In
Greek mythology
Greek mythology is the body of myths originally told by the Ancient Greece, ancient Greeks, and a genre of ancient Greek folklore, today absorbed alongside Roman mythology into the broader designation of classical mythology. These stories conc ...
, the Charites (; ), singular Charis (), also called the Graces, are goddesses who personify beauty and grace. According to Hesiod, the Charites were
Aglaea
Aglaia, Aglaea, Aglaïa, Aglaja, or Aglaya (Ἀγλαΐα) is an ancient Greek female name and may refer to:
People and mythical figures
* Aglaia or Aglaea (mythology)
** Aglaia (Grace), one of the Charites in Greek mythology
* Saint Aglaia o ...
,
Euphrosyne
In ancient Greek religion and mythology, Euphrosyne (; ) is a goddess, one of the three Charites. She was sometimes named Euthymia () or Eutychia ().
Family
According to Hesiod, Euphrosyne and her sisters Thalia and Aglaea are the daughters ...
, and
Thalia, who were the daughters of
Zeus
Zeus (, ) is the chief deity of the List of Greek deities, Greek pantheon. He is a sky father, sky and thunder god in ancient Greek religion and Greek mythology, mythology, who rules as king of the gods on Mount Olympus.
Zeus is the child ...
and
Eurynome
Eurynomê (; Ancient Greek: Εὐρυνόμη, from , ''eurys'', "broad" and , ''nomos'', "pasture" or "law") is a name that refers to the following characters in Greek mythology:
* Eurynome, pre-Olympian queen and wife of Ophion
* Eurynome (Oce ...
, the daughter of
Oceanus
In Greek mythology, Oceanus ( ; , also , , or ) was a Titans, Titan son of Uranus (mythology), Uranus and Gaia, the husband of his sister the Titan Tethys (mythology), Tethys, and the father of the River gods (Greek mythology), river gods ...
. However in other accounts, their names, number and parentage varied. In
Roman mythology
Roman mythology is the body of myths of ancient Rome as represented in the literature and visual arts of the Romans, and is a form of Roman folklore. "Roman mythology" may also refer to the modern study of these representations, and to th ...
they were known as the Gratiae. Hesiod has Aglaea as the wife of
Hephaestus
Hephaestus ( , ; wikt:Hephaestus#Alternative forms, eight spellings; ) is the Greek god of artisans, blacksmiths, carpenters, craftsmen, fire, metallurgy, metalworking, sculpture and volcanoes.Walter Burkert, ''Greek Religion'' 1985: III.2. ...
, and in the ''Iliad'' Hera promises to give a Charis named
Pasithea
In Greek mythology, Pasithea (), Pasithee or Pasitheia, was one of the Graces and the wife of Hypnos. In the '' Dionysiaca'', the epic poem of Nonnus (fifth century CE), she is one of the three attendant Graces of Aphrodite.
Name
The meani ...
to
Hypnos
In Greek mythology, Hypnos (; Ancient Greek: , 'sleep'), also spelled Hypnus, is the personification of sleep. The Roman equivalent is Somnus. His name is the origin of the word hypnosis. Pausanias (geographer), Pausanias wrote that Hypnos was t ...
as bride. Otherwise they have little independent mythology, usually described as attending various gods and goddesses, especially
Aphrodite
Aphrodite (, ) is an Greek mythology, ancient Greek goddess associated with love, lust, beauty, pleasure, passion, procreation, and as her syncretism, syncretised Roman counterpart , desire, Sexual intercourse, sex, fertility, prosperity, and ...
.
In Roman and later art, the three Charites are generally depicted nude in an interlaced group, but during the
Archaic
Archaic may refer to:
* Archaic Period (several meanings), archaeological term used to refer to a very early period differing by location
*Archaic humans, people before ''homo sapiens''
* ''Archaic'' (comics), a comic-book series created by write ...
and
Classical periods of Greece, they were typically depicted as fully clothed,
and in a line, with dance poses.
Parentage, number, and names

In
Hesiod
Hesiod ( or ; ''Hēsíodos''; ) was an ancient Greece, Greek poet generally thought to have been active between 750 and 650 BC, around the same time as Homer.M. L. West, ''Hesiod: Theogony'', Oxford University Press (1966), p. 40.Jasper Gr ...
's ''
Theogony
The ''Theogony'' () is a poem by Hesiod (8th–7th century BC) describing the origins and genealogy, genealogies of the Greek gods, composed . It is written in the Homeric Greek, epic dialect of Ancient Greek and contains 1,022 lines. It is one ...
'', the Charites are the three daughters of Zeus:
Aglaea
Aglaia, Aglaea, Aglaïa, Aglaja, or Aglaya (Ἀγλαΐα) is an ancient Greek female name and may refer to:
People and mythical figures
* Aglaia or Aglaea (mythology)
** Aglaia (Grace), one of the Charites in Greek mythology
* Saint Aglaia o ...
("Splendor"),
Euphrosyne
In ancient Greek religion and mythology, Euphrosyne (; ) is a goddess, one of the three Charites. She was sometimes named Euthymia () or Eutychia ().
Family
According to Hesiod, Euphrosyne and her sisters Thalia and Aglaea are the daughters ...
("Joy"), and
Thalia ("Good Cheer"), by the
Oceanid
In Greek mythology, the Oceanids or Oceanides ( ; , ) are the nymphs who were the three thousand (a number interpreted as meaning "innumerable") daughters of the Titans Oceanus and Tethys.
Description and function
The Oceanids' father Oceanu ...
Eurynome
Eurynomê (; Ancient Greek: Εὐρυνόμη, from , ''eurys'', "broad" and , ''nomos'', "pasture" or "law") is a name that refers to the following characters in Greek mythology:
* Eurynome, pre-Olympian queen and wife of Ophion
* Eurynome (Oce ...
. The identical genealogy is given by
Apollodorus
Apollodorus ( Greek: Ἀπολλόδωρος ''Apollodoros'') was a popular name in ancient Greece. It is the masculine gender of a noun compounded from Apollo, the deity, and doron, "gift"; that is, "Gift of Apollo." It may refer to:
:''Note: A ...
. The same three names are also given by
Pindar
Pindar (; ; ; ) was an Greek lyric, Ancient Greek lyric poet from Thebes, Greece, Thebes. Of the Western canon, canonical nine lyric poets of ancient Greece, his work is the best preserved. Quintilian wrote, "Of the nine lyric poets, Pindar i ...
, with a possible reference to their "father" Zeus and no mother mentioned. Although the Charites were usually considered to be Zeus' daughters and three in number, their names as well as their parentage and number varied.
Homer
Homer (; , ; possibly born ) was an Ancient Greece, Ancient Greek poet who is credited as the author of the ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey'', two epic poems that are foundational works of ancient Greek literature. Despite doubts about his autho ...
mentions
Pasithea
In Greek mythology, Pasithea (), Pasithee or Pasitheia, was one of the Graces and the wife of Hypnos. In the '' Dionysiaca'', the epic poem of Nonnus (fifth century CE), she is one of the three attendant Graces of Aphrodite.
Name
The meani ...
as "one of the youthful Graces", and perhaps has "Charis" (the singular form of "Charites"), as the name of another, but does not give their parentage, number, or any other of their names.
The geographer
Pausanias gives other variations, some regional. He says that, according to
Boeotia
Boeotia ( ), sometimes Latinisation of names, Latinized as Boiotia or Beotia (; modern Greek, modern: ; ancient Greek, ancient: ), is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the modern regions of Greece, region of Central Greece (adm ...
n tradition,
Eteocles
In Greek mythology, Eteocles (; ) was a king of Ancient Thebes (Boeotia), Thebes, the son of Oedipus and either Jocasta or Euryganeia. Oedipus killed his father Laius and married his mother without knowing his relationship to either. When the ...
, the king of
Orchomenus, established three as the number of Charites, but that the
Athenians
Athens ( ) is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns in Greece, largest city of Greece. A significant coastal urban area in the Mediterranean, Athens is also the capital of the Attica (region), Attica region and is the southe ...
and
Spartans
Sparta was a prominent city-state in Laconia in ancient Greece. In antiquity, the city-state was known as Lacedaemon (), while the name Sparta referred to its main settlement in the valley of Evrotas river in Laconia, in southeastern P ...
worshipped only two. For the Athenians the two Charites were
Auxo
In Greek mythology, the Horae (), Horai () or Hours (, ) were the goddesses of the seasons and the natural portions of time.
Etymology
The term ''hora'' comes from the Proto-Indo-European ("year").
Function
The Horae were originally the p ...
and
Hegemone
In ancient Greek religion, Hegemone (, from the feminine form of ) was, according to the geographer Pausanias, the name given to one of the two Charites at Athens (the other being Auxo). Hegemone, as the name of a Charis, can be understood to me ...
, while for the Spartans they were
Cleta
In Greek mythology, Cleta (; means 'the glorious') was one of the Charites (Graces).
The Lakedaemonians say that the Charites are the two who gave them the names of Cleta and Phaenna In Greek mythology
Greek mythology is the body of myths ...
and
Phaenna In Greek mythology
Greek mythology is the body of myths originally told by the Ancient Greece, ancient Greeks, and a genre of ancient Greek folklore, today absorbed alongside Roman mythology into the broader designation of classical mythology. ...
. Also, according to Pausanias, the
Hellenistic
In classical antiquity, the Hellenistic period covers the time in Greek history after Classical Greece, between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the death of Cleopatra VII in 30 BC, which was followed by the ascendancy of the R ...
poet
Hermesianax said that
Peitho
In Greek mythology, Peitho ( or 'winning eloquence') is the personification of persuasion. She is typically presented as an important companion of Aphrodite. Her opposite is Bia (mythology), Bia, the personification of force. As a personificatio ...
("Persuasion") was one of the Charites, and the poet
Antimachus
Antimachus of Colophon (city), Colophon (), or of Claros, was a Greece, Greek poet and grammarian, who flourished about 400 BC.
Life
Scarcely anything is known of his life. The Suda claims that he was a pupil of the poets Panyassis and Stesimb ...
said that the Charites were the "daughters of Aegle and the Sun
Helios">/nowiki>Helios">Helios.html" ;"title="/nowiki>Helios">/nowiki>Helios/nowiki>".
While Hesiod has Eurynome, and Antimachus has Aegle, as the mother of the Charites, other names were also given. According to ''Orphic Hymns">Orphic Hymn
The ''Orphic Hymns'' are a collection of eighty-seven ancient Greek hymns addressed to various deities, which were attributed in antiquity to the mythical poet Orpheus. They were composed in Asia Minor (located in modern-day Turkey), most likel ...
'' 60, the Charites ("Aglaea, Thalia, ... Euphrosyne") were the daughters of Zeus and Eunomia. The Stoicism, Stoic philosopher Lucius Annaeus Cornutus, Cornutus includes the names Eurynome, and Aegle, he gives other names for mothers as well: Eurydome, Eurymedousa,
.
has his three Charites (Hesiod's Aglaea, Homer's Pasithea, and Hermesianax's Peitho) being the daughters of
.
A purported summary of a lost poem by an otherwise unknown poet "Sostratus", while naming the three Charites, adds to Homer's Pasithea, and Hesiod's Euphrosyne, the name
, saying that it was she who was the wife of Hephaestus.
The Charites' major mythological role was to attend the other Olympians, particularly during feasts and dances. They attended Aphrodite by bathing and anointing her in
and after she left Olympus when her affair with Ares is found out. Additionally, they are said to weave or dye her
. Along with
with necklaces to make her more enticing. Pindar stated the Charites arranged feasts and dances for the Olympians.