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The Bank of France ( ) is the national central bank for
France France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlan ...
within the
Eurosystem The Eurosystem is the monetary authority of the eurozone, the collective of European Union member states that have adopted the euro as their sole official currency. The European Central Bank (ECB) has, under Article 16 of its Statute,
. It was the French
central bank A central bank, reserve bank, national bank, or monetary authority is an institution that manages the monetary policy of a country or monetary union. In contrast to a commercial bank, a central bank possesses a monopoly on increasing the mo ...
between 1800 and 1998, issuing the French franc. It does not translate its name to English, and thus calls itself ''Banque de France'' in all English communications. The Bank of France was originally established by
Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French general and statesman who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led Military career ...
as a private-sector corporation with unique public status. It was granted note-issuance monopoly in
Paris Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, largest city of France. With an estimated population of 2,048,472 residents in January 2025 in an area of more than , Paris is the List of ci ...
in 1803 and in the entire country in 1848. Long independent from direct political interference, it was brought under government control in 1936 and eventually nationalized in 1945. While other banks of issue were established in the
French colonial empire The French colonial empire () comprised the overseas Colony, colonies, protectorates, and League of Nations mandate, mandate territories that came under French rule from the 16th century onward. A distinction is generally made between the "Firs ...
, the Bank of France remained Metropolitan France's sole
monetary authority A central bank, reserve bank, national bank, or monetary authority is an institution that manages the monetary policy of a country or monetary union. In contrast to a commercial bank, a central bank possesses a monopoly on increasing the monet ...
until France's adoption of the
euro The euro (currency symbol, symbol: euro sign, €; ISO 4217, currency code: EUR) is the official currency of 20 of the Member state of the European Union, member states of the European Union. This group of states is officially known as the ...
as its currency. The Bank of France long held high prestige as an anchor of financial stability, especially before the monetary turmoil that followed
World War I World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...
. In 1907, Italian economist and statesman Luigi Luzzatti referred to the Bank of France as "the centre of the world's monetary power." The French framework for banking supervision was initiated by the Vichy Government in 1941 and entrusted from the start to a separate body under the aegis of the Bank of France, which in 2013 became the French Prudential Supervision and Resolution Authority (French acronym ACPR). In 2017 the ACPR lost its prior status as an independent administrative authority under French law, but retains a distinct governance framework that also involves the French government.


History


Background

The
Kingdom of France The Kingdom of France is the historiographical name or umbrella term given to various political entities of France in the Middle Ages, medieval and Early modern France, early modern period. It was one of the most powerful states in Europe from th ...
's first experiment with a central bank was the ''Banque Générale'' (Banque Générale Privée or "General Private Bank"), set up by John Law at the behest of the Duke of Orléans after the death of Louis XIV. Law received the bank's 20-year
charter A charter is the grant of authority or rights, stating that the granter formally recognizes the prerogative of the recipient to exercise the rights specified. It is implicit that the granter retains superiority (or sovereignty), and that the ...
in May 1716 and its
stock Stocks (also capital stock, or sometimes interchangeably, shares) consist of all the Share (finance), shares by which ownership of a corporation or company is divided. A single share of the stock means fractional ownership of the corporatio ...
consisted of 1,200 shares valued at 5,000 livres apiece. It was meant to stimulate France's stagnant economy and pay down its staggering national debt acquired from Louis XIV's wars, including the
War of the Spanish Succession The War of the Spanish Succession was a European great power conflict fought between 1701 and 1714. The immediate cause was the death of the childless Charles II of Spain in November 1700, which led to a struggle for control of the Spanish E ...
. It was nationalized in December 1718 at Law's request and formally renamed the ''Banque Royale'' a month later. It saw great initial success, increasing industry 60% in two years, but Law's mercantilist policies saw him seek to establish large monopolies, leading to the Mississippi bubble. The bubble ultimately burst in a
financial crisis A financial crisis is any of a broad variety of situations in which some financial assets suddenly lose a large part of their nominal value. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, many financial crises were associated with Bank run#Systemic banki ...
in 1720, and on 27 November of that year, the ''Banque Royale'' officially closed. The collapse of the Mississippi Company and the Banque Royale tarnished the word ''banque'' ("bank") so much that France abandoned central banking for almost a century, possibly precipitating
Louis XVI Louis XVI (Louis-Auguste; ; 23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) was the last king of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution. The son of Louis, Dauphin of France (1729–1765), Louis, Dauphin of France (son and heir- ...
's economic crisis and the French Revolution. Successors such as the Caisse d'Escompte (from 1776 to 1793) and ''Caisse d'escompte du commerce'' (from 1797 to 1803) used the word "''caisse''" instead, until
Napoleon Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French general and statesman who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led Military career ...
retook the term with ''la Banque de France'' ("Bank of France") in 1800.


Creation

In 1803, financial power in France was in the hands of fifteen members of the Haute Banque, when the shareholders' meeting ratified the appointment of a “Council of Regency” composed of Jean-Frédéric Perregaux, , Jean-Barthélemy Le Couteulx de Canteleu, , Jacques-Rose Récamier, , , , , , , , Claude Perier, , , and Jean-Conrad Hottinguer. These powerful bankers, representative of the financial elite that would become referred to in France as the '' Haute banque'', were deeply involved in the agitations leading up to the French Revolution. When the revolutionary violence got out of hand, they orchestrated the rise of
Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French general and statesman who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led Military career ...
, whom they regarded as the restorer of order. As a reward for their support, Napoleon, in 1800, gave the bankers a monopoly over French finance by giving them control of the new Bank of France (Banque de France). Banker Claude Perier drafted the first statutes and Emmanuel Crétet was the first governor of the Bank. On 24 Germinal, year XI (14 April 1803), the new Bank received its first official charter granting it the exclusive right to issue paper money in Paris for fifteen years.


Development

On 22 April 1806, a new law replaced the Central Committee with a Governor and two Deputy Governors. All three were appointed by the Emperor. On 16 January 1808, a decree set out the "Basic Statutes", which were to govern the Bank's operations until 1936. For the first fifteen years, the Bank of France was the sole issuer of bank notes in Paris, and this privilege was extended to other financially important cities and the rest of the country by 1848.Bank of France
Encyclopædia Britannica
The Bank was also instrumental in the creation of the Latin Monetary Union (LMU) in 1865. The countries of France,
Belgium Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. Situated in a coastal lowland region known as the Low Countries, it is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeas ...
,
Italy Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe, Western Europe. It consists of Italian Peninsula, a peninsula that extends into the Mediterranean Sea, with the Alps on its northern land b ...
, and the Swiss Confederation established the LMU franc as a common bimetallic currency. In World War I, the Bank sold short-term Treasury bonds abroad to help pay for wartime expenditures. France abandoned the gold standard shortly after the outbreak of war. Debts amounted to approximately 42 billion francs by 1919. Following the war, the Bank sought to re-establish the
gold standard A gold standard is a backed currency, monetary system in which the standard economics, economic unit of account is based on a fixed quantity of gold. The gold standard was the basis for the international monetary system from the 1870s to the ...
and acquired capital from a number of American and British banking syndicates to defend the franc from exchange-rate fluctuations. The Bank also began to hoard gold reserves and, at its peak, held 28.3 percent of the world's gold stock (only behind the United States at 30.4 percent). Some scholars have asserted that this gold accumulation was a contributing factor to the
Great Depression The Great Depression was a severe global economic downturn from 1929 to 1939. The period was characterized by high rates of unemployment and poverty, drastic reductions in industrial production and international trade, and widespread bank and ...
. Under Émile Moreau,
Governor A governor is an politician, administrative leader and head of a polity or Region#Political regions, political region, in some cases, such as governor-general, governors-general, as the head of a state's official representative. Depending on the ...
from 1926 to 1930, the Bank consolidated gold reserves created a stabilization insurance fund (''fonds de stabilisation''), and tested new monetary policies in the wake of a global depression. In World War II, the Bank oversaw the transfer of gold reserves overseas, which mainly included
Canada Canada is a country in North America. Its Provinces and territories of Canada, ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, making it the world's List of coun ...
, the
United States The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...
, and the French overseas territories. In 1945, the Bank was nationalized by
Charles de Gaulle Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (22 November 18909 November 1970) was a French general and statesman who led the Free France, Free French Forces against Nazi Germany in World War II and chaired the Provisional Government of the French Re ...
and became a state-owned institution. Existing shareholders received bonds to replace their shares in the company. The Bank's statute was reformed in 1973. In 1993, the Bank of France was again reformed when it obtained independence from the state. It sought to establish credibility by promising to adhere to the single mandate of price stability. Jean-Claude Trichet,
Governor A governor is an politician, administrative leader and head of a polity or Region#Political regions, political region, in some cases, such as governor-general, governors-general, as the head of a state's official representative. Depending on the ...
from 1993 to 2003, was the final Governor of the Bank until the establishment of the European Central Bank (ECB) in June 1998. Today, the ECB sets
monetary policy Monetary policy is the policy adopted by the monetary authority of a nation to affect monetary and other financial conditions to accomplish broader objectives like high employment and price stability (normally interpreted as a low and stable rat ...
and oversees price stability for all countries in the Eurozone, including France. On 1 June 1998, a new institution was created, the
European Central Bank The European Central Bank (ECB) is the central component of the Eurosystem and the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) as well as one of seven institutions of the European Union. It is one of the world's Big Four (banking)#International ...
(ECB), charged with steering the single monetary policy for the
euro The euro (currency symbol, symbol: euro sign, €; ISO 4217, currency code: EUR) is the official currency of 20 of the Member state of the European Union, member states of the European Union. This group of states is officially known as the ...
. The body formed by the ECB, and the national central banks (NCB) of all the member states of the
European Union The European Union (EU) is a supranational union, supranational political union, political and economic union of Member state of the European Union, member states that are Geography of the European Union, located primarily in Europe. The u ...
, constitute the European System of Central Banks (ESCB). According to the Maastrict Treaty, the Bank would oversee the functioning of the payment system and conduct independent research on the French economy, while the newly established
European Central Bank The European Central Bank (ECB) is the central component of the Eurosystem and the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) as well as one of seven institutions of the European Union. It is one of the world's Big Four (banking)#International ...
conducted monetary policy for the entire Eurozone. The French franc was replaced by the
Euro The euro (currency symbol, symbol: euro sign, €; ISO 4217, currency code: EUR) is the official currency of 20 of the Member state of the European Union, member states of the European Union. This group of states is officially known as the ...
as a virtual currency on 1 January 1999, being replaced entirely with coins and banknotes on 1 March 2002. Following the Great Recession, the Bank of France implemented quantitative easing for the account of the ECB.3rd Inspecting the Mechanism of Quantitative Easing in the Euro Area
Ralph S.J. Koijen, François Koulischer, Benoît Nguyen & Motohiro Yogo, February 2018
In 2010, the French government's Autorité de la concurrence (the department in charge of regulating competition) fined eleven banks, including Bank of France, the sum of €384,900,000 for colluding to charge unjustified fees on check processing, especially for extra fees charged during the transition from paper check transfer to " Exchanges Check-Image" electronic transfer.Collusion in the banking sector
Press Release of Autorité de la concurrence, République Française, 20 September 2010, retrv 20 September 2010

Elena Bertson, Dow Jones News Wires / Wall Street Journal online, retrieved 20 September 2010
The Bank recently established a "Lab", located on the Rue Réaumur in Paris, where start-ups and small businesses work on blockchain,
artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence (AI) is the capability of computer, computational systems to perform tasks typically associated with human intelligence, such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and decision-making. It is a field of re ...
, and
virtual reality Virtual reality (VR) is a Simulation, simulated experience that employs 3D near-eye displays and pose tracking to give the user an immersive feel of a virtual world. Applications of virtual reality include entertainment (particularly video gam ...
. The Bank is the first to set up a blockchain system. With the onset of the
COVID-19 pandemic The COVID-19 pandemic (also known as the coronavirus pandemic and COVID pandemic), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), began with an disease outbreak, outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, in December ...
and the ensuing economic crisis, the
Eurosystem The Eurosystem is the monetary authority of the eurozone, the collective of European Union member states that have adopted the euro as their sole official currency. The European Central Bank (ECB) has, under Article 16 of its Statute,
resolved to inject €3 trillion of liquidity into banks, allowing them in turn to support households and businesses, particularly with regard to urgent cash flow needs. In addition to membership in the Eurosystem, the Banque de France is in charge of credit mediation. This service, which has been in very high demand during the crisis, provides assistance to companies facing difficulties in their relations with financial institutions. The Banque de France manages procedures to resolve overindebtedness, and while its premises are no longer open to the public, requests continue to be processed.


Activities

The Bank of France describes itself as responsible for three missions: monetary strategy, financial stability, and services to the economy.


Monetary policy

The Bank of France contributes to the design of the monetary policy of the Eurozone, through macroeconomic research and forecast and by taking part in the deliberations on ECB decisions, and implements it in France. It prints
euro The euro (currency symbol, symbol: euro sign, €; ISO 4217, currency code: EUR) is the official currency of 20 of the Member state of the European Union, member states of the European Union. This group of states is officially known as the ...
bank notes, in larger volumes than any of its
Eurosystem The Eurosystem is the monetary authority of the eurozone, the collective of European Union member states that have adopted the euro as their sole official currency. The European Central Bank (ECB) has, under Article 16 of its Statute,
peers, and manages the circulation of bank notes and coins. It also participates in the fight against counterfeit money, by training bank employees, merchants, police, and other stakeholders. It manages part of the foreign exchange reserves of the ECB.


Financial stability

The Bank of France participates in the prudential oversight of the French financial sector through the Prudential Supervision and Resolution Authority (ACPR) which operates under its aegis. The Banque de France also has special responsibilities with regard to payment systems and financial market infrastructures. It has direct oversight responsibility over LCH SA, a central counterparty (CCP); Euroclear France and ID2S, two central securities depositories; and CORE(FR) and SEPA.EU, two retail payment systems operated by STET SA. It is also involved in the cooperative oversight of ten infrastructures for which the lead oversight role belongs to another institution: * Four infrastructures under the Eurosystem oversight framework led by the
European Central Bank The European Central Bank (ECB) is the central component of the Eurosystem and the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) as well as one of seven institutions of the European Union. It is one of the world's Big Four (banking)#International ...
: T2, T2S, EURO1, and STEP2-T; * Four EU-based CCPs with an
EMIR Emir (; ' (), also Romanization of Arabic, transliterated as amir, is a word of Arabic language, Arabic origin that can refer to a male monarch, aristocratic, aristocrat, holder of high-ranking military or political office, or other person po ...
College: LCH Ltd (led by the
Bank of England The Bank of England is the central bank of the United Kingdom and the model on which most modern central banks have been based. Established in 1694 to act as the Kingdom of England, English Government's banker and debt manager, and still one ...
), Eurex Clearing (led by BaFin), CC&G (led by the
Bank of Italy The Bank of Italy (Italian language, Italian: ''Banca d'Italia'', , informally referred to as ''Bankitalia'') is the National central bank (Eurosystem), national central bank for Italy within the Eurosystem. It was the Italian central bank from ...
), and EuroCCP (led by De Nederlandsche Bank); * Two global infrastructures with an international cooperative oversight framework, SWIFT (led by the National Bank of Belgium) and CLS (led by the U.S. Federal Reserve). Like many other central banks, the Bank of France publishes a periodical Financial Stability Review (''Revue de la Stabilité Financière'').


Services to the economy

The Bank of France provides services to households, businesses, and the French state: * It is in charge of offering services to households in severe financial difficulty. This includes the management of over-indebtedness (one of the major tasks of the local branches of the bank), and the guarantee to an access to basic banking services for everyone, such as the right to a basic
bank account A bank account is a financial account maintained by a bank or other financial institution in which the financial transaction A financial transaction is an Contract, agreement, or communication, between a buyer and seller to exchange goods, ...
. It is also in charge of financial and economic education of the general public, by developing an economic culture among specific populations (like youngsters and households in severe financial difficulty). This includes sensitizing high school students, providing online information and educational services, training social workers and the launch of the French Cité de l'économie et de la monnaie (Citéco), a museum based in the 17th district of
Paris Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, largest city of France. With an estimated population of 2,048,472 residents in January 2025 in an area of more than , Paris is the List of ci ...
, in 2019. * It provides company ratings for non-listed companies, which can for instance be used by business leaders to obtain credit from their bank. It also manages credit mediation (mediation between companies and their banks, their credit insurers, etc.) and proposes support to very small businesses (advice for their development and needs). The Bank of France publishes a number of economic surveys, national and regional statistics, destined to businesses.


Governance

The governor of the Bank of France is appointed by the president and is, as of 2019, François Villeroy de Galhau, since 1 November 2015. He presides over the Bank's General Council, the body responsible for deliberating on all matters relating to non-Eurosystem activities. As of late 2023, the first deputy governor was and the second deputy governor was Agnès Bénassy-Quéré.


Key figures

In 2019, the main key figures of the Bank of France are as follows: * Number of full-time employees: 9,857 * Regional branches: 95 *Profit before tax : 6.5 billion euros * Dividend distributed to the French state : 6.1 billion euros * Gold reserves: 106.1 billion euros * Gold stock in France: 2,436 tons The Bank distributed dividends to the French state of 4.5 billion euros in 2016, 5.0 billion euros in 2017 and 6.1 billion euros in 2019.


Buildings

A decree on 6 March 1808 authorized the Bank to purchase the former mansion of the Count of Toulouse in the rue de la Vrillière in Paris for its headquarters. The bank's head office subsequently expanded from that original property, through the acquisition and remodeling of adjacent buildings and in the surrounding neighborhood. A major expansion occurred in 1924-1927 as part of an urban renewal project that entailed the demolition of several historical buildings and the creation of a new thoroughfare, the . It entailed the erection of a new complex for the bank above a large underground bunker known as the , designed by architect Alphonse Defrasse. The Bank of France commissioned the erection of branches in many French towns and cities, which are often prominent in the urban landscape. In 2019, the bank opened its museum, the Cité de l'économie et de la monnaie, in a former branch in the 17th arrondissement of Paris. This followed comparable initiatives in Europe such as the Museum of the National Bank of Belgium (opened 1982), the Bank of England Museum (1988), and the (1999). File:Banque de France 1920s.jpg, The Bank of France's main building built in the 1920s on rue Croix-des-Petits-Champs in Paris File:Hôtel de Toulouse, Paris 1e, West View 140131 1.jpg, Façade of the on rue Croix-des-Petits-Champs File:Paris, Hôtel de Toulouse, Banque de France, Galerie Dorée.jpg, The ''galerie dorée'', prestige room inside the ''Hôtel de Toulouse'' File:Garden @ Hôtel de Toulouse @ Banque de France @ Paris (29142848023).jpg, Garden of the ''Hôtel de Toulouse'' inside the Bank of France's main complex File:Hotel Portalis.jpg, , a nearby property also owned by the Bank of France File:Immeuble de l'ancienne Salle Ventadour 2021 4.jpg, Former Salle Ventadour in Paris, used by the Bank of France since 1892 File:Rue du Bac & Rue de l'Université, 75007 Paris, August 2015.jpg, Bank of France building at the corner of Rue du Bac and Rue de l'Université in Paris File:Banque de France, rue de Sèvres, Boulevard Raspail, Paris 6e.jpg, Bank of France building at the corner of Boulevard Raspail and Rue de Sèvres in Paris File:Paris BdF Bastille.jpg, Bank of France building on Place de la Bastille, corner of rue Saint-Antoine in Paris File:Hôtel Gaillard, 1 place du Général-Catroux, Paris 17e.jpg, Hôtel Gaillard in Paris, lately the Bank of France's Museum File:Bâtiment Banque France - Amiens (FR80) - 2021-05-30 - 1.jpg, Branch in
Amiens Amiens (English: or ; ; , or ) is a city and Communes of France, commune in northern France, located north of Paris and south-west of Lille. It is the capital of the Somme (department), Somme Departments of France, department in the region ...
File:Banque France Bourg Bresse 3.jpg, Branch in Bourg-en-Bresse File:Brest - banque de France.jpg, Branch in Brest


See also

* Economy of France * Banques départementales * French franc * Governor of the Bank de France * List of central banks * Anti-money laundering framework for financial institutions in France


References


Further reading

* Accominotti, Olivier. "The Sterling Trap: Foreign Reserves Management at the Bank of France, 1928-19". '' European Review of Economic History'' 13, No. 3 (2009)

*Baubeau, Patrice. "The Bank of France's balance sheets database, 1840–1998: an introduction to 158 years of central banking." '' Financial History Review'' 25, No. 2 (2018)

* Bazot, Guillaume, Michael D. Bordo, and Eric Monnet. "The Price of Stability: The Balance Sheet Policy of the Banque de France and the Gold Standard (1880–1914)." NBER Working Papers. Number 20554. October 2014

* Bignon, Vincent and Marc Flandreau. "The Other Way: A Narrative History of Banque de France." In ''Sveriges Riksbank and the History of Central Banking'', eds. Tor Jacobson and Daniel Waldenstrom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018. * Bordo, Michael D. and Pierre-Cyrille Hautcoeur. "Why Didn't France Follow the British Stabilisation after World War I?" ''European Review of Economic History'' 11, no. 1 (2007): 3–37. * Bouvier, Jean. "The Banque de France and the State from 1850 to the Present Day." in Fausto Vicarelli, et al. eds., ''Central banks' independence in historical perspective'' (Walter de Gruyter, 1988) pp. 73–104. * Du Camp, Maxime and Raphael-Georges Lévy. ''La Banque de France et son Histoire''. Mono, 2017. * Duchaussoy, Vincent. "Une Banque publique ? 1936 ou la mutation initiée de la Banque de France." ''Revue historique'' 681 (2017): 55–72. * Flandreau, Marc. "Central Bank Cooperation in Historical Perspective: A Sceptical View." '' The Economic History Review'', New Series, 50, no. 4 (1997): 735–63. ww.jstor.org/stable/2599884* Flandreau, Marc, 1996b, The French Crime of 1873: An Essay on the Emergence of the International Gold Standard, * Flandreau, Marc. ''The Glitter of Gold: France, Bimetallism, and the Emergence of the International Gold Standard, 1848–1873''. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. *Flandreau, Marc. "Was the Latin Monetary Union a Franc Zone?." In ''International Monetary Systems in Historical Perspective'', ed. J. Reis (1995). * Gille, Bertrand. ''La Banque en France au xixe siècle : recherches historiques'', Genève: Droz, 1970. * * Irwin, Douglas A. "The French Gold Sink and the Great Deflation of 1929–32."
Dartmouth College Dartmouth College ( ) is a Private university, private Ivy League research university in Hanover, New Hampshire, United States. Established in 1769 by Eleazar Wheelock, Dartmouth is one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the America ...


*Leclercq, Yves. ''La Banque supérieure : La Banque de France de 1800 à 1914''. Paris, Éditions Classique Garnier, 2010. * Monnet, Éric. ''Controlling Credit: Central Banking and the Planned Economy in Postwar France, 1948–1973''. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press was the university press of the University of Cambridge. Granted a letters patent by King Henry VIII in 1534, it was the oldest university press in the world. Cambridge University Press merged with Cambridge Assessme ...
, 2018. * Mouré, Kenneth. ''Managing the Franc Poincaré: Economic Understanding and Political Constraint in French Monetary Policy, 1928–1936''. Cambridge University Press (1991). *Nishimura, Shizuya. "The French Provincial Banks, the Banque De France, and Bill Finance, 1890–1913." ''The Economic History Review'', New Series, 48, no. 3 (1995): 536–54 * Jacoud, Gilles. "Crises et Apprentissage: La Banque de France en 1848," ''Entreprises et Histoire'' (Dec. 2012) Issue 69, pp 27–37 * Plessis, Alain. "The history of banks in France." in Pohl, Manfred, and Sabine Freitag, eds. ''Handbook on the history of European banks'' (Edward Elgar Publishing, 1994) pp: 185–296
online
* Plessis, Alain. ''Histoires de la Banque de France''. Paris: Albin Michel, 2015. * Plessis, Alain. ''La Banque de France et ses deux cents actionnaires sous le Second Empire''. Geneva: Droz, 1982. * Servais, Édmond. La Banque de France. Son histoire, son organisation, ses opérations. Cours Servais, 1949. * Sicsic, Pierre. "Was the franc poincare deliberately undervalued?," ''Explorations in Economic History'' 29(1) (1992): 69–92.* Szramkiewicz, Romuald. ''Les Régents et censeurs de la Banque de France nommés sous le Consulat et l'Empire''. Genève: Droz, 1974. * Yee, Robert. "The Bank of France and the Gold Dependency: Observations on the Bank's Weekly Balance Sheets and Reserves, 1898–1940." ''Johns Hopkins University: Studies in Applied Economics''. No. 128


External links

*
Official site of Bank of France
*

The directors of Bank of France between 1800 and 1815. *

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Banque De France Economy of France Banks established in 1800 Banque de France, European System of Central Banks, France Eurosystem, France Central banks, France Banknote printing companies French companies established in 1800 Financial regulatory authorities of France Banks based in Paris, France Napoleon French banks of issue