum'' (C. L. Koch, 1837) – Southern and eastern Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe) to Tajikistan *'' C. pennatum'' Simon, 1878 –

Southern Europe Southern Europe is also known as Mediterranean Europe, as its geography is marked by the Mediterranean Sea. Definitions of southern Europe include some or all of these countries and regions: Albania, Andorra, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, C ...

, Romania *'' C. pennuliferum'' Simon, 1909 – Australia (Western Australia) *'' C. pennyi'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1873 – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to south Siberia), Iran, Central Asia, China *'' C. peregrinum'' Thorell, 1899 – Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Cameroon *'' C. pichoni'' Schenkel, 1963 – China *'' C. poonaense'' Majumder & Tikader, 1991 – India *'' C. potanini'' Schenkel, 1963 – China *'' C. punctipedellum'' Caporiacco, 1949 – Congo,

Rwanda Rwanda, officially the Republic of Rwanda, is a landlocked country in the Great Rift Valley of East Africa, where the African Great Lakes region and Southeast Africa converge. Located a few degrees south of the Equator, Rwanda is bordered by ...

, Kenya *'' C. punctorium'' (Villers, 1789) (

type Type may refer to: Science and technology Computing * Typing, producing text via a keyboard, typewriter, etc. * Data type, collection of values used for computations. * File type * TYPE (DOS command), a command to display contents of a file. * ...

) – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to south Siberia), Iran, Central Asia *'' C. punjabense'' Sadana & Bajaj, 1980 – India *'' C. ransoni'' Lotz, 2014 – Madagascar *'' C. rehobothense'' Strand, 1915 – Israel *'' C. rothi'' Lotz, 2014 – Madagascar *'' C. ruandana'' (Strand, 1916) - Rwanda *'' C. rupicola'' (Thorell, 1897) – Myanmar, China, Indonesia *'' C. rupestre'' Herman, 1879 - Eastern Europe; ''nomen dubium'' (dubious name) *'' C. russellsmithi'' Lotz, 2007 – Ethiopia *'' C. rwandense'' Lotz, 2011 – Rwanda *'' C. saccharanalis'' Mukhtar, 2015 –

Pakistan Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of over 241.5 million, having the Islam by country# ...

*'' C. sadanai'' Tikader, 1976 -

*'' C. sakoemicum'' Roewer, 1938 – New Guinea *'' C. salsicola'' Simon, 1932 – France *'' C. sambii'' Patel & Reddy, 1991 – India *'' C. sansibaricum'' Strand, 1907 – Ivory Coast to Zanzibar *'' C. saraswatii'' Tikader, 1962 – India *'' C. schenkeli'' Caporiacco, 1949 – Kenya, Rwanda, Zimbabwe, Botswana, South Africa *'' C. seidlitzi'' L. Koch, 1864 – Mediterranean to Central Asia *'' C. seshii'' Patel & Reddy, 1991 – India *'' C. shilabira'' Lotz, 2015 – Congo, Kenya *'' C. shiluvanense'' Lotz, 2007 – South Africa *'' C. sikkimense'' Majumder & Tikader, 1991 – India, Bangladesh *'' C. silaceum'' Rainbow, 1897 – Australia (New South Wales) *'' C. simaoense'' Zhang & Yin, 1999 – China *'' C. simplex'' Thorell, 1899 – Cameroon, Nigeria *'' C. sistani'' Zamani & Marusik, 2025 – Iran *'' C. siwi'' El-Hennawy, 2001 – Egypt *'' C. solidum'' Zhang, Zhu & Hu, 1993 – China *'' C. soputani'' Merian, 1911 – Indonesia (Sulawesi) *'' C. spectabile'' (Thorell, 1887) – Myanmar *'' C. sphaericum'' Zhang, Zhu & Hu, 1993 – China *'' C. stratioticum'' L. Koch, 1873 –

New Zealand New Zealand () is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and List of islands of New Zealand, over 600 smaller islands. It is the List of isla ...

, Australia (

Tasmania Tasmania (; palawa kani: ''Lutruwita'') is an island States and territories of Australia, state of Australia. It is located to the south of the Mainland Australia, Australian mainland, and is separated from it by the Bass Strait. The sta ...

) *'' C. streblowi'' L. Koch, 1879 – Russia (Middle and south Siberia) *'' C. subinsulanum'' Li & Zhang, 2019 - China *'' C. submordax'' Zhang, Zhu & Hu, 1993 – China, Taiwan, Japan *'' C. taegense'' Paik, 1990 – China, Korea, Japan *'' C. tagorei'' Biswas & Raychaudhuri, 2003 – Bangladesh *'' C. taiwanicum'' Chen, Huang, Chen & Wang, 2006 – China, Taiwan *'' C. tanmoyi'' Biswas & Roy, 2005 – India *'' C. tanzanense'' Lotz, 2015 – Tanzania *'' C. taprobanense'' Strand, 1907 – Sri Lanka *'' C. tenue'' L. Koch, 1873 – Australia (Queensland) *'' C. tetragnathoide'' Caporiacco, 1949 – Kenya *'' C. tigbauanense'' Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines *'' C. torricellianum'' Strand, 1911 – New Guinea *'' C. torsivum'' Chen & Huang, 2012 – Taiwan *'' C. triviale'' (Thorell, 1895) – India, Myanmar *'' C. trivittatum'' Simon, 1906 – India *'' C. truncatum'' (Thorell, 1895) – Myanmar *'' C. turanicum'' Kroneberg, 1875 –

Uzbekistan , image_flag = Flag of Uzbekistan.svg , image_coat = Emblem of Uzbekistan.svg , symbol_type = Emblem of Uzbekistan, Emblem , national_anthem = "State Anthem of Uzbekistan, State Anthem of the Republ ...

Tajikistan Tajikistan, officially the Republic of Tajikistan, is a landlocked country in Central Asia. Dushanbe is the capital city, capital and most populous city. Tajikistan borders Afghanistan to the Afghanistan–Tajikistan border, south, Uzbekistan to ...

*'' C. turiae'' Strand, 1917 – Thailand to Australia (Queensland) *'' C. uncinatum'' Paik, 1985 – China, Korea *'' C. unicum'' Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 – Korea, Japan, China, Laos *'' C. vankhedei'' Marusik & Fomichev, 2016 – Mongolia *'' C. vansoni'' Lawrence, 1936 – Southern Africa *'' C. verdense'' Lotz, 2011 – Cape Verde Is. *'' C. virescens'' ( Sundevall, 1833) – Europe, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Iran, China *'' C. vorax'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874 – India *'' C. warsai'' Mukhtar, 2015 – Pakistan *'' C. wiehlei'' Chrysanthus, 1967 – New Guinea *'' C. wilma'' (Benoit, 1977) – St. Helena *'' C. wuquan'' Yu & Li, 2020 - China *'' C. xinjiangense'' Li & Zhang, 2023 – China *'' C. zebrinum'' Savelyeva, 1972 – Russia (south Siberia), Kazakhstan *'' C. zhejiangense'' Hu & Song, 1982 – China, Korea

References

External links

* {{Taxonbar, from=Q1245731 Cheiracanthiidae genera Cosmopolitan spiders Taxa named by Carl Ludwig Koch

Venom

Misconceptions

Species

See also

References

Further reading

External links