The grand chancellor (, among other titles), also translated as counselor-in-chief, chancellor, chief councillor, chief minister, imperial chancellor, lieutenant chancellor and prime minister, was the highest-ranking executive official in the imperial Chinese government. The term was known by many different names throughout Chinese history, and the exact extent of the powers associated with the position fluctuated greatly, even during a particular

dynasty A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family, usually in the context of a monarchy, monarchical system, but sometimes also appearing in republics. A dynasty may also be referred to as a "house", "family" or "clan", among others. H ...

. Professor Zhu Zongbin of

Peking University Peking University (PKU) is a Public university, public Types of universities and colleges in China#By designated academic emphasis, university in Haidian, Beijing, China. It is affiliated with and funded by the Ministry of Education of the Peop ...

outlined the role of "grand chancellor" as one with the power to oversee all

jurisdiction Jurisdiction (from Latin 'law' and 'speech' or 'declaration') is the legal term for the legal authority granted to a legal entity to enact justice. In federations like the United States, the concept of jurisdiction applies at multiple level ...

al matters, the right to decide and to draft edicts with other ministers, and the position of chief advisor to the

emperor The word ''emperor'' (from , via ) can mean the male ruler of an empire. ''Empress'', the female equivalent, may indicate an emperor's wife (empress consort), mother/grandmother (empress dowager/grand empress dowager), or a woman who rules ...

. This extended even to the ability to criticize the emperor's edicts and decisions. Thus, the grand chancellor served as the emperor's

chief of staff The title chief of staff (or head of staff) identifies the leader of a complex organization such as the armed forces, institution, or body of persons and it also may identify a principal staff officer (PSO), who is the coordinator of the supportin ...

and main political advisor, often exercising power second only to the emperor. In practice, the grand chancellor was often a trusted executive aide to the emperor, but during political turmoil or power struggles between the two roles the grand chancellor could also be the emperor's primary political competitor and opponent. This balance of power means that the relation between grand chancellor (and the scholar-officials they represent) and emperor holds great significance in the Confucian thought of governance and the relation of "lord and subject" (). "Grand chancellor" can denote several positions. During the Six Dynasties period, the term denoted a number of power-holders serving as chief administrators, including ''zhongshun jian'' (Inspector General of the Secretariat), ''zhongshu ling'' (President of the Secretariat), ''shizhong'' ( Palace Attendant), ''shangshu ling'' and ''puye'' (president and vice-president of the Department of State Affairs).

History

In the

Spring and Autumn period The Spring and Autumn period () was a period in History of China, Chinese history corresponding roughly to the first half of the Eastern Zhou (256 BCE), characterized by the gradual erosion of royal power as local lords nominally subject t ...

, Guan Zhong was the first chancellor in China, who became chancellor under the

state of Qi Qi, or Ch'i in Wade–Giles romanization, was a ancient Chinese state, regional state of the Zhou dynasty in History of China#Ancient China, ancient China, whose rulers held Zhou dynasty nobility, titles of ''Hou'' (), then ''Gong (title), Go ...

in 685 BCE. In Qin, during the

Warring States period The Warring States period in history of China, Chinese history (221 BC) comprises the final two and a half centuries of the Zhou dynasty (256 BC), which were characterized by frequent warfare, bureaucratic and military reforms, and ...

, the chancellor was officially established as "the head of all civil service officials." There were sometimes two chancellors, differentiated as being "of the left" (senior) and "of the right" (junior). After emperor

Qin Shi Huang Qin Shi Huang (, ; February 25912 July 210 BC), born Ying Zheng () or Zhao Zheng (), was the founder of the Qin dynasty and the first emperor of China. He is widely regarded as the first ever supreme leader of a unitary state, unitary d ...

ended the Warring States period by establishing the

Qin dynasty The Qin dynasty ( ) was the first Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China. It is named for its progenitor state of Qin, a fief of the confederal Zhou dynasty (256 BC). Beginning in 230 BC, the Qin under King Ying Zheng enga ...

(221–206 BC), the chancellor, together with the imperial secretary, and the grand commandant, were the most important officials in the imperial government, generally referred as the Three Lords. In 1 BC, during the reign of Emperor Ai, the title was changed to ''da si tu'' (). In the

Eastern Han dynasty The Han dynasty was an Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China (202 BC9 AD, 25–220 AD) established by Liu Bang and ruled by the House of Liu. The dynasty was preceded by the short-lived Qin dynasty (221–206 BC ...

, the chancellor post was replaced by the Three Excellencies: Grand Commandant (), Minister over the Masses () and Minister of Works (). In 190,

Dong Zhuo Dong Zhuo () (c. 140s – 22 May 192), courtesy name Zhongying, was a Chinese military general, politician, and warlord who lived in the late Eastern Han dynasty. At the end of the reign of the Eastern Han, Dong Zhuo was a general and powerful ...

claimed the title "Chancellor of State" () under the powerless

Emperor Xian of Han Emperor Xian of Han (2 April 181 – 21 April 234), personal name Liu Xie (劉協), courtesy name Bohe, was the 14th and last Emperor of China, emperor of the Han dynasty#Eastern Han (25–220 AD), Eastern Han dynasty of China. He reigned from ...

, placing himself above the Three Excellencies. After Dong Zhuo's death in 192, the post was vacant until

Cao Cao Cao Cao (; ; ; 15 March 220), courtesy name Mengde, was a Chinese statesman, warlord, and poet who rose to power during the end of the Han dynasty (), ultimately taking effective control of the Han central government. He laid the foundation f ...

restored the position as "imperial chancellor" () and abolished the Three Excellencies in 208. From then until March 15, 220, the power of chancellor was greater than that of the emperor. Later this often happened when a dynasty became weak, usually some decades before the fall of a dynasty. During the

Sui dynasty The Sui dynasty ( ) was a short-lived Dynasties of China, Chinese imperial dynasty that ruled from 581 to 618. The re-unification of China proper under the Sui brought the Northern and Southern dynasties era to a close, ending a prolonged peri ...

, the executive officials of the three highest departments of the empire were called "chancellors" () together. In the

Tang dynasty The Tang dynasty (, ; zh, c=唐朝), or the Tang Empire, was an Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 618 to 907, with an Wu Zhou, interregnum between 690 and 705. It was preceded by the Sui dynasty and followed ...

, the government was divided into three departments: the Department of State Affairs (), the Secretariat (), and the Chancellery (). The head of each department was generally referred to as the ''chancellor''. In the

Song dynasty The Song dynasty ( ) was an Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 960 to 1279. The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song, who usurped the throne of the Later Zhou dynasty and went on to conquer the rest of the Fiv ...

, the post of chancellor was also known as the "Tongpingzhangshi" (), in accordance with late-Tang terminology, while the vice-chancellor was known as the ''jijunsi''. Some years later, the post of chancellor was changed to "prime minister" ( ''shou xiang'') and the post of vice-chancellor was changed to "second minister" ( ''ci xiang''). In the late Southern Song dynasty, the system changed back to the Tang naming conventions. During the Mongol-founded

Yuan dynasty The Yuan dynasty ( ; zh, c=元朝, p=Yuáncháo), officially the Great Yuan (; Mongolian language, Mongolian: , , literally 'Great Yuan State'), was a Mongol-led imperial dynasty of China and a successor state to the Mongol Empire after Div ...

, the chancellor was not the head of the Secretariat, but the

Crown Prince A crown prince or hereditary prince is the heir apparent to the throne in a royal or imperial monarchy. The female form of the title, crown princess, is held by a woman who is heir apparent or is married to the heir apparent. ''Crown prince ...

() was. After the establishment of the

Ming dynasty The Ming dynasty, officially the Great Ming, was an Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol Empire, Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming was the last imperial dynasty of ...

, the post became the head of the Zhongshu Sheng again. The post was abolished after the execution of

Hu Weiyong Hu Weiyong (; died 1380) was a Chinese official of the early Ming dynasty and a close adviser of the Hongwu Emperor. In the second half of the 1370s, he headed the civil administration of the empire. However, in 1380, he was accused of treason an ...

, who was accused of treason (though his conviction is still strongly disputed in present times because of a lack of evidence to prove his guilt). Still, appointments of the people who held the highest post in the government were called "appointment of prime minister" () until 1644.

Influence

During and after the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty, the Mongols continued the use of a title ''Chingsang'', from ''Chengxiang'' () for various high leaders, such as Pulad, the Yuan ambassador to the Ilkhan and for the deputy of the Western Mongol leader, the ''taishi''. The title was also used in the Ilkhanate, for the vizier Buqa.

List of chancellors of China

List of chancellors of Shang dynasty

Zhou dynasty

* Jiang Ziya *

Duke of Zhou Dan, Duke Wen of Zhou, commonly known as the Duke of Zhou, was a member of the royal family of the early Zhou dynasty who played a major role in consolidating the kingdom established by his elder brother King Wu. He was renowned for acting as ...

* Duke Huan of Zheng * Duke Zhuang of Zheng * Guan Zhong of Qi state (died in 645 BC) *

Bao Shuya Bao Shuya (; d.644 BC) was a Chinese businessman and politician of the State of Qi under Duke Huan of Qi during the Spring and Autumn period in China. He was a contemporary and friend of Guan Zhong. Though an able administrator in his own right ...

of Qi state * Yan Ying of Qi state * Fan Li of Qi State and Yue state *

Wu Zixu :''Note: names are in simplified characters followed by traditional and Pinyin transliteration.'' Wu Yun (died 484 BC), better known by his courtesy name Zixu, was a Chinese military general and politician of the Wu (state), Wu kingdom in the Spr ...

of Wu state * Bo Pi of Wu state * Cheng Dechen of Chu state * Sunshu Ao of Chu state * Wu Qi of Chu state * Lord Chunshen of Chu state * Lord Mengchang of Qi state * Tian Dan of Qi state * Li Kui of Wei state * Hui Shi of Wei State * Lin Xiangru of Zhao state * Li Mu of Zhao state * Su Qin of Yan state * Yue Yi of Yan state * Baili Xi of Qin state * Shang Yang of Qin State * Zhang Yi of Qin State

Qin dynasty

* Fan Ju * Lü Buwei (251–238 BCE in office) *

Lord Changping Lord Changping (; died 223 BC) was a Chinese monarch and politician who remained as an important military commander and lord of Qin, who later departed from the state of Qin and went to the state of Chu where he became the last king of Chu (223 ...

* Kui Zhuang * Wang Guan * Li Si (?–208 BCE in office) * Feng Quji * Zhao Gao (208–207 BCE in office)

Han dynasty

Xiao He Xiao He (257 BC – 16 August 193 BC''xinwei'' day of the 7th month of the 2nd year of Emperor Hui's reign, per vol. 12 of ''Zizhi Tongjian'') was a Chinese calligrapher and politician of the early Western Han dynasty. He served Emperor Gaozu of ...

(206–193 BCE in office); Chen Xi (197 BCE), over Zhao *

Cao Shen Cao Shen or Cao Can (died 24 September 190 BCE), courtesy name Jingbo (), was a Chinese military general and politician. He served as a chancellor of the Western Han dynasty. He participated in the Chu–Han Contention on Liu Bang (Emperor Gaoz ...

(193–190 BCE in office) * Chen Ping (190–179 BCE in office) * Zhou Bo * Guan Ying * Zhou Yafu * Huo Guang * Shi Dan (see Emperor Yuan of Han) *

Wang Mang Wang Mang (45 BCE6 October 23 CE), courtesy name Jujun, officially known as the Shijianguo Emperor (), was the founder and the only emperor of the short-lived Chinese Xin dynasty. He was originally an official and consort kin of the ...

* Liu Yan (Bosheng) * Deng Yu (25–27 in office) * Wu Han * Yuan An * Dou Xian * Li Gu *

Liang Ji Liang Ji (梁冀) (died 9 September 159), courtesy name Bozhuo (伯卓), was a Chinese military general and politician. As a powerful consort kin, he dominated government in the 150s together with his younger sister, Empress Liang Na. After hi ...

Dou Wu Dou Wu (; died 25 October 168), courtesy name Youping (), was a Chinese philosopher and politician of the Eastern Han dynasty. He was known as a Confucian scholar and served as a low-level official during the reign of Emperor Huan until his ...

Chen Fan Chen Fan (90s - 25 October 168), courtesy name Zhongju (), was a Chinese politician of the Eastern Han dynasty. A native of Pingyu, Runan (north of present-day Pingyu County, Henan), Chen served as Grand Commandant () during the reign of E ...

Qiao Xuan Qiao Xuan (110 – 6 June 184), courtesy name Gongzu, was an influential official during the Eastern Han dynasty of China. Born in a scholarly family, he began his career as a local county officer and eventually gained fame for his sense of ...

* Cao Song * Zhang Wen * Liu Yu *

* He Jin * Wang Yun *

Ma Midi Ma Midi (died 194), courtesy name Wengshu, was an official who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. Life Ma Midi was from Maoling County (茂陵縣), Youfufeng Commandery (右扶風郡), which is located northeast of present-d ...

* Xun Shuang * Huangfu Song * Zhu Jun *

(196-220 in office) *

Cao Pi Cao Pi () (late 187 – 29 June 226), courtesy name Zihuan, was the first emperor of the state of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period of China. He was the second son of Cao Cao, a warlord who lived in the late Eastern Han dynasty, but the ...

Three Kingdoms

Eastern Wu Wu (Chinese language, Chinese: 吳; pinyin: ''Wú''; Middle Chinese ''ŋuo'' < Eastern Han Chinese: ''ŋuɑ''), known in historiography as Eastern Wu or Sun Wu, was a Dynasties of China, dynastic state of China and one of the three major sta ...

* Sun Shao (221–225) *

Gu Yong Gu Yong (168 – November or December 243), courtesy name Yuantan, was a Chinese calligrapher, musician, and politician. He served as a minister and the second Imperial Chancellor of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period o ...

(225–243) * Lu Xun (244–245) * Bu Zhi (246–247) *

Zhu Ju Zhu Ju (194–250), courtesy name Zifan, was a Chinese military general and politician of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. A son-in-law of Wu's founding emperor Sun Quan, Zhu Ju served briefly as the fifth Im ...

(249–250) * Sun Jun (253–256) * Sun Chen (258) * Puyang Xing (262–264) * Zhang Ti (279–280)

Shu Han Han (; 221–263), known in historiography as Shu Han ( ) or Ji Han ( "Junior Han"), or often shortened to Shu ( zh, t=蜀, p=Shǔ; Sichuanese Pinyin: ''Su'' < Middle Chinese: ''źjowk'' < Eastern Han Chinese: ''dźok''), was a Dynasties in ...

Zhuge Liang Zhuge Liang () (181September or October 234), also commonly known by his courtesy name Kongming, was a Chinese statesman, strategist, and inventor who lived through the End of the Han dynasty, end of the Eastern Han dynasty ( 184–220) and t ...

(221–234) * Jiang Wan * Fei Yi * Dong Yun * Jiang Wei * Dong Jue * Fan Jian * Zhuge Zhan

Cao Wei Wei () was one of the major Dynasties in Chinese history, dynastic states in China during the Three Kingdoms period. The state was established in 220 by Cao Pi based upon the foundations laid by his father Cao Cao during the end of the Han dy ...

* Jia Xu *

Hua Xin Hua Xin (157 – 30 January 232), courtesy name Ziyu, was a Chinese politician who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty and Three Kingdoms period of China. He initially served directly under the central government of the Eastern Han dynast ...

Zhong Yao Zhong Yao (鍾繇, 151 – April or May 230), also referred to as Zhong You, courtesy name Yuanchang (元常), was a Chinese calligrapher and politician who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty and Three Kingdoms period of China. He serv ...

Wang Lang Wang Lang may refer to: * Wang Lang (Xin dynasty) (died 24), warlord during the Xin-Eastern Han transition * Wang Lang (Cao Wei) (died 228), minor warlord during the late Han period who became an official of Cao Wei * Wang Lang Market, in Bangkok N ...

* Chen Qun * Dong Zhao * Cui Lin * Man Chong * Jiang Ji *

Cao Shuang Cao Shuang (died 9 February 249), courtesy name Zhaobo, was a Chinese military general and regent of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He was the eldest son of Cao Zhen, a prominent general of Cao Wei. He initially ...

Sima Yi Sima Yi (; ; 179 CE7 September 251 CE), courtesy name Zhongda, was a Chinese military general, politician, and regent of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He formally began his political career in 208 under th ...

Gao Rou Gao Rou (174 – October or November 263), courtesy name Wenhui, was a Chinese politician of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He was a younger relative of Gao Gan. He previously served under the warlords Yuan Shao ...

* Wang Ling * Zhuge Dan * Sun Li * Sima Shi *

Sima Zhao Sima Zhao () (; 211 – 6 September 265), courtesy name Zishang (子上), was a Chinese military general, politician, and regent of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Sima Zhao capably maintained control of Wei, whi ...

* Sima Fu * Wang Chang * Wang Guan *

Deng Ai Deng Ai (197 – late March 264Vol.04 of ''Sanguozhi'' and vol.02 of ''Jin Shu'' both indicated that Deng Ai was arrested in the 1st month of the 1st year of the ''Xianxi'' era. The month corresponds to 15 Feb to 14 Mar 264 in the Julian calendar ...

* Zhong Hui * Sima Yan *

Wang Xiang Wang Xiang (184 – 30 April 268), courtesy name Xiuzheng, was a Chinese politician who lived through the late Eastern Han dynasty (25–220), the Three Kingdoms period (220–280), and the early Western Jin dynasty (266–316) of China. He ...

* Sima Wang

Sui dynasty

* Gao Jiong * Li Shimin * Li Delin * Su Wei * Yang Su * Yang Guang * Yang Xiu * Yang Zhao * Yang Jian * Xiao Cong * Yuwen Shu * Yu Shiji * Li Yuan * Yuwen Huaji *

Wang Shichong Wang Shichong (; 567– August 621), courtesy name Xingman (行滿), was a Chinese military general, monarch, and politician during the Sui dynasty who deposed Sui's last emperor Yang Tong and briefly ruled as the emperor of a succeeding state ...

* Li Mi

Tang dynasty

* Li Shimin (618–626 in office) (later

Emperor Taizong of Tang Emperor Taizong of Tang (28January 59810July 649), previously Prince of Qin, personal name Li Shimin, was the second emperor of the Tang dynasty of China, ruling from 626 to 649. He is traditionally regarded as a co-founder of the dynasty fo ...

) *

Fang Xuanling Fang Qiao (579 – 18 August 648), courtesy name Xuanling, better known as Fang Xuanling (), posthumously known as Duke Wenzhao of Liang, was a Chinese statesman and writer who served as a chancellor under Emperor Taizong in the early Tang dyna ...

(626–648 in office) * Wei Zheng (629–643 in office) * Cen Wenben (unknown, under

) * Cen Changqian (unknown, under

Emperor Gaozong of Tang Emperor Gaozong of Tang (21 July 628 – 27 December 683), personal name Li Zhi, was the third Emperor of China, emperor of the Chinese Tang dynasty, ruling from 649 to 683; after January 665, he handed power over the empire to his second wife ...

) * Cen Xi (unknown, under Emperor Shang of Tang, Emperor Ruizong of Tang and

Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (; 8 September 685 – 3 May 762), personal name Li Longji, was an Emperor of China, emperor of the Tang dynasty of China, reigning from 712 to 756. His reign of 44 years was the longest during the Tang dynasty. Throu ...

) * Fan Lübing (686–688 in office) * Di Renjie (691–693, 697–700 in office) * Yao Chong (698–705, 710–711, 713–716 in office) * Zhang Jiuling (733–736 in office) * Li Linfu (734–752 in office) * Yang Guozhong (752–756 in office) * Wang Wei (758–759 in office) * Li Deyu (833–835, 840–846 in office)

Song dynasty

Northern Song

* Fan Zhi (960–964 in office) * Zhao Pu (964–973, 981–983, 988–992 in office) * Kou Zhun (1004–1006, 1017–1021 in office) * Wang Qinruo (1017–1019, 1023–1024 in office) * Wang Zeng (1022–1029, 1035–1037 in office) * Fan Zhongyan (1040–1045 in office) * Wang Anshi (1067-1075, 1076–1077 in office) *

Sima Guang Sima Guang (17 November 1019 – 11 October 1086), courtesy name Junshi, was a Chinese historian, politician, and writer. He was a high-ranking Song dynasty scholar-official who authored the ''Zizhi Tongjian'', a monumental work of history. B ...

(1085–1086 in office) * Fan Chunren (1086– in office) * Fan Chunli (– in office) * Zhang Dun (1094–1100 in office) *

Cai Jing Cai Jing (1047–1126), courtesy name Yuanchang (), was a Chinese calligrapher and politician who lived during the late Northern Song dynasty of China. He is also fictionalised as one of the primary antagonists in '' Water Margin'', one of t ...

(1101–1125 in office)

Southern Song

* Li Gang (1127 in office) * Zhang Jun (1135–1137 in office) * Qin Hui (1131–1132, 1137–1155 in office) * Han Tuozhou (1194–1207 in office) * Shi Miyuan/Shih Mi-yüan (1207–1233 in office). * Jia Sidao (1259–1275 in office) * Chen Yizhong (1275–1276 in office) * Wen Tianxiang (1275–1278 in office) * Lu Xiufu (1278–1279 in office)

Ming dynasty

Note: after the death of Hu Weiyong, the title of grand chancellor was abolished. The office of the Grand Secretariat assumed the ''de facto'' powers of the chancellery after the reign of the

Hongwu Emperor The Hongwu Emperor (21 October 1328– 24 June 1398), also known by his temple name as the Emperor Taizu of Ming, personal name Zhu Yuanzhang, courtesy name Guorui, was the List of emperors of the Ming dynasty, founding emperor of the Ming dyna ...

. * Li Shanchang (1368–1376) *

(1376–1380) – The last chancellor of China * Yang Siqi * Yan Song (in office 1544–1545) * Xia Yan (in office 1546–1547) * Yan Song (2nd time in office 1548–1562) * Xu Jie * Gao Gong *

Zhang Juzheng Zhang Juzheng (26 May 1525 – 9 July 1582), courtesy name Shuda, art name Taiyue, also known as Zhang Jiangling, was a prominent Grand Secretariat, grand secretary during the reigns of Ming emperors Longqing Emperor, Longqing and Wanli Emperor, ...

(in office 1572–1582) * Zhang Siwei * Shen Shixing * Wang Jiabing * Zhao Zhigao * Wang Xijue * Zhao Zhigao

Qing dynasty

The

Qing dynasty The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing, was a Manchu-led Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China and an early modern empire in East Asia. The last imperial dynasty in Chinese history, the Qing dynasty was preceded by the ...

bureaucratic hierarchy did not contain a chancellor position. Instead, the duties normally assumed by a chancellor were entrusted to a series of formal and informal institutions, the most prominent of which was the Grand Council. Occasionally, one minister may held enough power in the government that he comes to be identified, figuratively, as the "chancellor". In 1911, the Qing court adopted reforms which, amongst other changes, established the position of

prime minister A prime minister or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. A prime minister is not the head of state, but r ...

. This position existed for less than a year before the Qing government was overthrown.

Premiers after 1911

Gallery

File:Xiao he.jpg,

, chancellor of the

Han dynasty The Han dynasty was an Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China (202 BC9 AD, 25–220 AD) established by Liu Bang and ruled by the House of Liu. The dynasty was preceded by the short-lived Qin dynasty (221–206 BC ...

File:Cao Shen.jpg,

, chancellor of the Han dynasty File:Chen Ping, Marquis of Quni.jpg, Chen Ping, chancellor of the Han dynasty File:Huo guang.jpg, Huo Guang, chancellor of the Han dynasty File:蜀汉丞相忠武侯诸葛亮.jpg,

(181–234), chancellor of the

Shu Han Han (; 221–263), known in historiography as Shu Han ( ) or Ji Han ( "Junior Han"), or often shortened to Shu ( zh, t=蜀, p=Shǔ; Sichuanese Pinyin: ''Su'' < Middle Chinese: *''źjowk'' < Eastern Han Chinese: *''dźok''), was a Dynasties in ...

(221–234) File:魏·太傅司馬懿.jpg,

(179–251), chancellor of the

Cao Wei Wei () was one of the major Dynasties in Chinese history, dynastic states in China during the Three Kingdoms period. The state was established in 220 by Cao Pi based upon the foundations laid by his father Cao Cao during the end of the Han dy ...

(221–251) File:Yang Su.jpg, Yang Su, chancellor of the

File:Chinese - The Twenty-Four Ministers of the Tang -T'ang- Dynasty Emperor Taizong -T'ai-Tsung- - Walters 3557 - Changsun Wuji.png, Zhangsun Wuji, chancellor of the

File:房玄龄.jpg,

(579–648), chancellor of the Tang dynasty (626–648) File:杜如晦.jpg, Du Ruhui, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (628–629) File:魏徵.jpg, Wei Zheng, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (629–643) File:狄仁杰.jpg, Di Renjie, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (691–693, 697–700) File:韩滉画像.jpg, Han Huang (723–787),

painting File:李德裕像.png, Li Deyu, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (833–835, 840–846) File:宋丞相赵普.jpg, Zhao Pu, chancellor of the

(964–973, 981–983, 988–992) File:宋丞相寇莱公准.jpg, Kou Zhun, chancellor of the Song dynasty (1004–1006, 1017–1021) File:Wang Anshi.jpg, Wang Anshi, chancellor of the Song dynasty (1067–1075, 1076–1077) File:宋丞相司马温公光.jpg,

, chancellor of the Song dynasty (1085–1086) File:秦檜.jpg, Qin Hui, chancellor of the Song dynasty (1131–1132, 1137–1155) File:史彌遠.jpg, Shi Miyuan chancellor of the Song dynasty (1207–1233) File:文天祥肖像.jpg, Wen Tianxiang chancellor of the Song dynasty (1275–1278) File:陸秀夫.jpg, Lu Xiufu chancellor of the Song dynasty (1278–1279) File:Yansong2.jpg, Yan Song, Grand Secretary of the

File:高拱.jpg, Gao Gong, Grand Secretary of the

File:張居正-清晰版.jpeg,

, Grand Secretary of the Ming dynasty (1572–1582)

References

Citations

Sources

* * *

External links

* {{Chinese Imperial Government Xiang Government of Imperial China Positions of authority

History

Influence

List of chancellors of China

List of chancellors of Shang dynasty

Zhou dynasty

Qin dynasty

Han dynasty

Three Kingdoms

Eastern Wu Wu (Chinese language, Chinese: 吳; pinyin: ''Wú''; Middle Chinese *''ŋuo'' < Eastern Han Chinese: ''*ŋuɑ''), known in historiography as Eastern Wu or Sun Wu, was a Dynasties of China, dynastic state of China and one of the three major sta ...

Shu Han Han (; 221–263), known in historiography as Shu Han ( ) or Ji Han ( "Junior Han"), or often shortened to Shu ( zh, t=蜀, p=Shǔ; Sichuanese Pinyin: ''Su'' < Middle Chinese: *''źjowk'' < Eastern Han Chinese: *''dźok''), was a Dynasties in ...

Cao Wei Wei () was one of the major Dynasties in Chinese history, dynastic states in China during the Three Kingdoms period. The state was established in 220 by Cao Pi based upon the foundations laid by his father Cao Cao during the end of the Han dy ...

Sui dynasty

Tang dynasty

Song dynasty

Northern Song

Southern Song

Ming dynasty

Qing dynasty

Premiers after 1911

Gallery

See also

References

Citations

Sources

External links

Eastern Wu Wu (Chinese language, Chinese: 吳; pinyin: ''Wú''; Middle Chinese ''ŋuo'' < Eastern Han Chinese: ''ŋuɑ''), known in historiography as Eastern Wu or Sun Wu, was a Dynasties of China, dynastic state of China and one of the three major sta ...

Shu Han Han (; 221–263), known in historiography as Shu Han ( ) or Ji Han ( "Junior Han"), or often shortened to Shu ( zh, t=蜀, p=Shǔ; Sichuanese Pinyin: ''Su'' < Middle Chinese: ''źjowk'' < Eastern Han Chinese: ''dźok''), was a Dynasties in ...