''Cheiracanthium'', commonly called ''yellow sac spiders'', is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial n ...

araneomorph The Araneomorphae (also called the Labidognatha) are an infraorder of spiders. They are distinguishable by chelicerae (fangs) that point diagonally forward and cross in a pinching action, in contrast to the Mygalomorphae (tarantulas and their cl ...

spiders in the family

Cheiracanthiidae ''Cheiracanthiidae'' is a family of araneomorph spiders first described by Vladimir Wagner in 1887. The synonym Eutichuridae was used for a long time, but Cheiracanthiidae has priority. The largest genus currently recognized as belonging to this ...

, and was first described by Carl Ludwig Koch in 1839. They are usually pale in colour, and have an

abdomen The abdomen (colloquially called the belly, tummy, midriff, tucky or stomach) is the part of the body between the thorax (chest) and pelvis, in humans and in other vertebrates. The abdomen is the front part of the abdominal segment of the tors ...

that can range from yellow to beige. Both sexes range in size from . They are unique among common house spiders because their tarsi do not point either outward, like members of ''

Tegenaria ''Tegenaria'' is a genus of fast-running funnel weavers that occupy much of the Northern Hemisphere except for Japan and Indonesia. It was first described by Pierre André Latreille in 1804, though many of its species have been moved elsewhere. ...

'', or inward, like members of ''

Araneus ''Araneus'' is a genus of common orb-weaving spiders. It includes about 650 species, among which are the European garden spider and the barn spider. The genus was erected by Carl Alexander Clerck in 1757. Description Spiders of this genus pre ...

''), making them easier to identify. The name is a reference to the backwardly directed process on the cymbium of the male palp. The species epithet is derived from the Greek grc, χείρ, cheir, meaning "hand", and ''

Acanthium ''Onopordum'', or cottonthistle, is a genus of plants in the tribe Cardueae within the family Asteraceae. They are native to southern Europe, northern Africa, the Canary Islands, the Caucasus, and southwest and central Asia. They grow on d ...

'', a genus of thorny-stemmed plants.

Venom

Though they are beneficial predators in agricultural fields, they are also known to be mildly venomous to humans. Painful bites may be incurred from species such as '' C. punctorium'' in

Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a subcontinent of Eurasia and it is located enti ...

, '' C. mildei'' in Europe and North America, '' C. inclusum'' in the Americas, ''C. lawrencei'' in

South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by of coastline that stretch along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the north by the neighbouring count ...

and ''C. japonicum'' in Japan. ''Cheiracanthium'' venom is purportedly

necrotic Necrosis () is a form of cell injury which results in the premature death of cells in living tissue by autolysis. Necrosis is caused by factors external to the cell or tissue, such as infection, or trauma which result in the unregulated dig ...

, and can cause

pain Pain is a distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli. The International Association for the Study of Pain defines pain as "an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with, or resembling that associated with, ...

, swelling, and

lesion A lesion is any damage or abnormal change in the tissue of an organism, usually caused by disease or trauma. ''Lesion'' is derived from the Latin "injury". Lesions may occur in plants as well as animals. Types There is no designated classif ...

s in humans, but the necrotic nature and severity of its bite has been disputed. A study of twenty confirmed ''Cheiracanthium'' bites in the United States and Australia found that none resulted in necrosis. A theory that these spiders were attracted to the smell of gasoline was involved in a series of consumer vehicle callbacks in which spiderwebs had blocked fuel lines, but it has since been disproven by a study which found that the spiders simply found hoses inside of the vehicles to be optimal nesting places. https://scholarworks.iupui.edu/handle/1805/10451

Species

''Cheiracanthium'' is primarily an

Old World The "Old World" is a term for Afro-Eurasia that originated in Europe , after Europeans became aware of the existence of the Americas. It is used to contrast the continents of Africa, Europe, and Asia, which were previously thought of by th ...

genus, with many species found from northern

to Japan, from

Southern Africa Southern Africa is the southernmost subregion of the African continent, south of the Congo and Tanzania. The physical location is the large part of Africa to the south of the extensive Congo River basin. Southern Africa is home to a number ...

India India, officially the Republic of India ( Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the ...

and Australia. The only known species in the

New World The term ''New World'' is often used to mean the majority of Earth's Western Hemisphere, specifically the Americas."America." ''The Oxford Companion to the English Language'' (). McArthur, Tom, ed., 1992. New York: Oxford University Press, p. ...

are ''C. inclusum'' and ''C. mildei''. While the former also occurs in

Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...

and

Réunion Réunion (; french: La Réunion, ; previously ''Île Bourbon''; rcf, label= Reunionese Creole, La Rényon) is an island in the Indian Ocean that is an overseas department and region of France. It is located approximately east of the island ...

, the latter is found in the

Holarctic The Holarctic realm is a biogeographic realm that comprises the majority of habitats found throughout the continents in the Northern Hemisphere. It corresponds to the floristic Boreal Kingdom. It includes both the Nearctic zoogeographical regi ...

region and

Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, t ...

. They can also be found in the lower mainland of

British Columbia British Columbia (commonly abbreviated as BC) is the westernmost Provinces and territories of Canada, province of Canada, situated between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains. It has a diverse geography, with rugged landscapes that include ...

Canada Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering over , making it the world's second-largest country by tota ...

. The genus is quite diverse in

and at least three or four species are known to occur in

Egypt Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Med ...

ian

cotton Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective case, around the seeds of the cotton plants of the genus '' Gossypium'' in the mallow family Malvaceae. The fiber is almost pure cellulose, and can contain minor p ...

fields alone. it contains 214 species, found in the Caribbean, South America, Oceania, Europe, Central America, Africa, Asia, North America, and on

Saint Helena Saint Helena () is a British overseas territory located in the South Atlantic Ocean. It is a remote volcanic tropical island west of the coast of south-western Africa, and east of Rio de Janeiro in South America. It is one of three consti ...

: *'' C. abbreviatum''

Simon Simon may refer to: People * Simon (given name), including a list of people and fictional characters with the given name Simon * Simon (surname), including a list of people with the surname Simon * Eugène Simon, French naturalist and the genus ...

, 1878 –

France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Its metropolitan ar ...

Denmark ) , song = ( en, "King Christian stood by the lofty mast") , song_type = National and royal anthem , image_map = EU-Denmark.svg , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of Denmark , establishe ...

*'' C. aculeatum'' Simon, 1884 –

*'' C. aden'' Lotz, 2007 –

Yemen Yemen (; ar, ٱلْيَمَن, al-Yaman), officially the Republic of Yemen,, ) is a country in Western Asia. It is situated on the southern end of the Arabian Peninsula, and borders Saudi Arabia to the north and Oman to the northeast an ...

*'' C. adjacens'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1885 – China (

Yarkand Yarkant County,, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency also Shache County,, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency also transliterated from Uyghur as Yakan County, is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomou ...

Karakorum Karakorum ( Khalkha Mongolian: Хархорум, ''Kharkhorum''; Mongolian Script:, ''Qaraqorum''; ) was the capital of the Mongol Empire between 1235 and 1260 and of the Northern Yuan dynasty in the 14–15th centuries. Its ruins lie in t ...

*'' C. africanum'' Lessert, 1921 – Africa,

Madagascar Madagascar (; mg, Madagasikara, ), officially the Republic of Madagascar ( mg, Repoblikan'i Madagasikara, links=no, ; french: République de Madagascar), is an island country in the Indian Ocean, approximately off the coast of East Africa ...

*'' C. aizwalense'' Biswas & Biswas, 2007 –

*'' C. aladanense'' Lotz, 2007 – Yemen *'' C. albidulum'' (

Blackwall Blackwall may refer to: Places *Blackwall, London, an area of east London, UK **Blackwall Tunnel, the main crossing of the River Thames in east London **Blackwall Yard, a former shipyard **The former shipyard at Leamouth, London of Thames Ironwor ...

, 1859) – Madeira *'' C. algarvense'' Wunderlich, 2012 –

Portugal Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, In recognized minority languages of Portugal: :* mwl, República Pertuesa is a country located on the Iberian Peninsula, in Southwestern Europe, and whose territory also includes the Macaronesian ...

Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = '' Plus ultra'' ( Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , ...

*'' C. ambrense'' Lotz, 2014 – Madagascar *'' C. ampijoroa'' Lotz, 2014 – Madagascar *'' C. andamanense'' (Tikader, 1977) - India *'' C. andranomay'' Lotz, 2014 – Madagascar *'' C. angolense'' Lotz, 2007 –

Angola , national_anthem = "Angola Avante"() , image_map = , map_caption = , capital = Luanda , religion = , religion_year = 2020 , religion_ref = , coordina ...

Zimbabwe Zimbabwe (), officially the Republic of Zimbabwe, is a landlocked country located in Southeast Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers, bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the south-west, Zambia to the north, and Mozam ...

*'' C. angulitarse'' Simon, 1878 – Spain, France ( Corsica),

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...

Hungary Hungary ( hu, Magyarország ) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning of the Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Croa ...

Romania Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Moldova to the east, a ...

*'' C. anjozorobe'' Lotz, 2014 – Madagascar *'' C. annulipes'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872 – Spain,

Israel Israel (; he, יִשְׂרָאֵל, ; ar, إِسْرَائِيل, ), officially the State of Israel ( he, מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, label=none, translit=Medīnat Yīsrāʾēl; ), is a country in Western Asia. It is situated ...

*'' C. antungense'' Chen & Huang, 2012 –

Taiwan Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the northe ...

*'' C. apia'' Platnick, 1998 –

Samoa Samoa, officially the Independent State of Samoa; sm, Sāmoa, and until 1997 known as Western Samoa, is a Polynesian island country consisting of two main islands (Savai'i and Upolu); two smaller, inhabited islands (Manono Island, Manono an ...

*'' C. approximatum'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1885 – China (Yarkand) *'' C. ashleyi'' Lotz, 2014 – Madagascar *'' C. auenati''

Caporiacco Ludovico di Caporiacco (22 January 1900, in Udine – 18 July 1951, in Parma) was an Italian arachnologist. Caporiacco took part in an expedition to the Jebel Uweinat, a mountain massif in the boundary region of Sudan, Libya, and Egypt. On t ...

, 1936 –

Libya Libya (; ar, ليبيا, Lībiyā), officially the State of Libya ( ar, دولة ليبيا, Dawlat Lībiyā), is a country in the Maghreb region in North Africa. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Su ...

*'' C. auriculatum'' Zhang, Zhang & Yu, 2018 – China *'' C. bantaengi'' Merian, 1911 –

Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...

( Sulawesi) *'' C. barbarum'' (Lucas, 1846) –

Algeria ) , image_map = Algeria (centered orthographic projection).svg , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Algiers , coordinates = , largest_city = capital , religi ...

*'' C. boendense'' Lotz, 2015 – Congo *'' C. brevidens'' Kroneberg, 1875 – Central Asia *'' C. brevispinum'' Song, Feng & Shang, 1982 – China,

Korea Korea ( ko, 한국, or , ) is a peninsular region in East Asia. Since 1945, it has been divided at or near the 38th parallel, with North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea) comprising its northern half and South Korea (Republi ...

*'' C. buri'' Esyunin & Efimik, 202 - Russia *'' C. campestre'' Lohmander, 1944 – Sweden, Denmark, Central

, Romania, Ukraine, Russia (

) *'' C. canariense'' Wunderlich, 1987 – Canary Is.,

Turkey Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a list of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolia, Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with ...

, Egypt *'' C. catindigae'' Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 –

Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...

*'' C. caudatum'' ( Thorell, 1887) –

Myanmar Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables. As John Wells explai ...

*'' C. chayuense'' Li & Zhang, 2019 - China *'' C. conflexum'' Simon, 1906 – India *'' C. conspersum'' (Thorell, 1891) – India (Nicobar Is.) *'' C. crucigerum'' Rainbow, 1920 – Australia (Norfolk Is.) *'' C. danieli'' Tikader, 1975 – India *'' C. daofeng'' Yu & Li, 2020 - China *'' C. daquilium'' Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Indonesia, Philippines *'' C. debile'' Simon, 1890 –

Chad Chad (; ar, تشاد , ; french: Tchad, ), officially the Republic of Chad, '; ) is a landlocked country at the crossroads of North and Central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Repub ...

, Yemen *'' C. denisi'' Caporiacco, 1939 –

Ethiopia Ethiopia, , om, Itiyoophiyaa, so, Itoobiya, ti, ኢትዮጵያ, Ítiyop'iya, aa, Itiyoppiya officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the Er ...

, Congo *'' C. dippenaarae'' Lotz, 2007 – South Africa *'' C. duanbi'' Yu & Li, 2020 - China *'' C. echinulatum'' Zhang, Zhang & Yu, 2018 – China *'' C. effossum'' Herman, 1879 – Central to eastern Europe *''

C. elegans ''Caenorhabditis elegans'' () is a free-living transparent nematode about 1 mm in length that lives in temperate soil environments. It is the type species of its genus. The name is a blend of the Greek ''caeno-'' (recent), ''rhabditis'' ( ...

'' Thorell, 1875 – Europe, Turkey,

Caucasus The Caucasus () or Caucasia (), is a region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia (country), Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia. The Caucasus Mountains, including the Greater Caucasus range ...

, Russia (Europe to south Siberia),

Kazakhstan Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country located mainly in Central Asia and partly in Eastern Europe. It borders Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental coun ...

, Central Asia *'' C. equestre'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874 – Libya, Egypt *'' C. erraticum'' ( Walckenaer, 1802) – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East),

Iran Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkm ...

, Central Asia, China, Korea, Japan *'' C. escaladae'' Barrion, Barrion-Dupo & Heong, 2013 – China *'' C. eutittha'' Bösenberg &

Strand Strand may refer to: Topography *The flat area of land bordering a body of water, a: ** Beach ** Shoreline * Strand swamp, a type of swamp habitat in Florida Places Africa *Strand, Western Cape, a seaside town in South Africa *Strand Street, ...

, 1906 – Taiwan, Japan, Korea? *'' C. exilipes'' (Lucas, 1846) – Algeria *'' C. exquestitum'' Zhang & Zhu, 1993 – China *'' C. falcatum'' Chen, Huang, Chen & Wang, 2006 – Taiwan *'' C. falcis'' Lotz, 2015 –

Gabon Gabon (; ; snq, Ngabu), officially the Gabonese Republic (french: République gabonaise), is a country on the west coast of Central Africa. Located on the equator, it is bordered by Equatorial Guinea to the northwest, Cameroon to the north ...

*'' C. festae'' Pavesi, 1895 – Israel *'' C. fibrosum'' Zhang, Hu & Zhu, 1994 – China *'' C. filiapophysium'' Chen & Huang, 2012 – Taiwan *'' C. fisheri'' Lotz, 2014 – Madagascar *'' C. floresense'' Wunderlich, 2008 –

Azores ) , motto= ( en, "Rather die free than subjected in peace") , anthem=( en, "Anthem of the Azores") , image_map=Locator_map_of_Azores_in_EU.svg , map_alt=Location of the Azores within the European Union , map_caption=Location of the Azores wi ...

*'' C. foordi'' Lotz, 2015 – South Africa *'' C. foulpointense'' Lotz, 2014 – Madagascar *'' C. fujianense'' Gong, 1983 – China *'' C. fulvotestaceum'' Simon, 1878 – France *'' C. furax'' L. Koch, 1873 – Samoa *'' C. furculatum'' Karsch, 1879 – Cape Verde Is., Africa, Madagascar, Comoros *'' C. ghanaense'' Lotz, 2015 –

Ghana Ghana (; tw, Gaana, ee, Gana), officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country in West Africa. It abuts the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean to the south, sharing borders with Ivory Coast in Ghana–Ivory Coast border, the west, Burkina ...

*'' C. gobi'' Schmidt & Barensteiner, 2000 – China *'' C. gou'' Yu & Li, 2020 - China *'' C. gracile'' L. Koch, 1873 – Australia (

Queensland ) , nickname = Sunshine State , image_map = Queensland in Australia.svg , map_caption = Location of Queensland in Australia , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name = Australia , established_title = Before federation , established_ ...

New South Wales ) , nickname = , image_map = New South Wales in Australia.svg , map_caption = Location of New South Wales in AustraliaCoordinates: , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name = Australia , established_title = Before federation , es ...

) *'' C. gratum''

Kulczyński Kulczyński (feminine: Kulczyńska, plural: Kulczyńscy) is a Polish surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Stanisław Kulczyński (1895-1975), Polish botanist and politician * Władysław Kulczyński Władysław Kulczyński (27 Marc ...

, 1897 –

Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG),, is a country in Central Europe. It is the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany lies between the Baltic and North Sea to the north and the Alps to the sou ...

, Hungary *'' C. griswoldi'' Lotz, 2014 – Madagascar *'' C. halophilum'' Schmidt & Piepho, 1994 – Cape Verde Is. *'' C. haroniense'' Lotz, 2007 – Zimbabwe *'' C. himalayense'' Gravely, 1931 – India *'' C. hypocyrtum'' Zhang & Zhu, 1993 – China *'' C. ienisteai'' Sterghiu, 1985 – Romania,

Albania Albania ( ; sq, Shqipëri or ), or , also or . officially the Republic of Albania ( sq, Republika e Shqipërisë), is a country in Southeastern Europe. It is located on the Adriatic The Adriatic Sea () is a body of water separating the ...

*'' C. ilicis'' Morano & Bonal, 2016 – Spain *'' C. impressum'' Thorell, 1881 – Australia (Queensland) *'' C. incertum'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869 –

Sri Lanka Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්‍රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...

*'' C. inclusum'' ( Hentz, 1847) – North America,

Central America Central America ( es, América Central or ) is a subregion of the Americas. Its boundaries are defined as bordering the United States to the north, Colombia to the south, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. ...

, Caribbean, South America. Introduced to Réunion *'' C. incomptum'' (Thorell, 1891) – India (Nicobar Is.) *'' C. indicum'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874 – India, Sri Lanka *'' C. inflatum'' Wang & Zhang, 2013 – China *'' C. inornatum'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874 – India *'' C. insigne'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874 – India, Sri Lanka,

Thailand Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning , with a population of almost 70 million. The country is b ...

, Myanmar, Laos, China *'' C. insulare'' L. Koch, 1866 – Samoa *'' C. insulare'' (Vinson, 1863) – Madagascar, Réunion *'' C. iranicum'' Esyunin & Zamani, 2020 - Iran *'' C. isiacum'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874 – Libya, Egypt *'' C. itakeum'' Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines *'' C. jabalpurense'' Majumder & Tikader, 1991 – India *'' C. japonicum'' Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 – China, Korea, Japan *'' C. jocquei'' Lotz, 2014 – Comoros, Madagascar *'' C. joculare'' Simon, 1910 –

São Tomé and Príncipe São Tomé and Príncipe (; pt, São Tomé e Príncipe (); English: " Saint Thomas and Prince"), officially the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe ( pt, República Democrática de São Tomé e Príncipe), is a Portuguese-speaking i ...

*'' C. jorgeense'' Wunderlich, 2008 – Azores *'' C. jovium'' Denis, 1947 – Egypt *'' C. kabalense'' Lotz, 2015 –

Uganda }), is a landlocked country in East Africa. The country is bordered to the east by Kenya, to the north by South Sudan, to the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to the south-west by Rwanda, and to the south by Tanzania. The south ...

*'' C. kakamega'' Lotz, 2015 –

Kenya ) , national_anthem = " Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu"() , image_map = , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Nairobi , coordinates = , largest_city = Nairobi , ...

*'' C. kakumense'' Lotz, 2015 – Ivory Coast, Ghana, Congo *'' C. kashmirense'' Majumder & Tikader, 1991 – India *'' C. kazachstanicum'' Ponomarev, 2007 – Kazakhstan *'' C. kenyaense'' Lotz, 2007 – Africa *'' C. kibonotense'' Lessert, 1921 – Ethiopia, Congo, Kenya,

Tanzania Tanzania (; ), officially the United Republic of Tanzania ( sw, Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania), is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region. It borders Uganda to the north; Kenya to the northeast; Comoro Islands ...

, Uganda *'' C. klabati'' Merian, 1911 – Indonesia (Sulawesi) *'' C. knipperi'' Lotz, 2011 – Tanzania *'' C. kupense'' Lotz, 2007 –

Cameroon Cameroon (; french: Cameroun, ff, Kamerun), officially the Republic of Cameroon (french: République du Cameroun, links=no), is a country in west- central Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west and north; Chad to the northeast; th ...

*'' C. lascivum'' Karsch, 1879 – Russia (

Sakhalin Sakhalin ( rus, Сахали́н, r=Sakhalín, p=səxɐˈlʲin; ja, 樺太 ''Karafuto''; zh, c=, p=Kùyèdǎo, s=库页岛, t=庫頁島; Manchu: ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ, ''Sahaliyan''; Orok: Бугата на̄, ''Bugata nā''; Nivkh: ...

), China, Korea, Japan *'' C. leucophaeum'' Simon, 1897 – Madagascar *'' C. ligawsolanum'' Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines *'' C. liplikeum'' Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines *'' C. liuyangense'' Xie, Yin, Yan & Kim, 1996 – China *'' C. longimanum'' L. Koch, 1873 – Australia (Queensland),

Tonga Tonga (, ; ), officially the Kingdom of Tonga ( to, Puleʻanga Fakatuʻi ʻo Tonga), is a Polynesian country and archipelago. The country has 171 islands – of which 45 are inhabited. Its total surface area is about , scattered over in ...

, Fiji,

Vanuatu Vanuatu ( or ; ), officially the Republic of Vanuatu (french: link=no, République de Vanuatu; bi, Ripablik blong Vanuatu), is an island country located in the South Pacific Ocean. The archipelago, which is of volcanic origin, is east of no ...

, New Caledonia *'' C. longipes'' (Thorell, 1890) – Indonesia ( Sumatra) *'' C. ludovici'' Lessert, 1921 – Congo, Kenya, Tanzania, Madagascar *'' C. lukiense'' Lotz, 2015 – Congo *'' C. macedonicum'' Drensky, 1921 – Italy,

Slovenia Slovenia ( ; sl, Slovenija ), officially the Republic of Slovenia (Slovene: , abbr.: ''RS''), is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Hungary to the northeast, Croatia to the southeast, and ...

Slovakia Slovakia (; sk, Slovensko ), officially the Slovak Republic ( sk, Slovenská republika, links=no ), is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east, Hungary to the south, Austria to the ...

, Hungary, Romania,

Macedonia Macedonia most commonly refers to: * North Macedonia, a country in southeastern Europe, known until 2019 as the Republic of Macedonia * Macedonia (ancient kingdom), a kingdom in Greek antiquity * Macedonia (Greece), a traditional geographic reg ...

Bulgaria Bulgaria (; bg, България, Bǎlgariya), officially the Republic of Bulgaria,, ) is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern flank of the Balkans, and is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Mac ...

*'' C. madagascarense'' Lotz, 2014 – Comoros, Madagascar *'' C. mahajanga'' Lotz, 2014 – Madagascar *'' C. malkini'' Lotz, 2007 –

Nigeria Nigeria ( ), , ig, Naìjíríyà, yo, Nàìjíríà, pcm, Naijá , ff, Naajeeriya, kcg, Naijeriya officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa. It is situated between the Sahel to the north and the Gulf of G ...

*'' C. mangiferae'' Workman, 1896 –

Singapore Singapore (), officially the Republic of Singapore, is a sovereign island country and city-state in maritime Southeast Asia. It lies about one degree of latitude () north of the equator, off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, borde ...

, Indonesia (Sumatra) *'' C. maraisi'' Lotz, 2007 –

Namibia Namibia (, ), officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa. Its western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and e ...

Botswana Botswana (, ), officially the Republic of Botswana ( tn, Lefatshe la Botswana, label= Setswana, ), is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. Botswana is topographically flat, with approximately 70 percent of its territory being the Kal ...

*'' C. margaritae'' Sterghiu, 1985 – Romania *'' C. mayombense'' Lotz, 2015 – Congo *'' C. melanostomum'' (Thorell, 1895) – India,

Bangladesh Bangladesh (}, ), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by population, eighth-most populous country in the world, with a population exceeding 165 million pe ...

, Myanmar *'' C. mertoni'' Strand, 1911 – Indonesia (Aru Is.) *'' C. mildei'' L. Koch, 1864 – Europe,

North Africa North Africa, or Northern Africa is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of Mauritania in t ...

Europe,

, Turkey, Middle East, Caucasus, Russia (Europe) to Central Asia. Introduced to North America,

*'' C. minahassae'' Merian, 1911 – Indonesia (Sulawesi) *'' C. minshullae'' Lotz, 2007 – Zimbabwe, Botswana, South Africa *'' C. molle'' L. Koch, 1875 – Africa,

Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a country in Western Asia. It covers the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula, and has a land area of about , making it the List of Asian countries by area, fifth-largest country in Asia ...

*'' C. mondrainense''

Main Main may refer to: Geography *Main River (disambiguation) **Most commonly the Main (river) in Germany * Main, Iran, a village in Fars Province *"Spanish Main", the Caribbean coasts of mainland Spanish territories in the 16th and 17th centuries * ...

, 1954 – Australia (Western Australia) *'' C. mongolicum'' Schenkel, 1963 –

Mongolia Mongolia; Mongolian script: , , ; lit. "Mongol Nation" or "State of Mongolia" () is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. It covers an area of , with a population of just 3.3 millio ...

*'' C. montanum'' L. Koch, 1877 – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Iran *'' C. murinum'' (Thorell, 1895) – India, Myanmar *'' C. mysorense'' Majumder & Tikader, 1991 – India, Bangladesh *'' C. nalsaroverense'' Patel & Patel, 1973 – India *'' C. nervosum'' Simon, 1909 – Australia (Western Australia) *'' C. nickeli'' Lotz, 2011 – Mauritania *'' C. ningmingense'' Zhang & Yin, 1999 – China *'' C. occidentale'' L. Koch, 1882 – Spain (Minorca), Italy *'' C. olliforme'' Zhang & Zhu, 1993 – China *'' C. oncognathum'' Thorell, 1871 – Europe *'' C. pallidum'' Rainbow, 1920 – Australia (Lord Howe Is.) *'' C. pauriense'' Majumder & Tikader, 1991 – India *'' C. pelasgicum'' (C. L. Koch, 1837) – Southern and eastern Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe) to Tajikistan *'' C. pennatum'' Simon, 1878 –

Southern Europe Southern Europe is the southern region of Europe. It is also known as Mediterranean Europe, as its geography is essentially marked by the Mediterranean Sea. Definitions of Southern Europe include some or all of these countries and regions: Alba ...

, Romania *'' C. pennuliferum'' Simon, 1909 – Australia (Western Australia) *'' C. pennyi'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1873 – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to south Siberia), Iran, Central Asia, China *'' C. peregrinum'' Thorell, 1899 – Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Cameroon *'' C. pichoni'' Schenkel, 1963 – China *'' C. poonaense'' Majumder & Tikader, 1991 – India *'' C. potanini'' Schenkel, 1963 – China *'' C. punctipedellum'' Caporiacco, 1949 – Congo, Rwanda, Kenya *'' C. punctorium'' (Villers, 1789) (

type Type may refer to: Science and technology Computing * Typing, producing text via a keyboard, typewriter, etc. * Data type, collection of values used for computations. * File type * TYPE (DOS command), a command to display contents of a file. * Ty ...

) – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to south Siberia), Iran, Central Asia *'' C. punjabense'' Sadana & Bajaj, 1980 – India *'' C. ransoni'' Lotz, 2014 – Madagascar *'' C. rehobothense'' Strand, 1915 – Israel *'' C. rothi'' Lotz, 2014 – Madagascar *'' C. ruandana'' (Strand, 1916) - Rwanda *'' C. rupicola'' (Thorell, 1897) – Myanmar, China, Indonesia *'' C. russellsmithi'' Lotz, 2007 – Ethiopia *'' C. rwandense'' Lotz, 2011 – Rwanda *'' C. saccharanalis'' Mukhtar, 2015 –

Pakistan Pakistan ( ur, ), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ( ur, , label=none), is a country in South Asia. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of almost 24 ...

*'' C. sadanai'' Tikader, 1976 -

*'' C. sakoemicum'' Roewer, 1938 – New Guinea *'' C. salsicola'' Simon, 1932 – France *'' C. sambii'' Patel & Reddy, 1991 – India *'' C. sansibaricum'' Strand, 1907 – Ivory Coast to Zanzibar *'' C. saraswatii'' Tikader, 1962 – India *'' C. schenkeli'' Caporiacco, 1949 – Kenya, Rwanda, Zimbabwe, Botswana, South Africa *'' C. seidlitzi'' L. Koch, 1864 – Mediterranean to Central Asia *'' C. seshii'' Patel & Reddy, 1991 – India *'' C. shilabira'' Lotz, 2015 – Congo, Kenya *'' C. shiluvanense'' Lotz, 2007 – South Africa *'' C. sikkimense'' Majumder & Tikader, 1991 – India, Bangladesh *'' C. silaceum'' Rainbow, 1897 – Australia (New South Wales) *'' C. simaoense'' Zhang & Yin, 1999 – China *'' C. simplex'' Thorell, 1899 – Cameroon, Nigeria *'' C. siwi'' El-Hennawy, 2001 – Egypt *'' C. solidum'' Zhang, Zhu & Hu, 1993 – China *'' C. soputani'' Merian, 1911 – Indonesia (Sulawesi) *'' C. spectabile'' (Thorell, 1887) – Myanmar *'' C. sphaericum'' Zhang, Zhu & Hu, 1993 – China *'' C. stratioticum'' L. Koch, 1873 –

New Zealand New Zealand ( mi, Aotearoa ) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and over 700 List of islands of New Zealand, smaller islands. It is the ...

, Australia (

Tasmania ) , nickname = , image_map = Tasmania in Australia.svg , map_caption = Location of Tasmania in AustraliaCoordinates: , subdivision_type = Country , subdi ...

) *'' C. streblowi'' L. Koch, 1879 – Russia (Middle and south Siberia) *'' C. striolatum'' Simon, 1878 – Western Mediterranean *'' C. subinsulanum'' Li & Zhang, 2019 - China *'' C. taegense'' Paik, 1990 – China, Korea, Japan *'' C. tagorei'' Biswas & Raychaudhuri, 2003 – Bangladesh *'' C. taiwanicum'' Chen, Huang, Chen & Wang, 2006 – China, Taiwan *'' C. tanmoyi'' Biswas & Roy, 2005 – India *'' C. tanzanense'' Lotz, 2015 – Tanzania *'' C. taprobanense'' Strand, 1907 – Sri Lanka *'' C. tenue'' L. Koch, 1873 – Australia (Queensland) *'' C. tetragnathoide'' Caporiacco, 1949 – Kenya *'' C. torricellianum'' Strand, 1911 – New Guinea *'' C. torsivum'' Chen & Huang, 2012 – Taiwan *'' C. triviale'' (Thorell, 1895) – India, Myanmar *'' C. trivittatum'' Simon, 1906 – India *'' C. truncatum'' (Thorell, 1895) – Myanmar *'' C. turanicum'' Kroneberg, 1875 –

Uzbekistan Uzbekistan (, ; uz, Ozbekiston, italic=yes / , ; russian: Узбекистан), officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( uz, Ozbekiston Respublikasi, italic=yes / ; russian: Республика Узбекистан), is a doubly landlocked co ...

Tajikistan Tajikistan (, ; tg, Тоҷикистон, Tojikiston; russian: Таджикистан, Tadzhikistan), officially the Republic of Tajikistan ( tg, Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон, Jumhurii Tojikiston), is a landlocked country in Centr ...

*'' C. turiae'' Strand, 1917 – Thailand to Australia (Queensland) *'' C. uncinatum'' Paik, 1985 – China, Korea *'' C. unicum'' Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 – Korea, Japan, China, Laos *'' C. vankhedei'' Marusik & Fomichev, 2016 – Mongolia *'' C. vansoni'' Lawrence, 1936 – Southern Africa *'' C. verdense'' Lotz, 2011 – Cape Verde Is. *'' C. virescens'' (

Sundevall Carl Jakob Sundevall (22 October 1801, Högestad – 2 February 1875) was a Swedish zoologist. Sundevall studied at Lund University, where he became a Ph.D. in 1823. After traveling to East Asia, he studied medicine, graduating as Doctor of Me ...

, 1833) – Europe, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Iran, China *'' C. vorax'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874 – India *'' C. warsai'' Mukhtar, 2015 – Pakistan *'' C. wiehlei'' Chrysanthus, 1967 – New Guinea *'' C. wilma'' (Benoit, 1977) – St. Helena *'' C. wuquan'' Yu & Li, 2020 - China *'' C. zebrinum'' Savelyeva, 1972 – Russia (south Siberia), Kazakhstan *'' C. zhejiangense'' Hu & Song, 1982 – China, Korea

References

External links

* {{Taxonbar, from=Q1245731 Araneomorphae genera Cosmopolitan spiders Taxa named by Carl Ludwig Koch

Venom

Species

See also

References

Further reading

External links