Borys Lyatoshynsky
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Borys Mykolaiovych Lyatoshynsky, also known as Boris Nikolayevich Lyatoshinsky, (3 January 189515 April 1968) was a Ukrainian composer, conductor, and teacher. A leading member of the new generation of 20th century Ukrainian composers, he was awarded a number of accolades, including the honorary title of
People's Artist of the Ukrainian SSR People's Artist of Ukraine () is an honorary title awarded by the government of Ukraine. It is the highest title awarded to outstanding performing artists whose merits are exceptional in the sphere of the development of the performing arts, inc ...
and two Stalin Prizes. He received his primary education at home, where
Polish literature Polish literature is the literary tradition of Poland. Most Polish literature has been written in the Polish language, though other languages used in Poland over the centuries have also contributed to Polish literary traditions, including Latin, ...
 and history was held in high esteem. After completing school in 1913, he entered the Faculty of Law at 
Kyiv University The Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv (; also known as Kyiv University, Shevchenko University, or KNU) is a public university in Kyiv, Ukraine. The university is the third-oldest university in Ukraine after the University of Lviv and ...
, and as a graduate was employed to teach music at the
Kyiv Conservatory The Ukrainian National Tchaikovsky Academy of Music (), formerly Kyiv Conservatory, is a national music tertiary academy in Kyiv, Ukraine. Its courses include postgraduate education. History The Kyiv Conservatory was founded on 3 November 1913 at ...
. During the 1910s, Lyatoshynsky wrote 31 works of various musical genres. During the 1930s he travelled to 
Tajikistan Tajikistan, officially the Republic of Tajikistan, is a landlocked country in Central Asia. Dushanbe is the capital city, capital and most populous city. Tajikistan borders Afghanistan to the Afghanistan–Tajikistan border, south, Uzbekistan to ...
to study folk music and compose a ballet about the life of local people. From 1935 to 1938, and from 1941 to 1944, he taught orchestration at the 
Moscow Conservatory The Moscow Conservatory, also officially Tchaikovsky Moscow State Conservatory () is a higher musical educational institution located in Moscow, Russia. It grants undergraduate and graduate degrees in musical performance and musical research. Th ...
. During the war, Lyatoshynsky was evacuated and taught at the Conservatory's branch in
Saratov Saratov ( , ; , ) is the largest types of inhabited localities in Russia, city and administrative center of Saratov Oblast, Russia, and a major port on the Volga River. Saratov had a population of 901,361, making it the List of cities and tow ...
, where he worked on arrangements of Ukrainian songs, and organised the transportation of Ukrainian musical manuscripts away to safety. Lyatoshynsky's main works are his operas '' The Golden Ring'' (1929) and '' Shchors'' (1937), the five symphonies, the Overture on Four Ukrainian Folk Themes (1926), the suites ''Taras Shevchenko'' (1952) and ''Romeo and Juliet'' (1955), the symphonic poem ''Grazhyna'' (1955), his "Slavic" 
piano concerto A piano concerto, a type of concerto, is a solo composition in the classical music genre which is composed for piano accompanied by an orchestra or other large ensemble. Piano concertos are typically virtuosic showpieces which require an advance ...
 (1953), and the completion and orchestration of 
Reinhold Glière Reinhold Moritzevich Glière (23 June 1956), born Reinhold Ernest Glier, was a Russian and Soviet composer of German and Polish descent. He was awarded the title of People's Artist of RSFSR (1935) and People's Artist of USSR (1938). Biography ...
's
violin concerto A violin concerto is a concerto for solo violin (occasionally, two or more violins) and instrumental ensemble (customarily orchestra). Such works have been written since the Baroque period, when the solo concerto form was first developed, up thro ...
 (1956). Many of his compositions were rarely or never performed during his lifetime. A 1993 recording of his symphonies first brought his music to worldwide audiences. Despite his music being criticised by the Soviet authorities, who officially banned such compositions as his Second Symphony, Lyatoshynsky never adhered to a style of socialist realism. His music was written with a modern European style, and skilfully includes Ukrainian themes. His early musical style was influenced by his family, his teachers (including Glière), and by Margarita Tsarevich. The existence of a Polish side to Lyatoshynsky's family resulted in Polish themes being central for many of his works. He also drew inspiration for his early compositions from 
Tchaikovsky Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky ( ; 7 May 1840 – 6 November 1893) was a Russian composer during the Romantic period. He was the first Russian composer whose music made a lasting impression internationally. Tchaikovsky wrote some of the most popular ...
Glazunov Glazunov (masculine, ) or Glazunova (feminine, ) is a Russian surname. Notable people with the surname include: *Alexander Glazunov (1865–1936), Russian composer ** Glazunov Glacier in Antarctica named after Alexander * Andrei Glazunov, 19th-cent ...
, and 
Scriabin Alexander Nikolayevich Scriabin, scientific transliteration: ''Aleksandr Nikolaevič Skrjabin''; also transliterated variously as Skriabin, Skryabin, and (in French) Scriabine. The composer himselused the French spelling "Scriabine" which was a ...
. His musical style later developed in a direction favoured by
Shostakovich Dmitri Dmitriyevich Shostakovich, group=n (9 August 1975) was a Soviet-era Russian composer and pianist who became internationally known after the premiere of his Symphony No. 1 (Shostakovich), First Symphony in 1926 and thereafter was regarded ...
. Soviet and Ukrainian composers who studied under Lyatoshynsky, and were influenced by him, include 
Myroslav Skoryk Myroslav Mykhailovych Skoryk (; 13 July 1938 – 1 June 2020) was a List of Ukrainian composers, Ukrainian composer and teacher. His music is contemporary in style and contains stylistic traits from Ukrainian folk music traditions. Skoryk wa ...
and
Valentyn Sylvestrov Valentyn Vasylyovych Sylvestrov (; born 30 September 1937) is a Ukrainian composer and pianist, who plays and writes contemporary classical music. Biography Valentyn Vasylyovych Silvestrov was born on 30 September 1937 in Kyiv, Ukrainian SSR, th ...
.


Biography


Family and early life

Borys Lyatoshynsky was born on 3 January 1895, in
Zhytomyr Zhytomyr ( ; see #Names, below for other names) is a city in the north of the western half of Ukraine. It is the Capital city, administrative center of Zhytomyr Oblast (Oblast, province), as well as the administrative center of the surrounding ...
, Ukraine (then part of the
Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its establishment in November 1721 until the proclamation of the Russian Republic in September 1917. At its height in the late 19th century, it covered about , roughl ...
). His parents were both musical and well-educated, and their son received his primary education at home. The Lyatoshynsky family lived in towns and cities throughout Ukraine during Borys's childhood. His father was a history teacher, who during his career was the head teacher of high schools in Zhytomyr,
Nemyriv Nemyriv ( ; ) is a historic city in Vinnytsia Oblast (province) in Ukraine, located in the historical region of Podolia. It was the administrative center of former Nemyriv Raion (district). Population: Nemyriv is one of the oldest cities in Vin ...
,
Kyiv Kyiv, also Kiev, is the capital and most populous List of cities in Ukraine, city of Ukraine. Located in the north-central part of the country, it straddles both sides of the Dnieper, Dnieper River. As of 1 January 2022, its population was 2, ...
, and—from 1908 to 1911—in Zlatopil. Lyatoshynsky's mother Olha Borysovna played the piano and sang. Borys had an older sister, Nina.
Polish literature Polish literature is the literary tradition of Poland. Most Polish literature has been written in the Polish language, though other languages used in Poland over the centuries have also contributed to Polish literary traditions, including Latin, ...
and history was held in high esteem in the Lyatoshynsky household; Borys read a lot as a boy, especially the historical and romantic works of
Henryk Sienkiewicz Henryk Adam Aleksander Pius Sienkiewicz ( , ; 5 May 1846 – 15 November 1916), also known by the pseudonym Litwos (), was a Polish epic writer. He is remembered for his historical novels, such as The Trilogy, the Trilogy series and especially ...
and
Stefan Żeromski Stefan Żeromski ( ; 14 October 1864 – 20 November 1925) was a Polish novelist and dramatist belonging to the Young Poland movement at the turn of the 20th century. He was called the "conscience of Polish literature". He also wrote under ...
. He signed his early
musical composition Musical composition can refer to an Originality, original piece or work of music, either Human voice, vocal or Musical instrument, instrumental, the musical form, structure of a musical piece or to the process of creating or writing a new pie ...
s under the pseudonym 'Boris Yaksa Lyatoshynsky', using the name of a Polish knight who had fought in the
Battle of Grunwald The Battle of Grunwald was fought on 15 July 1410 during the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War. The alliance of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, led respectively by King Władysław II Jagiełło (Jogaila), a ...
. His earliest pieces included mazurkas, waltzes, and a Chopinesque
scherzo A scherzo (, , ; plural scherzos or scherzi), in western classical music, is a short composition – sometimes a movement from a larger work such as a symphony or a sonata. The precise definition has varied over the years, but scherzo often r ...
, which bear little resemblance to compositions written later in life. The existence of a Polish side to Lyatoshynsky's family resulted in Polish themes being central for much of his work. Zhytomyr was the cultural and administrative centre of a region long inhabited by ethnic Poles, and his first music teacher was of Polish origin. Lyatoshynsky graduated from the Zhytomyr Gymnasium in 1913. Later in life, he recalled that he "became really interested in music" at school; he mastered the violin, and created his first compositions, which included a
piano quartet A piano quartet is a chamber music composition for piano and three other instruments, or a musical ensemble comprising such instruments. Those other instruments are usually a string trio consisting of a violin, viola and cello. Piano quartets for ...
. The pieces, although naïve and unoriginal, revealed his musical talent, and motivated his father to encourage his efforts as a schoolboy composer. In Zlatopol, Lyatoshynsky took piano lessons from a school teacher whom he later remembered with great warmth. In 1914, he first met his future wife Margarita Tsarevich.


Student years

The first work written by Lyatoshynsky was thought by
musicologist Musicology is the academic, research-based study of music, as opposed to musical composition or performance. Musicology research combines and intersects with many fields, including psychology, sociology, acoustics, neurology, natural sciences, f ...
s to have been a mazurka, written on 20 January 1910, when he was 15. However, during the 1910s, Lyatoshynsky wrote 31 works of various musical genres—20 of which were discovered in 2017— none of which were known by his previous biographers. The pieces have provided scholars with an indication of the creative potential of the young composer. In 1913, on the advice of his father, Lyatoshynsky entered the Faculty of Law at
Kyiv University The Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv (; also known as Kyiv University, Shevchenko University, or KNU) is a public university in Kyiv, Ukraine. The university is the third-oldest university in Ukraine after the University of Lviv and ...
. When his piano quartet was performed in public in time for his father's birthday, the local press praised the work, although it was clear to those who heard the piece that the piano part was over-dominant. Lyatoshynsky's family decided to ask the composer
Reinhold Glière Reinhold Moritzevich Glière (23 June 1956), born Reinhold Ernest Glier, was a Russian and Soviet composer of German and Polish descent. He was awarded the title of People's Artist of RSFSR (1935) and People's Artist of USSR (1938). Biography ...
, then the director and professor of the newly opened
Kyiv Conservatory The Ukrainian National Tchaikovsky Academy of Music (), formerly Kyiv Conservatory, is a national music tertiary academy in Kyiv, Ukraine. Its courses include postgraduate education. History The Kyiv Conservatory was founded on 3 November 1913 at ...
(now the Ukrainian National Tchaikovsky Academy of Music), to teach the young man composition. His mother brought Glière the score of the quartet, and Glière agreed to teach him. A postcard has survived which reads: “I invite His Excellency Mr. Borys Lyatoshynsky to my first lesson. Professor Glier." Lyatoshynsky's early musical style was influenced by his family, his teachers, and his future wife Margarita Tsarevich—in his letters to her written between 1914 and 1916, his first ideas about writing music are revealed. Lyatoshynsky enrolled at the Conservatory as a student. He graduated from the university in 1918. After graduating from the Conservatory the following year, he was employed there as a music composition teacher. During his student years, he composed his
String Quartet The term string quartet refers to either a type of musical composition or a group of four people who play them. Many composers from the mid-18th century onwards wrote string quartets. The associated musical ensemble consists of two Violin, violini ...
No. 1, Op. 1 (1915), and his Symphony No. 1, Op. 2 (19181919, revised in 1967). According to the musicologists Igor Savchuk and Tatiana Gomon, perhaps the most tragic of his early piano works is "Mourning Prelude", a transitional work and one of his most powerful, which was written on 19 December 1920, the day his father died of
typhus Typhus, also known as typhus fever, is a group of infectious diseases that include epidemic typhus, scrub typhus, and murine typhus. Common symptoms include fever, headache, and a rash. Typically these begin one to two weeks after exposu ...
. During this early period of Lyatoshynsky's development as a composer, he drew inspiration from works by
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky ( ; 7 May 1840 – 6 November 1893) was a Russian composer during the Romantic period. He was the first Russian composer whose music made a lasting impression internationally. Tchaikovsky wrote some of the most popula ...
,
Alexander Glazunov Alexander Konstantinovich Glazunov ( – 21 March 1936) was a Russian composer, music teacher, and conductor of the late Russian Romantic period. He was director of the Saint Petersburg Conservatory between 1905 and 1928 and was instrumental i ...
, and
Alexander Scriabin Alexander Nikolayevich Scriabin, scientific transliteration: ''Aleksandr Nikolaevič Skrjabin''; also transliterated variously as Skriabin, Skryabin, and (in French) Scriabine. The composer himselused the French spelling "Scriabine" which was a ...
. Many young composers of the Russian Empire similarly regarded Scriabin's experiments as a turning point in music. Lyatoshynsky's Piano Trio No.1 (1922) for violin, cello, and piano, is a work that attempts to have greater dynamic content and complexity; its sections are more contrasting than in previous works.


Career at the Kyiv Conservatory

From 1922 to 1925, Lyatoshynsky, then a 25-year-old lecturer and teacher of composition in the Kyiv Conservatory, organised and led the . He was appointed as professor of composition in 1935. During the 1920s, the Communists introduced a policy of
korenizatsiia Korenizatsiia (, ; ) was an early policy of the Soviet Union for the integration of non-Russian nationalities into the governments of their specific republics of the Soviet Union, Soviet republics. In the 1920s, the policy promoted representativ ...
('growing roots'), designed to foster indigenous cultures as a way to undermine what was perceived as imperial domination. Korenizatsia produced a cultural climate that encouraged Lyatoshynsky and his contemporaries to be experimental and innovative. During the first half of the decade, Lyatoshynsky concentrated mainly on composing
chamber music Chamber music is a form of classical music that is composed for a small group of Musical instrument, instruments—traditionally a group that could fit in a Great chamber, palace chamber or a large room. Most broadly, it includes any art music ...
for the violin and the piano, writing pieces such as his String Quartet No 2, the Trio for piano, violin and cello, and two
piano sonata A piano sonata is a sonata written for a solo piano. Piano sonatas are usually written in three or four movements, although some piano sonatas have been written with a single movement (Liszt, Scriabin, Medtner, Berg), others with two movemen ...
s. He also composed songs, some of them set to the lyrics of the
Chinese Chinese may refer to: * Something related to China * Chinese people, people identified with China, through nationality, citizenship, and/or ethnicity **Han Chinese, East Asian ethnic group native to China. **'' Zhonghua minzu'', the supra-ethnic ...
ancient poets. ''Reflections'' (1925), a cycle of seven pieces for the piano, is one of a small number of works for the instrument; his other piano works are the sonatas (written in 1924 and 1925), ''Ballade'' (1928), a suite (1942), and seven of his , written in 1942 and 1943. During the 1920s Lyatoshynsky composed a series of romances based on the writings of poets that included
Heinrich Heine Christian Johann Heinrich Heine (; ; born Harry Heine; 13 December 1797 – 17 February 1856) was an outstanding poet, writer, and literary criticism, literary critic of 19th-century German Romanticism. He is best known outside Germany for his ...
,
Konstantin Balmont Konstantin Dmitriyevich Balmont ( rus, Константи́н Дми́триевич Ба́льмо́нт, p=, a=Konstantin Dmitriyevich Bal'mont.ru.vorb.oga; – 23 December 1942) was a Russian symbolist poet and translator who became one of ...
,
Paul Verlaine Paul-Marie Verlaine ( ; ; 30 March 1844 – 8 January 1896) was a French poet associated with the Symbolism (movement), Symbolist movement and the Decadent movement. He is considered one of the greatest representatives of the ''fin de siècle'' ...
,
Oscar Wilde Oscar Fingal O'Fflahertie Wills Wilde (16 October 185430 November 1900) was an Irish author, poet, and playwright. After writing in different literary styles throughout the 1880s, he became one of the most popular and influential playwright ...
,
Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe (; January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American writer, poet, editor, and literary critic who is best known for his poetry and short stories, particularly his tales involving mystery and the macabre. He is widely re ...
,
Percy Shelley Percy Bysshe Shelley ( ; 4 August 1792 – 8 July 1822) was an English writer who is considered one of the major English Romantic poets. A radical in his poetry as well as in his political and social views, Shelley did not achieve fame durin ...
,
Maurice Maeterlinck Maurice Polydore Marie Bernard Maeterlinck (29 August 1862 – 6 May 1949), also known as Count/Comte Maeterlinck from 1932, was a Belgian playwright, poet, and essayist who was Flemish but wrote in French. He was awarded the 1911 Nobel Prize in ...
, and a setting of Heine's poem "Black sails on a boat" (19221924). Other works include his Sonata for Violin and Piano (1924), and the String Quartet No 3. His
opera Opera is a form of History of theatre#European theatre, Western theatre in which music is a fundamental component and dramatic roles are taken by Singing, singers. Such a "work" (the literal translation of the Italian word "opera") is typically ...
'' The Golden Ring'' (written in 1929), based on a novel by the Ukrainian writer
Ivan Franko Ivan Yakovych Franko (, ; 27 August 1856 – 28 May 1916) was a Ukrainian poet, writer, social and literary critic, journalist, translator, economist, political activist, doctor of philosophy, ethnographer, and the author of the first d ...
, describes the struggle of the Ukrainians against the
Mongol Mongols are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, China (Inner Mongolia and other 11 autonomous territories), as well as the republics of Buryatia and Kalmykia in Russia. The Mongols are the principal member of the large family of M ...
invaders in the 13th century. ''The Golden Ring'' was not considered to adhere to the doctrine of the Communist Party. His second opera, '' Shchors'' (1937), was based on the story of the Ukrainian communist
Mykola Shchors Mykola Oleksandrovych Shchors (; – 30 August 1919) was a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Russian Communist Party and a participant in the Russian Civil War, serving as Red Army commander. In 1918–1919 he fought against th ...
during the conflict in Ukraine that followed the end of the
First World War World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...
. The Piano Sonata No.1 was published in Moscow in 1926, the year he composed an overture based on
Ukrainian folk music Ukrainian may refer or relate to: * Ukraine, a country in Eastern Europe * Ukrainians, an East Slavic ethnic group native to Ukraine * Demographics of Ukraine * Ukrainian culture, composed of the material and spiritual values of the Ukrainian peopl ...
—the ''Overture on Four Ukrainian Themes'', his first attempt at integrating his own musical style with original folk tunes. In June that year, Glière performed the premiere of Lyatoshynsky's First Symphony in a concert programme. During 19311932, Lyatoshynsky wrote an orchestral suite for orchestra. From 1932 to 1939, he was a committee member of the Bureau of the Union of Composers of Ukraine. Following the commission from the officials of the
Odesa Opera and Ballet Theatre The Odesa National Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre () is the oldest theatre in Odesa, Ukraine. The Theatre and the Potemkin Stairs are the most famous edifices in Odesa. The first opera house was opened in 1810 and destroyed by fire in 1873. T ...
, he travelled to
Tajikistan Tajikistan, officially the Republic of Tajikistan, is a landlocked country in Central Asia. Dushanbe is the capital city, capital and most populous city. Tajikistan borders Afghanistan to the Afghanistan–Tajikistan border, south, Uzbekistan to ...
to study folk music and compose a
ballet Ballet () is a type of performance dance that originated during the Italian Renaissance in the fifteenth century and later developed into a concert dance form in France and Russia. It has since become a widespread and highly technical form of ...
about the life of local people. In 1932, he composed his ''Three Songs on Tajik Themes'' for violin and piano, based on the folk music of the region.


Second Symphony

The Second Symphony in B minor was commissioned in 1933 by the Organizing Bureau of the Union of Soviet Composers, to be premiered in Moscow along with a number of other works by Ukrainian composers. Lyatoshynsky worked on the symphony for six months during 1934. The work was criticised in the press, even though it had yet to be performed, with one critic writing: "The second symphony, with its external complexity and imposing sound, leaves the impression of an extremely empty, far-fetched work”. Due to the national mourning at the time for the Soviet politician
Sergo Ordzhonikidze Sergo Konstantinovich Ordzhonikidze, ; (born Grigol Konstantines dze Orjonikidze; 18 February 1937) was an Old Bolshevik and a Soviet statesman. Born and raised in Georgia, in the Russian Empire, Ordzhonikidze joined the Bolsheviks at an e ...
, the premiere was cancelled.


Moscow Conservatory and evacuation to Saratov

From 1935 to 1938, and from 1941 to 1944, Lyatoshynsky taught
orchestration Orchestration is the study or practice of writing music for an orchestra (or, more loosely, for any musical ensemble, such as a concert band) or of adapting music composed for another medium for an orchestra. Also called "instrumentation", orch ...
at the
Moscow Conservatory The Moscow Conservatory, also officially Tchaikovsky Moscow State Conservatory () is a higher musical educational institution located in Moscow, Russia. It grants undergraduate and graduate degrees in musical performance and musical research. Th ...
. He was the chairman of the Union of Composers of Ukraine in 1939. When the threat to Kyiv became real during the
German invasion of the USSR Operation Barbarossa was the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany and several of its European Axis powers, Axis allies starting on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during World War II. More than 3.8 million Axis troops invaded the western Soviet ...
, the government in Moscow worked to protect the city's main artistic organisations and artists. Theatre groups, orchestras, and composers were evacuated to the interior of the USSR. Whilst helping to develop the culture and art of the republics they were sent to, Ukrainian artists continued to develop their national music. Many faculties of the Moscow Conservatoire, including the music department, were relocated to
Saratov Saratov ( , ; , ) is the largest types of inhabited localities in Russia, city and administrative center of Saratov Oblast, Russia, and a major port on the Volga River. Saratov had a population of 901,361, making it the List of cities and tow ...
, a town near the
Volga The Volga (, ) is the longest river in Europe and the longest endorheic basin river in the world. Situated in Russia, it flows through Central Russia to Southern Russia and into the Caspian Sea. The Volga has a length of , and a catchment ...
, and Lyatoshynsky was evacuated there along with his colleagues, In Saratov, the Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko Radio Station broadcast political speeches and daily concerts of Lyatoshynsky's arrangements of Ukrainian music. He created solo pieces, and works for chamber groups, notably his "Ukrainian Quintet" for piano and strings (1942, 2nd ed. 1945), which was awarded the State Prize in 1943. Other works included the String Quartet No 4 (1943), a
suite Suite may refer to: Arts and entertainment *Suite (music), a set of musical pieces considered as one composition ** Suite (Bach), a list of suites composed by J. S. Bach ** Suite (Cassadó), a mid-1920s composition by Gaspar Cassadó ** ''Suite' ...
on Ukrainian folk tunes for
string quartet The term string quartet refers to either a type of musical composition or a group of four people who play them. Many composers from the mid-18th century onwards wrote string quartets. The associated musical ensemble consists of two Violin, violini ...
(1944), and a suite for a quartet of wooden
wind instrument A wind instrument is a musical instrument that contains some type of resonator (usually a tube) in which a column of air is set into vibration by the player blowing into (or over) a mouthpiece set at or near the end of the resonator. The pitch ...
s (1944). He established contacts and worked collaboratively with the administrators of the local Concert Hall and Radio Committee. Under his leadership, Ukrainian musical manuscripts were transported away to safety. The composer's niece, Iya Sergeyevna Tsarevich, was brought up in the composer's house from the age of five. She recalled when German troops used Lyatoshynsky's Kyiv house on Lenin Street as a headquarters. There was a danger that everything that was in the house could be lost, so Lyatoshynsky's father-in-law used a cart to take all the composer's papers to the family
dacha A dacha (Belarusian, Ukrainian language, Ukrainian and rus, дача, p=ˈdatɕə, a=ru-dacha.ogg) is a seasonal or year-round second home, often located in the exurbs of former Soviet Union, post-Soviet countries, including Russia. A cottage (, ...
at
Vorzel Vorzel () is a rural settlement in Bucha Raion, Kyiv Oblast of Ukraine. It belongs to Bucha urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Population: It is home to Scripture Union's International Youth Camp. History The village was formed ...
, outside Kyiv, where they were kept for the rest of the war.


Post-war career

In September 1943, Lyatoshynsky was invited by the Moscow Conservatory to work there for a year, but on 10 November 1943, after the liberation of Kyiv, he returned on the first flight back to his home city, as part of a delegation that included the poets
Maksym Rylsky Maksym Tadeyovych Rylsky (); in Kyiv – 24 July 1964 in Kyiv) was a Ukrainian poet, translator, academician, and doctor of philological sciences. Biography Rylsky was born in Kyiv in 1895 to Tadei Rozeslavovych Rylsky and Melania Fedoriv ...
and
Mykola Bazhan Mykola Platonovych Bazhan (; – 23 November 1983) was a Soviet Ukrainian writer, poet, highly decorated political and public figure. He was an academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1951), Distinguished Figure in Sc ...
, and the artist Mykhailo Derehus. After the war he wrote a number of
symphonic poem A symphonic poem or tone poem is a piece of orchestral music, usually in a single continuous movement, which illustrates or evokes the content of a poem, short story, novel, painting, landscape, or other (non-musical) source. The German term ( ...
s and other orchestral works: ' (''Reunion'', 1949); the Taras Shevchenko Suite (1952); his Slavic Concerto for Piano and Orchestra (1953); ' (''On the Banks of the Vistula'', 1958); the Third, Fourth and Fifth symphonies, the ''Slavic Overture'' (1961). ''Grazhina'' (1955), written for the centenary of the death of the Polish poet
Adam Mickiewicz Adam Bernard Mickiewicz (24 December 179826 November 1855) was a Polish poet, dramatist, essayist, publicist, translator and political activist. He is regarded as national poet in Poland, Lithuania and Belarus. He also largely influenced Ukra ...
, was based on Mickiewicz's poem ''Grażyna'', about a chieftainess who led her people into war against the
Teutonic Order The Teutonic Order is a religious order (Catholic), Catholic religious institution founded as a military order (religious society), military society in Acre, Israel, Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem. The Order of Brothers of the German House of Sa ...
, and the Polish Suite (1961) was dedicated to his friend the Polish composer and violinist
Grażyna Bacewicz Grażyna Bacewicz Biernacka (; 5 February 1909 – 17 January 1969) was a Polish composer and violinist of Lithuanian origin. She is the second Polish female composer to have achieved national and international recognition, the first being Ma ...
. In 1948, when formalism in music was once again being attacked, Lyatosynsky's Second Symphony was denounced as being anti-national and formalistic. It was denounced by the
Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union The Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was the Central committee, highest organ of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) between Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Congresses. Elected by the ...
, who stated: Lyatoshynsky wrote at this time of his despondency over the prohibition of his music by the authorities. After performances of the work were forbidden, Lyatoshynsky wrote to his friend Gliere, "As a composer, I am dead, and I do not know when I will be resurrected." The Third Symphony was not heard by the public for several years. The conductor
Natan Rakhlin Natan Hryhorovych Rakhlin (28 June 1979) was a Soviet and Ukrainian Jewish conductor. Biography Rakhlin was born January 10, 1906, in Snovsk, Gorodnyansky Uyezd, Chernigov Governorate, Russian Empire. He served as Artistic Director of the Ukr ...
was brave enough to perform it to a packed concert hall during a daytime performance. Lyatoshynsky wrote to Glière that "the crowded hall literally gave me a standing ovation". However, the composer was accused of "abstract understanding of the struggle for peace", and told by the authorities that the symphony did not "reveal the true Soviet reality". ''The Golden Ring'' was revived during the
Khrushchev Thaw The Khrushchev Thaw (, or simply ''ottepel'')William Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era, London: Free Press, 2004 is the period from the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s when Political repression in the Soviet Union, repression and Censorship in ...
, when it was staged by Dmytro Smolych in
Lviv Lviv ( or ; ; ; see #Names and symbols, below for other names) is the largest city in western Ukraine, as well as the List of cities in Ukraine, fifth-largest city in Ukraine, with a population of It serves as the administrative centre of ...
. During the 1960s, Lyatoshynsky, by then a member of the Composers’ Union of the USSR, was allowed to take ‘cultural’ trips abroad, where he met fellow composers. Accompanied by his wife, he visited Austria, Switzerland, and other countries. He was a member of international competition juries for the
International Tchaikovsky Competition The International Tchaikovsky Competition is a classical music competition held every four years in Moscow and Saint Petersburg, Russia, for pianists, violinists, and cellists between 16 and 32 years of age and singers between 19 and 32 years of ...
in Moscow in 1958 and again in 1962, the Belgian Quartet Competition in
Liège Liège ( ; ; ; ; ) is a City status in Belgium, city and Municipalities in Belgium, municipality of Wallonia, and the capital of the Liège Province, province of Liège, Belgium. The city is situated in the valley of the Meuse, in the east o ...
(in 1956, 1959, and 1962) and the Mykola Lysenko Music Competition in Kyiv in 1965. He was the artistic director of the Ukraine Philharmonic, and worked as a music consultant on the Ukrainian State Radio Committee. He travelled to Poland on several occasions to
Warsaw Autumn Warsaw Autumn () is the largest international Polish festival of contemporary music. It was established in 1956 by two composers, Tadeusz Baird and Kazimierz Serocki, and officially established by the Head Board of the Polish Composers' Union ...
festivals of contemporary music. In 1957, as a representative of the Union of Composers of the USSR, he travelled to Bulgaria during the centennial celebrations for the death of
Mikhail Glinka Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka ( rus, links=no, Михаил Иванович Глинка, Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka, mʲɪxɐˈil ɨˈvanəvʲɪdʑ ˈɡlʲinkə, Ru-Mikhail-Ivanovich-Glinka.ogg; ) was the first Russian composer to gain wide recognit ...
. During the last years of his life, Lyatoshynsky completed the ''Solemn Overture'' Op. 70 (1967) for orchestra. He died on 15 April 1968, and was buried in the 
Baikove Cemetery Baikove Cemetery () is a historic cemetery memorial in Holosiivskyi District of Kyiv, Ukraine. It is a National Historic Monument of Ukraine and is known as a necropolis of distinguished people. History The cemetery was established in 1833 a ...
in Kyiv; a bust has since been added to the grave.


Honours, awards, and commemorations

* Two Stalin Prizes (second class): ** (1946)for the ''Ukrainian Quintet''; first class ** (1952)for the music for the 1951 film ''Taras Shevchenko'' *
Shevchenko National Prize Shevchenko National Prize (; also ''Shevchenko Award'') is the highest state prize of Ukraine for works of culture and arts awarded since 1961. It is named after the inspirer of Ukrainian national revival Taras Shevchenko. It is one of the five ...
(1971) (
posthumous Posthumous may refer to: * Posthumous award, an award, prize or medal granted after the recipient's death * Posthumous publication, publishing of creative work after the author's death * Posthumous (album), ''Posthumous'' (album), by Warne Marsh, 1 ...
) for the opera ''The Golden Ring'' *
People's Artist of the Ukrainian SSR People's Artist of Ukraine () is an honorary title awarded by the government of Ukraine. It is the highest title awarded to outstanding performing artists whose merits are exceptional in the sphere of the development of the performing arts, inc ...
(1968) * Honored Art Worker of the Ukrainian SSR (1945) *
Order of Lenin The Order of Lenin (, ) was an award named after Vladimir Lenin, the leader of the October Revolution. It was established by the Central Executive Committee on 6 April 1930. The order was the highest civilian decoration bestowed by the Soviet ...
(1960) *
Order of the Red Banner of Labour The Order of the Red Banner of Labour () was an order of the Soviet Union established to honour great deeds and services to the Soviet state and society in the fields of production, science, culture, literature, the arts, education, sports ...
* Two Orders of the Badge of Honour (1938, 1951) * The Polish state prize‘for the strengthening of Russo-Polish friendship’ (1963) * The
Shevchenko National Prize Shevchenko National Prize (; also ''Shevchenko Award'') is the highest state prize of Ukraine for works of culture and arts awarded since 1961. It is named after the inspirer of Ukrainian national revival Taras Shevchenko. It is one of the five ...
(awarded posthumously in 1971) A monument to Lyatoshynsky was erected in Zhytomyr in honour of the composer. A
commemorative plaque A commemorative plaque, or simply plaque, or in other places referred to as a historical marker, historic marker, or historic plaque, is a plate of metal, ceramic, stone, wood, or other material, bearing text or an image in relief, or both, ...
was erected in Kyiv at the house where he lived from 1944 to 1968 (now 68 B. Khmelnytskoho Street), and in 1977 a street in Kyiv was renamed in his honour. A room is dedicated to Lyatoshynsky in the . In 1992 the
Kyiv Chamber Choir The Kyiv Chamber Choir () is a chamber choir based in Kyiv, Ukraine. The choir was founded in December 1990 by conductor Mykola Hobdych. It has performed thousands of concerts in at least 21 countries. The choir also records music, releasing over 4 ...
joined with a newly-formed chamber orchestra, and became the B. Lyatoshynsky Classical Music Ensemble. The is also named after Lyatoshynsky. In 2020 the Kharkiv Music Festival launched the Borys Lyatoshynsky Young Composers Competition.


Works

Lyatoshynsky wrote a variety of works, including five symphonies, symphonic poems, and several shorter orchestral and vocal works, two operas, chamber music, and a number of works for solo piano. He wrote nearly 50 songs. He produced four string quartets, in 1915, 1922, 1928, and 1943. His earliest compositions (such as his First Symphony) were greatly influenced by the expressionism of Scriabin and
Sergei Rachmaninoff Sergei Vasilyevich Rachmaninoff; in Russian pre-revolutionary script. (28 March 1943) was a Russian composer, virtuoso pianist, and Conducting, conductor. Rachmaninoff is widely considered one of the finest pianists of his day and, as a compos ...
. Lyatoshynsky wrote music with a modern European style and technique, skillfully combining it with Ukrainian themes. In 1940,
Dmitri Shostakovich Dmitri Dmitriyevich Shostakovich, group=n (9 August 1975) was a Soviet-era Russian composer and pianist who became internationally known after the premiere of his First Symphony in 1926 and thereafter was regarded as a major composer. Shostak ...
visited a plenum of the
Union of Soviet Composers The Union of Russian Composers (formerly the Union of Soviet Composers, Order of Lenin Union of Composers of USSR () (1932– ), and Union of Soviet Composers of the USSR) is a state-created organization for musicians and musicologists created in 1 ...
in Kyiv. There he singled out the music of both Lyatoshynsky and Levko Revutsky for their "high level of craftsmanship" which "pleasantly amazed" him. After the
war War is an armed conflict between the armed forces of states, or between governmental forces and armed groups that are organized under a certain command structure and have the capacity to sustain military operations, or between such organi ...
, Lyatoshynsky was accused of formalism and creation of degenerative art. Lyatoshynsky's main works are his operas ''The Golden Ring'' and ''Shchors'', the five symphonies, the Overture on Four Ukrainian Folk Themes (1926), the suites ''Taras Shevchenko'' (1952) and ''Romeo and Juliet'' (1955), the symphonic poem ''Grazhyna'' (1955), his "Slavic" concerto for piano and orchestra (1953), and the completion and orchestration of Glière's violin concerto (1956). He composed
film score A film score is original music written specifically to accompany a film. The score comprises a number of orchestral, instrumental, or choral pieces called cues, which are timed to begin and end at specific points during the film in order to ...
s for such films as '' Karmelyuk'' (1931), ''
Ivan Ivan () is a Slavic male given name, connected with the variant of the Greek name (English: John) from Hebrew meaning 'God is gracious'. It is associated worldwide with Slavic countries. The earliest person known to bear the name was the B ...
'' (1932, with 
Yuliy Meitus Yuliy Serhiyovych Meitus (; 28 January 1903, Yelysavethrad – 2 April 1997, Kyiv), was a Soviet and Ukrainian composer, considered the founder of the Ukrainian Soviet opera. His early style was modernistic, later he used more traditional neo-R ...
), ''
Taras Shevchenko Taras Hryhorovych Shevchenko (; ; 9 March 1814 – 10 March 1861) was a Ukrainian poet, writer, artist, public and political figure, folklorist, and ethnographer. He was a fellow of the Imperial Academy of Arts and a member of the Brotherhood o ...
'' (1951), ' (1956, with  Mykola Kolessa), and ' (1959).


Symphonies

Lyatoshynsky's symphonies "reflect the stresses of the period of their composition". It has been suggested by the music writer Gregor Tassie that his First Symphony (19181919) is the earliest symphony to be composed in Ukraine after the 18th century composer
Maksym Berezovsky Maxim Sozontovich Berezovsky ( ; ; ) was a composer of secular and liturgical music, and a conductor and opera singer, who worked at the Saint Petersburg Court Chapel in the Russian Empire, but who also spent much of his career in Italy. He m ...
. More tuneful and Scriabinesque in comparison with his four other symphonies, it was written as his graduation composition at a time when he had become influenced by the music of Scriabin and
Richard Wagner Wilhelm Richard Wagner ( ; ; 22 May 181313 February 1883) was a German composer, theatre director, essayist, and conductor who is chiefly known for his operas (or, as some of his mature works were later known, "music dramas"). Unlike most o ...
. It was conducted in 1923 by Glière. The First Symphony is described in the 1999 edition of '' The Penguin Guide to Compact Discs'' as "a well-crafted, confident score" that "abounds in contrapuntal elaboration and abundant orchestral rhetoric". A vision of the war similar to that in
Nikolai Myaskovsky Nikolai Yakovlevich Myaskovsky (; ; 20 April 18818 August 1950), was a Russian and Soviet composer. He is sometimes referred to as the "Father of the Soviet Symphony". Myaskovsky was awarded the Stalin Prize five times. Early years Myaskovsky ...
's Symphony No. 5 was expressed in the symphony. The reflective second movement is balanced by a finale that is, according to the music historian Ferrucio Tammaro, "not only dynamic, but even heroic, in close conformity with the tastes of emerging Soviet symphonism". The music for the Second Symphony (19351936) can be interpreted as depicting images of the reality of Soviet life, often using atonality. Written in the conventional three-movement form, the symphony is full of contrasting moods and dramatic contrasts. This expansive, romantic symphony was censored by the authorities and was not heard until 1964. The bellicose Third Symphony (19511954), with its combative first movement, has been compared with Shostakovich's better-known Symphony No. 7, but other movements, such as the start of the second movement, have a personal and original lyricism and imaginative orchestration, such as at the end of the work, when a folk song (first heard in the opening movement) returns accompanied by brass and bells. The longest and perhaps his most popular symphony, it is as lyrical-sounding as the First, but less derivative and more assured. According to ''The Penguin Guide to Compact Discs'', the Third Symphony "tries hard to be a good Soviet symphony"; the confident-sounding finale of the work was designed to help the work acquire political acceptability. The last two symphonies by Lyatoshynsky are completely different from their predecessors—the composer Valentyn Silvestrov, who studied under Lyatoshynsky, recalled that when writing his last two symphonies, Lyatoshynsky "seemed to belong to another planet". According to the musicologist , they have become regarded by Ukrainians as the pinnacle of modern Ukrainian musical culture. The Fourth Symphony (1963) has an expressive contemporary character, challenging for the listener because of its atonal aspects, and is more reminiscent of Shostakovich than its predecessors. The slow second movement begins darkly, but is followed by a chorale surrounded by shimmering bells and a
celesta The celesta () or celeste (), also called a bell-piano, is a struck idiophone operated by a keyboard. It looks similar to an upright piano (four- or five-octave), albeit with smaller keys and a much smaller cabinet, or a large wooden music ...
used to depict the Belgian city of
Bruges Bruges ( , ; ; ) is the capital and largest city of the province of West Flanders, in the Flemish Region of Belgium. It is in the northwest of the country, and is the sixth most populous city in the country. The area of the whole city amoun ...
, "a brief but really haunting invention". The symphony's coda contains lyrical string solos and a subdued clashing of bells. In his Fifth Symphony (the 'Slavonic', in C major, (1965–1966)), which includes
liturgical Liturgy is the customary public ritual of worship performed by a religious group. As a religious phenomenon, liturgy represents a communal response to and participation in the sacred through activities reflecting praise, thanksgiving, remembra ...
melodies from the
Orthodox Church Orthodox Church may refer to: * Eastern Orthodox Church, the second-largest Christian church in the world * Oriental Orthodox Churches, a branch of Eastern Christianity * Orthodox Presbyterian Church, a confessional Presbyterian denomination loc ...
, the music is more post-
Nationalist Nationalism is an idea or movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the State (polity), state. As a movement, it presupposes the existence and tends to promote the interests of a particular nation,Anthony D. Smith, Smith, A ...
in nature than other works composed during this period in the composer's career, Lyatoshynsky included a Russian folk song as the main theme and a song from
Yugoslavia , common_name = Yugoslavia , life_span = 1918–19921941–1945: World War II in Yugoslavia#Axis invasion and dismemberment of Yugoslavia, Axis occupation , p1 = Kingdom of SerbiaSerbia , flag_p ...
as a secondary theme. Like Gliere's Symphony No. 3, it alludes to
Ilya Muromets Ilya Muromets or Murometz, also known as Ilya of Murom, is a ''bogatyr'' (hero) in a type of Russian oral literature , oral epic poem called ''bylina'' set during the time of the Kievan Rus'. He is often featured alongside fellow bogatyrs Dobry ...
, a legendary Russian warrior.


Operas and choral works

Lyatoshynsky wrote the opera ''Schors'' (19371938, revised as ''The Commander'' in 1948), and ''The Solemn Cantata'' (1939). In 1927 he edited and arranged the score for
Mykola Lysenko Mykola Vitaliiovych Lysenko (; 22 March 1842 – 6 November 1912) was a Ukrainian composer, pianist, conductor and ethnomusicologist of the late Romantic period. In his time he was the central figure of Ukrainian music, with an ''oeuvre'' tha ...
's 1910
comic opera Comic opera, sometimes known as light opera, is a sung dramatic work of a light or comic nature, usually with a happy ending and often including spoken dialogue. Forms of comic opera first developed in late 17th-century Italy. By the 1730s, a ne ...
' (1927) and for Lysenko's ''
Taras Bulba ''Taras Bulba'' (; ) is a romanticized historical novella set in the first half of the 17th century, written by Nikolai Gogol (1809–1852). It features elderly Zaporozhian Cossack Taras Bulba and his sons Andriy and Ostap. The sons study at th ...
'' (19361937). Lyatoshynsky's opera ''The Golden Ring'', first staged in 1930, is the most notable example of Ukrainian historical opera during the first half of the 20th century. The music and the libretto blend historical, mythological, and social themes, and Lyatoshynsky's score organically combines contemporary musical expressions (such as
leitmotif A leitmotif or () is a "short, recurring musical phrase" associated with a particular person, place, or idea. It is closely related to the musical concepts of ''idée fixe'' or ''motto-theme''. The spelling ''leitmotif'' is a partial angliciz ...
s) with Ukrainian folk tunes. ''The Golden Ring'' was the first example of an orchestrally 'symphonic' work in the history of Ukrainian opera. It appeared at the end of the era of creative experimentalism, which ended with the arrival of
Stalinism Stalinism (, ) is the Totalitarianism, totalitarian means of governing and Marxism–Leninism, Marxist–Leninist policies implemented in the Soviet Union (USSR) from History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953), 1927 to 1953 by dictator Jose ...
. Over the next three decades, the opera failed to gain a foothold in the repertoire.


Other works

Critics have praised smaller-scale works by Lyatoshynsky. They include Intermezzo from the Second String Quartet, op.4 (1922) orchestrated in the early 1960s, and the ''Lyric Poem'' (1964), an
elegy An elegy is a poem of serious reflection, and in English literature usually a lament for the dead. However, according to ''The Oxford Handbook of the Elegy'', "for all of its pervasiveness ... the 'elegy' remains remarkably ill defined: sometime ...
written in memory of Glière. The orchestrated version of the Intermezzo, which according to the British classical music journalist Michael Oliver consists of "delicate melodies floating over a gently rocking pulse", is praised by him as being "magical". Impressionistic touches in Lyatoshynsky's smaller-scale works can be seen in the second and fifth of his ''Reflections'', where he uses the
tone quality In music, timbre (), also known as tone color or tone quality (from psychoacoustics), is the perceived sound of a musical note, sound or tone. Timbre distinguishes sounds according to their source, such as choir voices and musical instruments ...
of instruments, transient layers of harmonies, and variable rhythms.


Reputation and legacy

Lyatoshynsky is one of the most highly regarded and influential Ukrainian composers of the 20th century, and a key figure of the modern school in Ukrainian music, whose works consistently demonstrate his mastery of composition and orchestration. According to ''
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'' is an encyclopedic dictionary of music and musicians. Along with the German-language '' Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart'', it is one of the largest reference works on the history and t ...
'', he is one of the three Ukrainian artists of the first half of the 20th century to have received international recognition, and the most accomplished Ukrainian composer to emerge following the death of
Dmitry Bortniansky Dmitry Stepanovich Bortniansky (28 October 1751 – ) was a Russian composer of Ukrainian Cossack origin. He was also a harpsichordist and conductor who served at the court of Catherine the Great. Bortniansky was critical to the musical hist ...
in 1825. Soviet and Ukrainian composers who studied under Lyatoshynsky, and were influenced by him, include
Igor Boelza Igor Fyodorovich Belza or Boelza (Игорь Фёдорович Бэлза; 8 February 1904 – 5 January 1994) was a Soviet music historian and composer who wrote 4 symphonies, 5 piano sonatas, 2 cello sonatas, a string quartet, and several film ...
,
Ihor Shamo Ihor Naumovich Shamo (, , also romanized ''Igor''; 21 February 1925 – 17 August 1982) was a Ukrainian composer, Shevchenko National Prize laureate. Shamo was born in Kyiv to a family of Jewish origin. He graduated from the Lysenko Music School i ...
, , , ,
Myroslav Skoryk Myroslav Mykhailovych Skoryk (; 13 July 1938 – 1 June 2020) was a List of Ukrainian composers, Ukrainian composer and teacher. His music is contemporary in style and contains stylistic traits from Ukrainian folk music traditions. Skoryk wa ...
,
Yevhen Stankovych Yevhen Fedorovych Stankovych (; born September 19, 1942) is a contemporary Ukrainian composer of stage, orchestral, chamber, and choral works. Biography Stankovych was born in Szolyva (today the Ukrainian city of Svaliava), in Hungary. In 196 ...
,
Lesia Dychko Lesia Vasylivna Dychko (), originally Liudmyla Vasylivna Dychko (born 24 October 1939) is a Ukrainian composer and music educator. Life Early years and education Lesia Vasylivna Dychko was born Liudmyla Vasylivna Dychko in Kyiv on 24 October 19 ...
,
Leonid Hrabovsky Leonid Oleksandrovych Hrabovsky (also Hrabovsky or Hrabovs'ky, ; , ''Leonid Alexandrovitch Grabovsky'') (born 28 January 1935) is a contemporary Ukrainian composer, now living in the United States.Роман Юсипей"Останній з а ...
,
Ivan Karabyts Ivan Fedorovych Karabyts (; 17 January 1945 – 20 January 2002) was a Ukrainian composer and conductor, and a People's Artist of Ukraine. He was born in the village of Yalta, Donetsk Oblast in eastern Ukraine, and graduated from the Kyiv Cons ...
, and Silvestrov, who dedicated a symphony to his teacher. Lyatoshynsky 's teaching method was characterised by his desire for his students to learn to think independently. His correspondence with his old friend and teacher Glière (edited by Kopytsia) was published in 2002. On 28 October 2018, the Lutheran Church of St. Catherine in Kyiv hosted a concert of choral works by Lyatoshynsky "Under the Autumn Stars", the first collection of the composer's choral heritage to be created since Ukraine attained independence. There is a permanent exhibition about Lyatoshynsky at , in Vorzel.


Notes


References


Sources

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *


Further reading

* * * * *


External links

*
Scores by Lyatoshynsky
from the Boris Tarakanov Music Archive (in Russian) *
Photographs of Lyatoshynsky
from the (text in Ukrainian)
The International Student Scientific and Practical Conference: "The European Dimension of the cultural heritage of Borys Lyatoshynshy”

Carissa Klopoushak's official website
contains a link to her doctoral dissertation ''Cornerstones of the Ukrainian violin repertoire: 1870 – present day'', which includes a discussion of Lyatoshynsky's music for the violin.
Musicians' Letters as a Mirror of Supra-Regional Cultural Relations in Central and Eastern Europe
from the
University of Leipzig Leipzig University (), in Leipzig in Saxony, Germany, is one of the world's oldest universities and the second-oldest university (by consecutive years of existence) in Germany. The university was founded on 2 December 1409 by Frederick I, Electo ...
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lyatoshynsky, Boris 1895 births 1968 deaths 20th-century Ukrainian classical composers 20th-century male composers Musicians from Zhytomyr Academic staff of Kyiv Conservatory Academic staff of Moscow Conservatory Kyiv Conservatory alumni University of Kyiv, Law faculty alumni Communist Party of the Soviet Union members Recipients of the title of People's Artists of Ukraine Recipients of the Order of the Badge of Honour Recipients of the Order of Lenin Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour Recipients of the Shevchenko National Prize Recipients of the Stalin Prize Male film score composers Ukrainian male classical pianists Male conductors (music) Male opera composers Soviet opera composers Soviet conductors (music) Soviet classical pianists Soviet film score composers Soviet male classical composers Soviet music educators Ukrainian classical pianists Ukrainian film score composers Ukrainian music educators Ukrainian opera composers Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic people Burials at Baikove Cemetery