Celtic onomastics

Onomastics is an important source of information on the early Celts, as Greco-Roman historiography recorded Celtic names before substantial written information becomes available in any Celtic language.

Like Germanic names, early Celtic names are often dithematic.

Suffixes

*suffix ''-rix'' "ruler"
**Ambiorix
**Boiorix
** Cingetorix
** Dumnorix
** Orgetorix
**Vercingetorix
*suffix ''-maris'' / ''-marus'' "great"
** Britomaris
**Indutiomarus
**Viridomarus

Celtic polytheism

Some information on prehistoric Celtic polytheism can be drawn from names in Irish and Welsh mythology, which often continue older theonyms:
* Gwenhwyfar, from *''Uindā Seibrā'' "White Phantom"
*Brigid, from ''* Brigantia'' "the High one"
*Lugh and Lleu, cognate with Gaulish Lugus

Surnames

Many surnames of Gaelic origin in Ireland and the other Celtic nations derive from ancestors' names, nicknames, or descriptive names. In the first group can be placed surnames such as MacMurrough and MacCarthy, derived from patronymics, or O'Brien and O'Grady, derived from ancestral names.

Gaelic surnames derived from nicknames include Ó Dubhda (from , 'the dark one'), O'Doherty (from , 'destroyer' or 'obtrusive'), Garvery (, 'rough' or 'nasty'), Manton (, 'toothless'), Bane (, 'white', as in 'white hair'), Finn (, 'fair', as in 'fair hair') and Kennedy (, 'ugly head')

Very few Gaelic surnames are derived from placenames or from venerated people or objects. Among those that are included in this small group, several can be shown to be derivations of Gaelic personal names or surnames. One notable exception is Ó Cuilleáin or O'Collins (from , 'holly') as in the holly tree, considered one of the most sacred objects of pre-Christian Celtic culture. Another is Walsh (), meaning Welsh.

In areas where certain family names are extremely common, extra names are added that sometimes follow this archaic pattern. In Ireland, for example, where ''Murphy'' is an exceedingly common name, particular Murphy families or extended families are nicknamed, so that Denis Murphy's family were called 'The Weavers" and Denis himself was called "Denis 'The Weaver' Murphy". (See also O'Hay.)

For much the same reason, nicknames (e.g. "the Burkes", "the long/tall Burkes"), father's names (e.g. "John Morrissey Ned") or mother's maiden name ("Kennedy" becoming "Kennedy-Lydon") can become colloquial or legal surnames. The Irish family of de Courcy descends from Anglo-Normans who came to Ireland following the Norman Conquest; the name is of French derivation, and indicates that the family once held a manor of that name in Normandy. The de Courcy family was prominent in County Cork from the earliest days of the Norman occupation and subsequently became prominent in Ireland.''Families of County Cork, Ireland: Including English, Scots and Anglo-Norman Settlers'', Michael C. O'Laughlin, Irish Roots Cafe, 1999
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In addition to all this, Irish-speaking areas still follow the old tradition of naming themselves after their father, grandfather, great-grandfather and so on. Examples include ''Mike Bartly Pat Reilly'' ('Mike, son of Bartholomew, son of Pat Reilly'), ('John, son of Michael, son of young John, son of Pat Breathnach'), ''Tom Paddy-Joe '' ('Tom, son of Paddy-Joe '), and ''Mary Bartly Mike Walsh'' ('Mary, daughter of Bartly, son of Mike Walsh'). Sometimes, the female line of the family is used, depending on how well the parent is known in the area the person resides in, e.g. ''Paddy Mary John'' ("Paddy, son of Mary, daughter of John"). A similar tradition continues even in English-speaking areas, especially in rural districts.

Surname prefixes

* : 'wife', pronounced .
* ''De'': 'of the': a Norman-French habitational prefix used by some of the most common Irish surnames among which are ''De '', ''Le '', ''De Barra'', ''De '', ''Devane'' and ''de ''. ''De'' historically has signaled ownership of lands and was traditionally therefore a mark of prestige.
* ''Mac'' (in English also written ''Mc'', ''M^c'', ''M'', and ''Mic''): for most purposes, taken to mean 'son of', as in , 'son of Neil'. However, literally, the 'of' part does not come from the Mac prefix but from the patronymic that follows it; e.g., in the case of , merely means 'son'; (meaning 'of Neil') is the genitive form of ('Neil'). In some cases, if the second word (nominal element) begins with a vowel, then becomes , as in .
* : . Compressed form of ('wife of the son of') e.g. (, the wife of ). This is the grammatically correct form of the prefix always taken by a woman after marriage (e.g. a woman marrying someone of the surname would become ). (also pronounced ) is used similarly to in some cases (e.g. / ).
* : In Pagan times this was expressed as , as in the case of Mug Nuadat. The literal expression of this is "slave of ", i.e. "devotee of ". In the Christian era the word was used in its place for given names such as , , , , and . In later times, some of these given names evolved into surnames, e.g. and or , which became after the 15th century the name Milligan.
* ''Fitz'': a Norman-French word derived from the Latin word ('son'). It was used in patronymics by thousands of men in the early Norman period in Ireland (e.g. ''fitz Stephen'', ''fitz Richard'', ''fitz Robert'', ''fitz William'') and only on some occasions did it become used as an actual surname, the most famous example being the ''FitzGerald'' Earls of Kildare. Yet well into the 17th and 18th century it was used in certain areas dominated by the Hiberno-Normans of Ireland in its original form, as a patronymic. The Tribes of Galway were especially good at conserving this form, with examples such as ''John fitz John Bodkin'' and ''Michael Lynch fitz Arthur'', used even as late as the early 19th century. A number of illegitimate descendants of the British royal family were given surnames with this element: some of the illegitimate children of King Charles II were named ''FitzCharles'' or ''FitzRoy'' ("son of the King"); those of King James II were named ''FitzJames''; those of Prince William, Duke of Clarence and St Andrews (later King William IV) were named ''FitzClarence''. Note that ''Fitzpatrick'' is not Norman: it is actually a Normanisation of the Gaelic surname .
* : In Old Irish as ('grandson', 'descendant'). E.g., the ancestor of the O'Brien clan, Brian Boru (937–1014) was known in his lifetime as ('Brian, the son of , the son of '). Not until the time of his grandsons and great-grandsons was the name ''O'Brien'' used as a surname, used to denote descent from an illustrious ancestor. It has for some three hundred years been written as ''O'', but in recent years the apostrophe is often dropped, bringing it into line with early medieval forms. The apostrophe came into existence as an error by the English, when in the process of anglicizing the surnames in Ireland, the accent above the O was mistakenly recognized as an apostrophe; it is sometimes popularly thought to be an abbreviation of ''of''.
* : This is the plural of and is used in reference to a kin-group or clan, e.g. , in reference to the ''O'Neill'' clan. It is pronounced .
* : This is used for women instead of before a surname (e.g. , "Mary O'Brien"), and comes from a shortened form of , the Irish word for a daughter.
* : This is used for women instead of , but only if this is their maiden name, never their married name. Compressed form of ('daughter of the son of/Mac...'), e.g. ('Mary, daughter of McCarthy'). is used in cases where the surname uses e.g. .

See also

*Celtic toponymy
*Irish name
*Place names in Ireland
*Germanic name
* Scottish Gaelic name
*Scottish toponymy
*Welsh surnames
*Welsh toponymy

References

External links

Ancient Celtic names
(behindthename.com)
Name Constructions in Gaulish

{{Names in world cultures

Onomastics