Chaophraya Chakri (Mud)
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Chaophraya Chakri (), personal name Mahmud, Mud or Mood (, ; 1727–1774), was the ''Samuha Nayok'' or the Prime Minister of Siam serving during the early years of
Thonburi Period The Thonburi Kingdom was a major Siamese kingdom which existed in Southeast Asia from 1767 to 1782, centered around the city of Thonburi, in Siam or present-day Thailand. The kingdom was founded by Taksin, who reunited Siam following the coll ...
under
King Taksin King Taksin the Great (, , ) or the King of Thonburi (, ; ; Teochew dialect, Teochew: Dên Chao; 17 April 1734 – 7 April 1782) was the only King of Thailand, king of the Thonburi Kingdom that ruled Thailand from 1767 to 1782. He had been an ar ...
. He was of a Muslim Persian-Malay descent and a descendant of Sultan Suleiman of
Singora Songkhla (, ), also known as Singgora or Singora ( Pattani Malay: ซิงกอรอ, Singoro), is a city (''thesaban nakhon'') in Songkhla Province of southern Thailand, near the border with Malaysia. Songkhla lies south of Bangkok and ...
. He was colloquially known as Chaophraya Chakri Khaek (), or "the Muslim Prime Minister".


Ancestry

The
Sultanate of Singora The Sultanate of Singora was a heavily fortified port city in southern Thailand and the precursor of the present-day town of Songkhla. It was founded in the early 17th century by a Persian, Dato Mogol, and flourished during the reign of his son ...
, based on the fort of Khao Daeng across the water from modern Songkhla city, was founded by Datuk Mogul around the early seventeenth century. Datuk Mogul was said to be of the Persian descent and hailed from central Java. The Sultan of Singora owed traditional tributes of ''
bunga mas The bunga emas dan perak ( "golden and silver flowers", ), often abbreviated to bunga mas ( Jawi: "golden flowers"), was a form of tribute sent every three years to the king of Ayutthaya ( Siam) from its vassal states in the Malay Peninsula, ...
'' to the Siamese
kingdom of Ayutthaya The Ayutthaya Kingdom or the Empire of Ayutthaya was a Thai kingdom that existed in Southeast Asia from 1351 to 1767, centered around the city of Ayutthaya, in Siam, or present-day Thailand. European travellers in the early 16th century call ...
. Datuk Mogul died in 1620 and was succeeded by his son Suleiman. In 1642, Sultan Suleiman of Singora declared independence from Siam. Sultan Suleiman had three sons; Mustafa, Hussein and Hassan. Sultan Suleiman died in 1668, to be succeeded by his eldest son Mustafa. However,
King Narai King Narai the Great (, , ) or Ramathibodi III ( ) was the 27th monarch of Ayutthaya Kingdom, the 4th and last monarch of the Prasat Thong dynasty. He was the king of Ayutthaya Kingdom from 1656 to 1688 and arguably the most famous king of the ...
of Ayutthaya sent armies to subjugate and conquer the Singora sultanate by 1685. Sultan Mustafa, his brothers Hussein, Hassan and their family were captured and deported to Ayutthaya, where they became officials in the Siamese bureaucracy. Mustafa became the governor of
Chaiya Chaiya (, ) is a former capital district ('' Amphoe mueang'') of Surat Thani province, Southern Thailand. The main town is Talat Chaiya. Geography Neighboring districts are (from the south clockwise): Tha Chang and Kapoe of Ranong province; ...
, Hussein the governor of
Phatthalung Phatthalung (, ) is a town ('' thesaban mueang'') in southern Thailand, capital of Phatthalung Province. The town covers ''tambon ''Tambon'' (, ) is a local governmental unit in Thailand. Below district (''amphoe'') and province ('' changwat' ...
and Hassan became Phraya Ratchabangsan the commander of the ''Krom Asa Cham'' () or the Cham-Malay naval mercenary regiment. Hassan had a son named Boonyang, who became Khun Laksamana serving in Siam.


Biography


Early life

Khun Laksamana Boonyang married Lady Dao and bore a son named Mahmud or Mud in 1727. Mud was, therefore, a great-grandson of Sultan Suleiman of Singora. As a member of the Siamese nobility class, Mud joined the court of Ayutthaya as a royal page. In the reign of King Ekkathat, the last King of Ayutthaya, Mud was a royal page with the title Luang Sak Naiwen (). In 1765, King Ekkathat sent Mud on an official inspection trip to
Chanthaburi Chanthaburi (, ) is a town ('' thesaban mueang'') in the east of Thailand, on the banks of the Chanthaburi River. It is the capital of the Chanthaburi Province and the Mueang Chanthaburi District. The town covers the two ''tambons'' Talat an ...
. However, the Burmese then invaded and laid siege on Ayutthaya, preventing Mud from returning to the royal city. Mud got stranded at Chanthaburi as Ayutthaya fell to the Burmese in April 1767 and Pu Lan (普蘭), the Chinese Phraya Chanthaburi the governor of Chanthaburi, declared himself an overlord. Phraya Chanthaburi Pu Lan came into competition with Phraya Tak, who was based in
Rayong Rayong (, ) is a city (''thesaban nakhon'') on the east coast of the Gulf of Thailand and the capital of Rayong province. It covers tambons Tha Pradu and Pak Nam and parts of ''tambons'' Choeng Noen and Noen Phra, all within Mueang Rayong dist ...
. In June 1767, Phraya Tak marched his armies from Rayong to successfully attack and conquer Chanthaburi. Mud, who had been staying in Chanthaburi, submitted to Phraya Tak and joined his retinue. After his coronation in 1767,
King Taksin King Taksin the Great (, , ) or the King of Thonburi (, ; ; Teochew dialect, Teochew: Dên Chao; 17 April 1734 – 7 April 1782) was the only King of Thailand, king of the Thonburi Kingdom that ruled Thailand from 1767 to 1782. He had been an ar ...
made Mud the ''Samuha Nayok'' or the Prime Minister of Siam with the title of Chaophraya Chakri.


Southern Siam

Due to his Persian-Malay descent and his familial connection to the ''Krom Asa Cham'', Chaophraya Chakri Mud was tasked with responsibility for the naval warfare. In 1769, King Taksin commanded Chaophraya Chakri Mud to launch a naval campaign, with 5,000 men, to subjugate the Southern Siamese regime of Chaophraya Nakhon Nu, which was based on
Nakhon Si Thammarat Nakhon Si Thammarat (, ; from ) is a city municipality (''thesaban nakhon'') located in Mueang Nakhon Si Thammarat, the capital of Nakhon Si Thammarat Province. Nakhon Si Thammarat Province is situated in the South of Thailand. It is about s ...
(Ligor). This expedition ended in failure, however, as Chakri Mud was defeated in the Battle of Thamak and his son Khun Laksamana was captured by the Ligorian forces. King Taksin of Thonburi, soon after, had to personally conduct the campaigns so that he managed to conquer
Southern Siam Southern Thailand (formerly Southern Siam and Tambralinga) is the southernmost cultural region of Thailand, separated from Central Thailand by the Kra Isthmus. Geography Southern Thailand is on the Malay Peninsula, with an area of around , bou ...
. After the Thonburi forces had taken Ligor in September 1769, Chaophraya Nakhon Nu the ruler of Ligor fled to Songkhla. King Taksin ordered Chaophraya Chakri Mud to lead a naval force to pursue Nakhon Nu. Chakri Mud learnt that Nakhon Nu had fled to
Pattani Pattani (or Patani in Malay spelling) may refer to: Places Continental Asia * Patani (historical region), a historical region in the Malay peninsula, in Thailand and Malaysia. * Pattani Province, modern province in southern Thailand ** Pattani, ...
so he wrote a letter to Sultan Muhammad of
Pattani Pattani (or Patani in Malay spelling) may refer to: Places Continental Asia * Patani (historical region), a historical region in the Malay peninsula, in Thailand and Malaysia. * Pattani Province, modern province in southern Thailand ** Pattani, ...
, urging the sultan to turn over Nakhon Nu. Sultan Muhammad of Pattani, avoiding Siamese attacks, decided to hand over Nakhon Nu to Chakri Mud.


Chiang Mai

In March 1771, King Taksin led a riverine fleet to the north in efforts to attack the Burmese-held
Chiang Mai Chiang Mai, sometimes written as Chiengmai or Chiangmai, is the largest city in northern Thailand, the capital of Chiang Mai province and the List of municipalities in Thailand#Largest cities by urban population, second largest city in Thailan ...
. Taksin soon realized that he had to disembark his boats at Phichai in order to continue by land to Chiang Mai. The king ordered Chaophraya Chakri Mud to take care of all the boats at Phichai when he was away in Chiang Mai. This campaign was not successful, however.


Siamese–Vietnamese War

In November 1771, Chaophraya Chakri Mud joined his lord King Taksin in the naval expedition against the port city-state of
Hà Tiên Hà Tiên is a Provincial city (Vietnam), provincial city in Kiên Giang Province, Mekong Delta in Vietnam. Its area is and the population as of 2019 is 81,576. The city borders Cambodia to the west. Hà Tiên is a tourist site of the region th ...
, ruled by the
Cantonese Cantonese is the traditional prestige variety of Yue Chinese, a Sinitic language belonging to the Sino-Tibetan language family. It originated in the city of Guangzhou (formerly known as Canton) and its surrounding Pearl River Delta. While th ...
ruler
Mạc Thiên Tứ Mạc Thiên Tứ ( vi-hantu, 鄚天賜, , , December 12, 1699 or December 16, 1705 or January 1, 1718 – June 18, 1780), also known as Mạc Thiên Tích () or Mạc Tông (, ), was a Vietnamese leader who ruled Hà Tiên from 1735 to 1771 ...
, to the east. Chaophraya Chakri had his own naval regiment composing of 649 men. Chaophraya Chakri Mud, together with Phraya Phiphit Chen Lian and Phraya Phichai Aisawan Yang Jinzong, led the naval attacks on Hà Tiên. After seizing Hà Tiên, King Taksin and Chaophraya Chakri Mud pursued the Cambodian King Ang Ton and Mạc Thiên Tứ into Cambodia and
Cochinchina Cochinchina or Cochin-China (, ; ; ; ; ) is a historical exonym and endonym, exonym for part of Vietnam, depending on the contexts, usually for Southern Vietnam. Sometimes it referred to the whole of Vietnam, but it was commonly used to refer t ...
. Chakri Mud met a local Cambodian resistance force near Ba Phnum and defeated them. In December 1771, Chaophraya Chakri Mud proceeded his riverine fleet along the
Bassac River The Bassac River (; Tonlé Bassac) or Hậu River ( 瀧後 or 後江) is a distributary of the Tonlé Sap and Mekong River. The river starts in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, and flows southerly, crossing the border into Vietnam near Châu Đốc. Th ...
towards
Châu Đốc Châu Đốc is a city in An Giang Province, bordering Cambodia, in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam. As of 2019, the city had a population of 101,765, and cover an area of . The city is located by the Hậu River (a branch of the Mekong Ri ...
. However, he was defeated by the Vietnamese governor of
Long Hồ Long Hồ is a Commune-level town (Vietnam), township () and capital of Long Hồ District, Vĩnh Long Province, Vietnam.
Tống Phước Hiệp at Châu Đốc, losing his Siamese men and ships. As the war reached stalemate, King Taksin ordered Chaophraya Chakri Mud the guard the Bassac front against Vietnamese counter-offensives. The king himself returned to Thonburi in December 1771. In July 1772, the Nguyen Lord
Nguyễn Phúc Thuần Nguyễn Phúc Thuần (31 December 1754 – 18 October 1777) was one of the Nguyễn lords who ruled over the southern portion of Vietnam from the 16th-18th centuries. The collapse of the Nguyễn lords intensified during Thuần's reign, many u ...
sent Vietnamese forces to reclaim Cambodia and to expel the Siamese. The Vietnamese commander Nguyễn Cửu Đàm and the Cambodian commander Oknha Yumreach Tol, with the forces of 10,000 men, attacked Chaophraya Chakri at Peam Panca Peas (in modern Prey Veng). Chaophraya Chakri Mud was defeated, leading the Vietnamese to resume control over Cambodia. As King Taksin found out that Siamese holdings in Cambodia were untenable, he decided to order the general retreat of Siamese forces from Cambodia in 1773.


Death

Chaophraya Chakri Mud presumably died in 1774. He was succeeded as the ''Samuha Nayok'' or Siamese Prime Minister by Chaophraya Chakri Thongduang who later became
King Rama I Phutthayotfa Chulalok (born Thongduang; 20 March 1737 – 7 September 1809), also known by his regnal name Rama I, was the founder of the Rattanakosin Kingdom (now Thailand) and the first King of Siam from the reigning Chakri dynasty. He asce ...
. The ''Kubur'' grave of Chaophraya Chakri Mud is present at
Tonson Mosque The Ton Son Mosque () is a historic Sunni mosque, located on the left bank of Khlong Bangkok Yai canal, Wat Arun Subdistrict, Yai District of Bangkok, in Thonburi, Thailand. The mosque is situated opposite the Wat Moli Lokayaram temple, and ...
in
Bangkok Bangkok, officially known in Thai language, Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon and colloquially as Krung Thep, is the capital and most populous city of Thailand. The city occupies in the Chao Phraya River delta in central Thailand and has an estim ...
.


Family

Chaophraya Chakri (Mud) had three recorded sons; * Mat (); became Phraya Yommaraj the Minister of Nakhonban or Police Bureau in 1774. Phraya Yommaraj Mat served King Taksin in many wars including the Bangkaeo Campaign and Burmese Invasion of Siam in 1775-1776. Phraya Yommaraj Mat was executed in 1779 by the orders of the king. * Wang (); the governor of
Chonburi Chonburi (, , IAST: , ) is the capital of Chonburi Province and, as part of the district Mueang Chonburi District, Mueang Chonburi, the List of municipalities in Thailand, seventh-largest city in Thailand. It is about 100 km southeast of Ba ...
during the reigns of King Taksin and King Rama I. He was the one who brought
Nguyễn Phúc Ánh Gia Long (Chữ hán: 嘉隆) ( (''North''), (''South''); 8 February 1762 – 3 February 1820), born Nguyễn Phúc Ánh (阮福暎) or Nguyễn Ánh (阮暎), was the founding emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty, the last dynasty of Vietnam, whi ...
to Bangkok in 1783. Wang later became Phraya Ratchawangsan the commander of the ''Krom Asa Cham'' or the Cham-Malay mercenary regiment. Wang had a daughter named Peng. Peng married Phraya Nonthaburi and bore daughter, Riam. Riam became a royal consort of
King Rama II Phutthaloetla Naphalai (born Chim; 24 February 1767 or 1768 – 21 July 1824), also known by his regnal name Rama II, was the second King of Siam from the Chakri dynasty, ruling from 1809 to 1824. In 1809, Itsarasunthon succeeded his father Ra ...
and bore sons including Prince Chetsadabodin who later became
King Rama III Nangklao (born Thap; 31 March 1788 – 2 April 1851), also known by his regnal name Rama III, was the third king of Siam from the Chakri dynasty, ruling from 21 July 1824 to 2 April 1851. Nangklao was the eldest surviving son of King Rama II ...
. Chaophraya Chakri (Mud) was, therefore, a maternal great-grandfather of King Rama III through his son Phraya Ratchawangsan Wang. * Khun Laksamana, who was captured by the Ligorian forces of Nakhon Si Thammarat in 1769.


Ancestors


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakri Mut, Chaophraya 1727 births 1774 deaths Chaophraya Samuhanayok Thonburi Kingdom