Cheiracanthium Equestre

''Cheiracanthium'', commonly called ''yellow sac spiders'', is a genus of araneomorph spiders in the family Cheiracanthiidae, and was first described by Carl Ludwig Koch in 1839. They are usually pale in colour, and have an abdomen that can range from yellow to beige. Both sexes range in size from . They are unique among common house spiders because their tarsi do not point either outward, like members of ''Tegenaria'', or inward, like members of ''Araneus''), making them easier to identify. The name is a reference to the backwardly directed process on the cymbium of the male palp. The species epithet is derived from the Greek grc, χείρ, cheir, meaning "hand", and ''Acanthium'', a genus of thorny-stemmed plants.

Venom

Though they are beneficial predators in agricultural fields, they are also known to be mildly venomous to humans. Painful bites may be incurred from species such as '' C. punctorium'' in Europe, '' C. mildei'' in Europe and North America, '' C. inclusum'' in the Americas, ''C. lawrencei'' in South Africa and ''C. japonicum'' in Japan. ''Cheiracanthium'' venom is purportedly necrotic, and can cause pain, swelling, and lesions in humans, but the necrotic nature and severity of its bite has been disputed. A study of twenty confirmed ''Cheiracanthium'' bites in the United States and Australia found that none resulted in necrosis.

A theory that these spiders were attracted to the smell of gasoline was involved in a series of consumer vehicle callbacks in which spiderwebs had blocked fuel lines, but it has since been disproven by a study which found that the spiders simply found hoses inside of the vehicles to be optimal nesting places. https://scholarworks.iupui.edu/handle/1805/10451

Species

''Cheiracanthium'' is primarily an Old World genus, with many species found from northern Europe to Japan, from Southern Africa to India and Australia. The only known species in the New World are ''C. inclusum'' and ''C. mildei''. While the former also occurs in Africa and Réunion, the latter is found in the Holarctic region and Argentina. They can also be found in the lower mainland of British Columbia, Canada. The genus is quite diverse in Africa and at least three or four species are known to occur in Egyptian cotton fields alone. it contains 214 species, found in the Caribbean, South America, Oceania, Europe, Central America, Africa, Asia, North America, and on Saint Helena:

*'' C. abbreviatum'' Simon, 1878 – France, Denmark
*'' C. aculeatum'' Simon, 1884 – Africa
*'' C. aden'' Lotz, 2007 – Yemen
*'' C. adjacens'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1885 – China (Yarkand), Karakorum
*'' C. africanum'' Lessert, 1921 – Africa, Madagascar, Réunion
*'' C. aizwalense'' Biswas & Biswas, 2007 – India
*'' C. aladanense'' Lotz, 2007 – Yemen
*'' C. albidulum'' (Blackwall, 1859) – Madeira
*'' C. algarvense'' Wunderlich, 2012 – Portugal, Spain
*'' C. ambrense'' Lotz, 2014 – Madagascar
*'' C. ampijoroa'' Lotz, 2014 – Madagascar
*'' C. andamanense'' (Tikader, 1977) - India
*'' C. andranomay'' Lotz, 2014 – Madagascar
*'' C. angolense'' Lotz, 2007 – Angola, Zimbabwe, South Africa
*'' C. angulitarse'' Simon, 1878 – Spain, France ( Corsica), Italy, Hungary, Romania
*'' C. anjozorobe'' Lotz, 2014 – Madagascar
*'' C. annulipes'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872 – Spain, Egypt, Israel
*'' C. antungense'' Chen & Huang, 2012 – Taiwan
*'' C. apia'' Platnick, 1998 – Samoa
*'' C. approximatum'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1885 – China (Yarkand)
*'' C. ashleyi'' Lotz, 2014 – Madagascar
*'' C. auenati'' Caporiacco, 1936 – Libya
*'' C. auriculatum'' Zhang, Zhang & Yu, 2018 – China
*'' C. bantaengi'' Merian, 1911 – Indonesia ( Sulawesi)
*'' C. barbarum'' (Lucas, 1846) – Algeria
*'' C. boendense'' Lotz, 2015 – Congo
*'' C. brevidens'' Kroneberg, 1875 – Central Asia
*'' C. brevispinum'' Song, Feng & Shang, 1982 – China, Korea
*'' C. buri'' Esyunin & Efimik, 202 - Russia
*'' C. campestre'' Lohmander, 1944 – Sweden, Denmark, Central Europe , Romania, Ukraine, Russia (Europe)
*'' C. canariense'' Wunderlich, 1987 – Canary Is., Turkey, Egypt
*'' C. catindigae'' Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines
*'' C. caudatum'' ( Thorell, 1887) – Myanmar
*'' C. chayuense'' Li & Zhang, 2019 - China
*'' C. conflexum'' Simon, 1906 – India
*'' C. conspersum'' (Thorell, 1891) – India (Nicobar Is.)
*'' C. crucigerum'' Rainbow, 1920 – Australia (Norfolk Is.)
*'' C. danieli'' Tikader, 1975 – India
*'' C. daofeng'' Yu & Li, 2020 - China
*'' C. daquilium'' Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Indonesia, Philippines
*'' C. debile'' Simon, 1890 – Chad, Yemen
*'' C. denisi'' Caporiacco, 1939 – Ethiopia, Congo
*'' C. dippenaarae'' Lotz, 2007 – South Africa
*'' C. duanbi'' Yu & Li, 2020 - China
*'' C. echinulatum'' Zhang, Zhang & Yu, 2018 – China
*'' C. effossum'' Herman, 1879 – Central to eastern Europe
*''C. elegans'' Thorell, 1875 – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to south Siberia), Kazakhstan, Central Asia
*'' C. equestre'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874 – Libya, Egypt
*'' C. erraticum'' (Walckenaer, 1802) – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Iran, Central Asia, China, Korea, Japan
*'' C. escaladae'' Barrion, Barrion-Dupo & Heong, 2013 – China
*'' C. eutittha'' Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 – Taiwan, Japan, Korea?
*'' C. exilipes'' (Lucas, 1846) – Algeria
*'' C. exquestitum'' Zhang & Zhu, 1993 – China
*'' C. falcatum'' Chen, Huang, Chen & Wang, 2006 – Taiwan
*'' C. falcis'' Lotz, 2015 – Gabon
*'' C. festae'' Pavesi, 1895 – Israel
*'' C. fibrosum'' Zhang, Hu & Zhu, 1994 – China
*'' C. filiapophysium'' Chen & Huang, 2012 – Taiwan
*'' C. fisheri'' Lotz, 2014 – Madagascar
*'' C. floresense'' Wunderlich, 2008 – Azores
*'' C. foordi'' Lotz, 2015 – South Africa
*'' C. foulpointense'' Lotz, 2014 – Madagascar
*'' C. fujianense'' Gong, 1983 – China
*'' C. fulvotestaceum'' Simon, 1878 – France
*'' C. furax'' L. Koch, 1873 – Samoa
*'' C. furculatum'' Karsch, 1879 – Cape Verde Is., Africa, Madagascar, Comoros
*'' C. ghanaense'' Lotz, 2015 – Ghana
*'' C. gobi'' Schmidt & Barensteiner, 2000 – China
*'' C. gou'' Yu & Li, 2020 - China
*'' C. gracile'' L. Koch, 1873 – Australia (Queensland, New South Wales)
*'' C. gratum'' Kulczyński, 1897 – Germany, Hungary
*'' C. griswoldi'' Lotz, 2014 – Madagascar
*'' C. halophilum'' Schmidt & Piepho, 1994 – Cape Verde Is.
*'' C. haroniense'' Lotz, 2007 – Zimbabwe
*'' C. himalayense'' Gravely, 1931 – India
*'' C. hypocyrtum'' Zhang & Zhu, 1993 – China
*'' C. ienisteai'' Sterghiu, 1985 – Romania, Albania
*'' C. ilicis'' Morano & Bonal, 2016 – Spain
*'' C. impressum'' Thorell, 1881 – Australia (Queensland)
*'' C. incertum'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869 – Sri Lanka
*'' C. inclusum'' (Hentz, 1847) – North America, Central America, Caribbean, South America. Introduced to Réunion
*'' C. incomptum'' (Thorell, 1891) – India (Nicobar Is.)
*'' C. indicum'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874 – India, Sri Lanka
*'' C. inflatum'' Wang & Zhang, 2013 – China
*'' C. inornatum'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874 – India
*'' C. insigne'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874 – India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Myanmar, Laos, China
*'' C. insulare'' L. Koch, 1866 – Samoa
*'' C. insulare'' (Vinson, 1863) – Madagascar, Réunion
*'' C. iranicum'' Esyunin & Zamani, 2020 - Iran
*'' C. isiacum'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874 – Libya, Egypt
*'' C. itakeum'' Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines
*'' C. jabalpurense'' Majumder & Tikader, 1991 – India
*'' C. japonicum'' Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 – China, Korea, Japan
*'' C. jocquei'' Lotz, 2014 – Comoros, Madagascar
*'' C. joculare'' Simon, 1910 – São Tomé and Príncipe
*'' C. jorgeense'' Wunderlich, 2008 – Azores
*'' C. jovium'' Denis, 1947 – Egypt
*'' C. kabalense'' Lotz, 2015 – Uganda
*'' C. kakamega'' Lotz, 2015 – Kenya
*'' C. kakumense'' Lotz, 2015 – Ivory Coast, Ghana, Congo
*'' C. kashmirense'' Majumder & Tikader, 1991 – India
*'' C. kazachstanicum'' Ponomarev, 2007 – Kazakhstan
*'' C. kenyaense'' Lotz, 2007 – Africa
*'' C. kibonotense'' Lessert, 1921 – Ethiopia, Congo, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda
*'' C. klabati'' Merian, 1911 – Indonesia (Sulawesi)
*'' C. knipperi'' Lotz, 2011 – Tanzania
*'' C. kupense'' Lotz, 2007 – Cameroon
*'' C. lascivum'' Karsch, 1879 – Russia (Sakhalin), China, Korea, Japan
*'' C. leucophaeum'' Simon, 1897 – Madagascar
*'' C. ligawsolanum'' Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines
*'' C. liplikeum'' Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines
*'' C. liuyangense'' Xie, Yin, Yan & Kim, 1996 – China
*'' C. longimanum'' L. Koch, 1873 – Australia (Queensland), Tonga, Fiji, Vanuatu, New Caledonia
*'' C. longipes'' (Thorell, 1890) – Indonesia ( Sumatra)
*''Cheiracanthium ludovici, C. ludovici'' Lessert, 1921 – Congo, Kenya, Tanzania, Madagascar
*''Cheiracanthium lukiense, C. lukiense'' Lotz, 2015 – Congo
*''Cheiracanthium macedonicum, C. macedonicum'' Drensky, 1921 – Italy, Slovenia, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Macedonia (region), Macedonia, Bulgaria
*''Cheiracanthium madagascarense, C. madagascarense'' Lotz, 2014 – Comoros, Madagascar
*''Cheiracanthium mahajanga, C. mahajanga'' Lotz, 2014 – Madagascar
*''Cheiracanthium malkini, C. malkini'' Lotz, 2007 – Nigeria
*''Cheiracanthium mangiferae, C. mangiferae'' Workman, 1896 – Singapore, Indonesia (Sumatra)
*''Cheiracanthium maraisi, C. maraisi'' Lotz, 2007 – Namibia, Botswana
*''Cheiracanthium margaritae, C. margaritae'' Sterghiu, 1985 – Romania
*''Cheiracanthium mayombense, C. mayombense'' Lotz, 2015 – Congo
*''Cheiracanthium melanostomum, C. melanostomum'' (Thorell, 1895) – India, Bangladesh, Myanmar
*''Cheiracanthium mertoni, C. mertoni'' Strand, 1911 – Indonesia (Aru Is.)
*'' C. mildei'' L. Koch, 1864 – Europe, North AfricaEurope, North Africa, Turkey, Middle East, Caucasus, Russia (Europe) to Central Asia. Introduced to North America, Argentina
*''Cheiracanthium minahassae, C. minahassae'' Merian, 1911 – Indonesia (Sulawesi)
*''Cheiracanthium minshullae, C. minshullae'' Lotz, 2007 – Zimbabwe, Botswana, South Africa
*''Cheiracanthium molle, C. molle'' L. Koch, 1875 – Africa, Saudi Arabia
*''Cheiracanthium mondrainense, C. mondrainense'' Barbara York Main, Main, 1954 – Australia (Western Australia)
*''Cheiracanthium mongolicum, C. mongolicum'' Schenkel, 1963 – Mongolia
*''Cheiracanthium montanum, C. montanum'' L. Koch, 1877 – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Iran
*''Cheiracanthium murinum, C. murinum'' (Thorell, 1895) – India, Myanmar
*''Cheiracanthium mysorense, C. mysorense'' Majumder & Tikader, 1991 – India, Bangladesh
*''Cheiracanthium nalsaroverense, C. nalsaroverense'' Patel & Patel, 1973 – India
*''Cheiracanthium nervosum, C. nervosum'' Simon, 1909 – Australia (Western Australia)
*''Cheiracanthium nickeli, C. nickeli'' Lotz, 2011 – Mauritania
*''Cheiracanthium ningmingense, C. ningmingense'' Zhang & Yin, 1999 – China
*''Cheiracanthium occidentale, C. occidentale'' L. Koch, 1882 – Spain (Minorca), Italy
*''Cheiracanthium olliforme, C. olliforme'' Zhang & Zhu, 1993 – China
*''Cheiracanthium oncognathum, C. oncognathum'' Thorell, 1871 – Europe
*''Cheiracanthium pallidum, C. pallidum'' Rainbow, 1920 – Australia (Lord Howe Is.)
*''Cheiracanthium pauriense, C. pauriense'' Majumder & Tikader, 1991 – India
*''Cheiracanthium pelasgicum, C. pelasgicum'' (C. L. Koch, 1837) – Southern and eastern Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe) to Tajikistan
*''Cheiracanthium pennatum, C. pennatum'' Simon, 1878 – Southern Europe, Romania
*''Cheiracanthium pennuliferum, C. pennuliferum'' Simon, 1909 – Australia (Western Australia)
*''Cheiracanthium pennyi, C. pennyi'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1873 – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to south Siberia), Iran, Central Asia, China
*''Cheiracanthium peregrinum, C. peregrinum'' Thorell, 1899 – Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Cameroon
*''Cheiracanthium pichoni, C. pichoni'' Schenkel, 1963 – China
*''Cheiracanthium poonaense, C. poonaense'' Majumder & Tikader, 1991 – India
*''Cheiracanthium potanini, C. potanini'' Schenkel, 1963 – China
*''Cheiracanthium punctipedellum, C. punctipedellum'' Caporiacco, 1949 – Congo, Rwanda, Kenya
*'' C. punctorium'' (Villers, 1789) (Type species, type) – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to south Siberia), Iran, Central Asia
*''Cheiracanthium punjabense, C. punjabense'' Sadana & Bajaj, 1980 – India
*''Cheiracanthium ransoni, C. ransoni'' Lotz, 2014 – Madagascar
*''Cheiracanthium rehobothense, C. rehobothense'' Strand, 1915 – Israel
*''Cheiracanthium rothi, C. rothi'' Lotz, 2014 – Madagascar
*''Cheiracanthium ruandana, C. ruandana'' (Strand, 1916) - Rwanda
*''Cheiracanthium rupicola, C. rupicola'' (Thorell, 1897) – Myanmar, China, Indonesia
*''Cheiracanthium russellsmithi, C. russellsmithi'' Lotz, 2007 – Ethiopia
*''Cheiracanthium rwandense, C. rwandense'' Lotz, 2011 – Rwanda
*''Cheiracanthium saccharanalis, C. saccharanalis'' Mukhtar, 2015 – Pakistan
*''Cheiracanthium sadanai, C. sadanai'' Tikader, 1976 - India
*''Cheiracanthium sakoemicum, C. sakoemicum'' Carl Friedrich Roewer, Roewer, 1938 – New Guinea
*''Cheiracanthium salsicola, C. salsicola'' Simon, 1932 – France
*''Cheiracanthium sambii, C. sambii'' Patel & Reddy, 1991 – India
*''Cheiracanthium sansibaricum, C. sansibaricum'' Strand, 1907 – Ivory Coast to Zanzibar
*''Cheiracanthium saraswatii, C. saraswatii'' Tikader, 1962 – India
*''Cheiracanthium schenkeli, C. schenkeli'' Caporiacco, 1949 – Kenya, Rwanda, Zimbabwe, Botswana, South Africa
*''Cheiracanthium seidlitzi, C. seidlitzi'' L. Koch, 1864 – Mediterranean to Central Asia
*''Cheiracanthium seshii, C. seshii'' Patel & Reddy, 1991 – India
*''Cheiracanthium shilabira, C. shilabira'' Lotz, 2015 – Congo, Kenya
*''Cheiracanthium shiluvanense, C. shiluvanense'' Lotz, 2007 – South Africa
*''Cheiracanthium sikkimense, C. sikkimense'' Majumder & Tikader, 1991 – India, Bangladesh
*''Cheiracanthium silaceum, C. silaceum'' Rainbow, 1897 – Australia (New South Wales)
*''Cheiracanthium simaoense, C. simaoense'' Zhang & Yin, 1999 – China
*''Cheiracanthium simplex, C. simplex'' Thorell, 1899 – Cameroon, Nigeria
*''Cheiracanthium siwi, C. siwi'' El-Hennawy, 2001 – Egypt
*''Cheiracanthium solidum, C. solidum'' Zhang, Zhu & Hu, 1993 – China
*''Cheiracanthium soputani, C. soputani'' Merian, 1911 – Indonesia (Sulawesi)
*''Cheiracanthium spectabile, C. spectabile'' (Thorell, 1887) – Myanmar
*''Cheiracanthium sphaericum, C. sphaericum'' Zhang, Zhu & Hu, 1993 – China
*''Cheiracanthium stratioticum, C. stratioticum'' L. Koch, 1873 – New Zealand, Australia (Tasmania)
*''Cheiracanthium streblowi, C. streblowi'' L. Koch, 1879 – Russia (Middle and south Siberia)
*''Cheiracanthium striolatum, C. striolatum'' Simon, 1878 – Western Mediterranean
*''Cheiracanthium subinsulanum, C. subinsulanum'' Li & Zhang, 2019 - China
*''Cheiracanthium taegense, C. taegense'' Paik, 1990 – China, Korea, Japan
*''Cheiracanthium tagorei, C. tagorei'' Biswas & Raychaudhuri, 2003 – Bangladesh
*''Cheiracanthium taiwanicum, C. taiwanicum'' Chen, Huang, Chen & Wang, 2006 – China, Taiwan
*''Cheiracanthium tanmoyi, C. tanmoyi'' Biswas & Roy, 2005 – India
*''Cheiracanthium tanzanense, C. tanzanense'' Lotz, 2015 – Tanzania
*''Cheiracanthium taprobanense, C. taprobanense'' Strand, 1907 – Sri Lanka
*''Cheiracanthium tenue, C. tenue'' L. Koch, 1873 – Australia (Queensland)
*''Cheiracanthium tetragnathoide, C. tetragnathoide'' Caporiacco, 1949 – Kenya
*''Cheiracanthium torricellianum, C. torricellianum'' Strand, 1911 – New Guinea
*''Cheiracanthium torsivum, C. torsivum'' Chen & Huang, 2012 – Taiwan
*''Cheiracanthium triviale, C. triviale'' (Thorell, 1895) – India, Myanmar
*''Cheiracanthium trivittatum, C. trivittatum'' Simon, 1906 – India
*''Cheiracanthium truncatum, C. truncatum'' (Thorell, 1895) – Myanmar
*''Cheiracanthium turanicum, C. turanicum'' Kroneberg, 1875 – Uzbekistan, Tajikistan
*''Cheiracanthium turiae, C. turiae'' Strand, 1917 – Thailand to Australia (Queensland)
*''Cheiracanthium uncinatum, C. uncinatum'' Paik, 1985 – China, Korea
*''Cheiracanthium unicum, C. unicum'' Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 – Korea, Japan, China, Laos
*''Cheiracanthium vankhedei, C. vankhedei'' Marusik & Fomichev, 2016 – Mongolia
*''Cheiracanthium vansoni, C. vansoni'' Lawrence, 1936 – Southern Africa
*''Cheiracanthium verdense, C. verdense'' Lotz, 2011 – Cape Verde Is.
*''Cheiracanthium virescens, C. virescens'' (Carl Jakob Sundevall, Sundevall, 1833) – Europe, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Iran, China
*''Cheiracanthium vorax, C. vorax'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874 – India
*''Cheiracanthium warsai, C. warsai'' Mukhtar, 2015 – Pakistan
*''Cheiracanthium wiehlei, C. wiehlei'' Chrysanthus, 1967 – New Guinea
*''Cheiracanthium wilma, C. wilma'' (Benoit, 1977) – St. Helena
*''Cheiracanthium wuquan, C. wuquan'' Yu & Li, 2020 - China
*''Cheiracanthium zebrinum, C. zebrinum'' Savelyeva, 1972 – Russia (south Siberia), Kazakhstan
*''Cheiracanthium zhejiangense, C. zhejiangense'' Hu & Song, 1982 – China, Korea

See also

* List of Cheiracanthiidae species
* List of spiders associated with cutaneous reactions

References

Further reading

*

External links

*

{{Taxonbar, from=Q1245731

Cheiracanthium,
Araneomorphae genera
Cosmopolitan spiders
Taxa named by Carl Ludwig Koch