''Carlavirus'', formerly known as the "
Carnation latent virus group", is a genus of
viruses in the order ''
Tymovirales'', in the family ''
Betaflexiviridae''. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are 53 species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: mosaic and ringspot symptoms.
Description
''Carlavirus'' is described in the 9th report of the
ICTV (2009). The genus is characterised by having six ORFs (
open reading frames) including a TGB (
Triple Gene Block
Triple is used in several contexts to mean "threefold" or a "treble":
Sports
* Triple (baseball), a three-base hit
* A basketball three-point field goal
* A figure skating jump with three rotations
* In bowling terms, three strikes in a row
* I ...
). The viruses are transmitted by insects.
Taxonomy
The genus was first proposed in the first report of the ICTV in 1971, as the 'Carnation latent virus group' but was renamed in 1975 as the 'Carlavirus group', and as the genus ''Carlavirus'' in 1995 (6th report). In 2005 (8th report) it was placed in the ''
Flexiviridae
''Flexiviridae'' was a family of viruses named after being filamentous and highly flexible. Members of the family infect plants. In 2009, the family was dissolved and replaced with four families, each of which still contain the name ''flexiviridae ...
'' family, having previously been unassigned.
The current position in the 9th report (2009) as a genus of the family ''Betaflexiviridae'' derives from the subsequent subdivision of ''Flexiviridae''.
[ICTV]
CTV Taxonomy history: ''Carlavirus''
/ref>
The following species are assigned to the genus:Atractylodes mottle virus
''Atractylodes'' is a genus of Asian flowering plants in the family Asteraceae.
Species
''Atractylodes'' is native to eastern Asia.
* ''Atractylodes amurensis'' – Korea, Amur
* ''Atractylodes carlinoides'' – Hubei
* ''Atractylodes japonica' ...
''
*''Blueberry scorch virus
Blueberries are a widely distributed and widespread group of perennial flowering plants with blue or purple berries. They are classified in the section ''Cyanococcus'' within the genus '' Vaccinium''. ''Vaccinium'' also includes cranberries, ...
''
*''Butterbur mosaic virus
''Petasites'' is a genus of flowering plants in the sunflower family, Asteraceae, that are commonly referred to as butterburs and coltsfoots.[Cactus virus 2
A cactus (, or less commonly, cactus) is a member of the plant family Cactaceae, a family comprising about 127 genera with some 1750 known species of the order Caryophyllales. The word ''cactus'' derives, through Latin, from the Ancient Gr ...]
''
*''Caper latent virus
''Capparis spinosa'', the caper bush, also called Flinders rose, is a perennial plant that bears rounded, fleshy leaves and large white to pinkish-white flowers.
The plant is best known for the edible flower buds (capers), used as a seasoning ...
''
*'' Carnation latent virus''
*''Chrysanthemum virus B
Chrysanthemums (), sometimes called mums or chrysanths, are flowering plants of the genus ''Chrysanthemum'' in the family Asteraceae. They are native to East Asia and northeastern Europe. Most species originate from East Asia and the center o ...
*'' Cole latent virus''
*''Coleus vein necrosis virus
''Coleus'' is a genus of annual or perennial herbs or shrubs, sometimes succulent, sometimes with a fleshy or tuberous rootstock, found in the Old World tropics and subtropics. The relationship among the genera ''Coleus'', ''Solenostemon'' and ...
''
*'' Cowpea mild mottle virus''
*'' Cucumber vein-clearing virus''
*'' Daphne virus S''
*'' Gaillardia latent virus''
*'' Garlic common latent virus''
*'' Helenium virus S''
*'' Helleborus mosaic virus''
*''Helleborus net necrosis virus
Commonly known as hellebores (), the Eurasian genus ''Helleborus'' consists of approximately 20 species of herbaceous or evergreen perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae, within which it gave its name to the tribe of Hel ...
''
*'' Hippeastrum latent virus''
*'' Hop latent virus''
*'' Hop mosaic virus''
*'' Hydrangea chlorotic mottle virus''
*'' Kalanchoe latent virus''
*'' Ligustrum necrotic ringspot virus''
*''Ligustrum virus A
A privet is a flowering plant in the genus ''Ligustrum''. The genus contains about 50 species of erect, deciduous or evergreen shrubs, sometimes forming small or medium-sized trees, native to Europe, north Africa, Asia, many introduced an ...
''
*'' Lily symptomless virus''
*''Melon yellowing-associated virus
A melon is any of various plants of the family Cucurbitaceae with sweet, edible, and fleshy fruit. The word "melon" can refer to either the plant or specifically to the fruit. Botanically, a melon is a kind of berry, specifically a "pepo". The ...
''
*''Mirabilis jalapa mottle virus
Mirabilis is a Latin adjective meaning "amazing, wondrous, remarkable", and is used to refer to:
* Annus mirabilis, a Latin phrase meaning "wonderful year" or "year of wonders" (or "year of miracles")
* Anorexia mirabilis, religious fasting to t ...
''
*''Narcissus common latent virus
Narcissus common latent virus (NCLV) is a plant pathogenic virus. It infects Narcissus plants. The term 'latent' refers to the fact that infection may be symptomless. Transmission occurs by Aphids.
Taxonomy
This ''Carlavirus'' should not be c ...
''
*''Nerine latent virus
''Nerine latent virus'' (NeLV) is a plant pathogenic virus. It infects ''Nerine'', ''Narcissus'', ''Hippeastrum'' and ''Ismene'' plants.
Taxonomy
NeLV was first described in 1972. In 2004 it was placed in the ''Carlavirus'' genus within the f ...
''
*''Passiflora latent virus
''Passiflora'', known also as the passion flowers or passion vines, is a genus of about 550 species of flowering plants, the type genus of the family Passifloraceae.
They are mostly tendril-bearing vines, with some being shrubs or tree ...
''
*''Pea streak virus
Pea streak virus (PeSV) is a plant pathogenic virus
A viral disease (or viral infection) occurs when an organism's body is invaded by pathogenic viruses, and infection, infectious virus particles (virions) attach to and enter susceptible cells. ...
''
*''Phlox virus B
''Phlox'' (; Greek φλόξ "flame"; plural "phlox" or "phloxes", Greek φλόγες ''phlóges'') is a genus of 67 species of perennial and annual plants in the family Polemoniaceae. They are found mostly in North America (one in Siberia) ...
''
*''Phlox virus M
''Phlox'' (; Greek φλόξ "flame"; plural "phlox" or "phloxes", Greek φλόγες ''phlóges'') is a genus of 67 species of perennial and annual plants in the family Polemoniaceae. They are found mostly in North America (one in Siberia) in di ...
''
*''Phlox virus S
''Phlox'' (; Greek φλόξ "flame"; plural "phlox" or "phloxes", Greek φλόγες ''phlóges'') is a genus of 67 species of perennial and annual plants in the family Polemoniaceae. They are found mostly in North America (one in Siberia) in ...
''
*'' Poplar mosaic virus''
*''Potato latent virus
Potato latent virus is a plant virus that infects potatoes.
Carlaviruses
Viral plant pathogens and diseases
{{Virus-plant-disease-stub ...
''
*''Potato virus H
The potato is a starchy food, a tuber of the plant ''Solanum tuberosum'' and is a root vegetable native to the Americas. The plant is a perennial in the nightshade family Solanaceae.
Wild potato species can be found from the southern Unit ...
''
*''Potato virus M
Potato virus M (PVM) is a plant pathogenic virus.
See also
* Viral diseases of potato
External linksICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database: Potato virus M ''
*''Potato virus P
The potato is a starchy food, a tuber of the plant ''Solanum tuberosum'' and is a root vegetable native to the Americas. The plant is a perennial in the nightshade family Solanaceae.
Wild potato species can be found from the southern Unit ...
''
*''Potato virus S
Potato virus S (PVS) is a plant pathogenic virus. It was first reported in Netherlands. PVS causes mild or no symptoms in most potato varieties. It is common in potatoes in many regions and does not cause significant yield losses. Field-grown pota ...
''
*''Red clover vein mosaic virus
Red clover vein mosaic virus (RCVMV) is a plant pathogenic
In biology, a pathogen ( el, πάθος, "suffering", "passion" and , "producer of") in the oldest and broadest sense, is any organism or agent that can produce disease. A pathogen may ...
''
*''Sambucus virus C
''Sambucus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Adoxaceae. The various species are commonly called elder or elderberry. The genus was formerly placed in the honeysuckle family, Caprifoliaceae, but was reclassified as Adoxaceae due to g ...
''
*''Sambucus virus D
''Sambucus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Adoxaceae. The various species are commonly called elder or elderberry. The genus was formerly placed in the honeysuckle family, Caprifoliaceae, but was reclassified as Adoxaceae due to ge ...
''
*''Sambucus virus E
''Sambucus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Adoxaceae. The various species are commonly called elder or elderberry. The genus was formerly placed in the honeysuckle family, Caprifoliaceae, but was reclassified as Adoxaceae due ...
''
*'' Shallot latent virus''
*'' Sint-Jan onion latent virus''
*''Strawberry pseudo mild yellow edge virus
Strawberry pseudo mild yellow-edge virus (SPMYEV) is a pathogenic plant virus.
See also
* List of strawberry diseases References
External links
ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database: Strawberry pseudo mild yellow-edge virus
Carlavirus ...
''
*''Sweet potato C6 virus
Sweetness is a basic taste most commonly perceived when eating foods rich in sugars. Sweet tastes are generally regarded as pleasurable. In addition to sugars like sucrose, many other chemical compounds are sweet, including aldehydes, keto ...
''
*''Sweet potato chlorotic fleck virus
Sweetness is a basic taste most commonly perceived when eating foods rich in sugars. Sweet tastes are generally regarded as pleasurable. In addition to sugars like sucrose, many other chemical compounds are sweet, including aldehydes, keto ...
''
*'' Verbena latent virus''
*''Yam latent virus
Yam or YAM may refer to:
Plants and foods
* Yam (vegetable), common name for members of ''Dioscorea''
* Taro, known in Malaysia and Singapore as yam
*Sweet potato, specifically its orange-fleshed cultivars, often referred to as yams in North Ame ...
''
Virology
The virions are non enveloped, filamentous, 610–700 nanometers (nm) and 12–15 nm in diameter.
The linear 5.8–9 kilobase genome is positive sense, single-stranded RNA. The 3’ terminus is polyadenylated. In some species the 5’ end is capped. The genome encodes 3 to 6 proteins including a coat protein located at the 3' end and an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) or RNA replicase is an enzyme that catalyzes the replication of RNA from an RNA template. Specifically, it catalyzes synthesis of the RNA strand complementary to a given RNA template. This is in contrast to t ...
located at the 5' end of the genome.
Life cycle
Viral replication is cytoplasmic, and is lysogenic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by tripartite non-tubule guided viral movement. Plants serve as the natural host.
Transmission
Infection is at times spread by aphids in a semi-persistent mode, that is, the vector is infective for a number of hours.(Pimentel) Some species are transmitted by '' Bemisia tabaci'' in a semi-persistent mode or through the seed.[Astier S. Principles of Plant Virology p78] Most species infect only a few hosts and cause infections with few or no symptoms, for example, American hop latent virus and lily symptomless virus. Some, such as blueberry scorch virus and poplar mosaic virus, cause serious illnesses. (Foster)
References
Bibliography
*
Astier, S. ''Principles of Plant Virology''
Foster, Gary. "Carlavirus Isolation and RNA Extraction." Foster, Gary D. and Sally C. Taylorin. ''Plant Virology Protocols: From Virus Isolation to Transgenic Resistance.'' Page 145. 1998. Humana Press. Online. February 13, 2008.
Pimentel, David. ''Encyclopedia of Pest Management.''Page 407. CRC Press. 2002/ Google Books. Online February 13, 2008.
*
External links
The Taxonomicon. Online. February 28, 2008.
ICTV
{{Taxonbar, from=Q2939048
Carlaviruses
Virus genera
Viral plant pathogens and diseases