Bakumpai or Baraki are indigenous people of

Borneo Borneo () is the List of islands by area, third-largest island in the world, with an area of , and population of 23,053,723 (2020 national censuses). Situated at the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia, it is one of the Greater Sunda ...

and are considered as a sub-ethnic group of the Dayak

Ngaju people The Ngaju people (also Ngaju Dayak or Dayak Ngaju or Biaju) are an indigenous ethnic group of Borneo from the Dayak people, Dayak group. In a census from 2000, when they were first listed as a separate ethnic group, they made up 18.02% of the po ...

group with Islamic background. The Bakumpai people first occupy along the Barito riverbanks in

South Kalimantan South Kalimantan () is a Provinces of Indonesia, province of Indonesia. It is the second most populous province on the island of Kalimantan, the Indonesian territory of the island of Borneo after West Kalimantan. The provincial capital was Banjar ...

and

Central Kalimantan Central Kalimantan () is a provinces of Indonesia, province of Indonesia. It is one of five provinces in Kalimantan, the Indonesian part of Borneo. It is the largest province in Indonesia by area since 2022, bordered by West Kalimantan to the west ...

, from Marabahan to Puruk Cahu, Murung Raya Regency. The Bakumpai people first appeared as a newly recognized people group in census 2000 and were made up of 7.51% of

population, which before this the Bakumpai people were considered as part of the

Dayak people The Dayak (; older spelling: Dajak) or Dyak or Dayuh are the native groups of Borneo. It is a loose term for over 200 riverine and hill-dwelling ethnic groups, located principally in the central and southern interior of Borneo, each with its ...

in a 1930 census. Bakumpai people originate from the upstream region of the former Bakumpai district, while the settlement of the Barangas people (Baraki) are in the downstream region. On the northern side of the upstream region from the former Bakumpai district is the Mangkatib (Mengkatib) district, which makes the settlement of the Dayak Bara Dia people or Dayak Mengkatib people. The Bakumpai people as well as the Mengkatib people are descendants of the

from Tanahdayak.

Etymology

The name "Bakumpai" is a nickname for

who live along the

Barito River The Barito River is the second longest river in Borneo, Indonesia after the Kapuas River with a total length of and a drainage basin of over in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. It originates in the Müller Mountain Range, from where it flows ...

banks. In the

Banjar language The Banjar or Banjarese (; , Jawi: ) is an Austronesian language of the Malayic branch predominantly spoken by the Banjarese—an indigenous ethnic group native to Banjar regions— in the southeastern Kalimantan of Indonesia. The Banja ...

, Bakumpai comes from the word ''ba'' which means "own" and ''kumpai'' which means "grass". From this nickname, it is understood that this people dwell in the grassland region.

Mythology

According to legend, the origins of the Bakumpai Dayaks came from

who settled on the current land which is called Marabahan. In the beginning, they practice

Kaharingan ''Kaharingan'' is an Native Indonesians, indigenous Animism, animistic folk religion of the Dayak people such as Katingan people, Katingan, Lawangan people, Lawangan, Ma'anyan people, Ma'anyan, Ngaju people, Ngaju, Ot Danum people, Ot Danum peopl ...

, the religion of their ancestors, which can be seen as well in the cultures of other

. Later, they came across a charismatic man in that land, who could cause the ground that he stood on to grow grass. That man is none other than Nabiyullah Khidir. In the story, they followed him and converted to

Islam Islam is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the Quran, and the teachings of Muhammad. Adherents of Islam are called Muslims, who are estimated to number Islam by country, 2 billion worldwide and are the world ...

, and multiplied into a group of people. When they studied religion in a particular region together with their teacher, Nabiyullah Khidir, grass would begin to grow from the ground and thus they are referred to as Bakumpai people. The Bakumpai people once had a kingdom that is much older than the kingdoms of the Banjar region, but because of supernatural abilities the kingdom had to be relocated to the

and its king is known with the name ''Datuk Barito''. From Marabahan, they spread to the streams of

. According to local folklore, there is an area in Murung Raya Regency called Muara Untu where in the beginning it was a jungle controlled by a race of

jinn Jinn or djinn (), alternatively genies, are supernatural beings in pre-Islamic Arabian religion and Islam. Their existence is generally defined as parallel to humans, as they have free will, are accountable for their deeds, and can be either ...

named ''Untu''. Later there was a Bakumpai man named, Raghuy who traveled and lived there. Until today if observed from the lineage of the Muara Untu people, they would trace their ancestors to Raghuy.

Culture

The Bakumpai people have been greatly influenced by the language, culture, customary laws and architecture of the

Banjar people The Banjar or Banjarese () are an Austronesian peoples, Austronesian ethnic group native to the Banjar Region, Banjar regions (notably Banjarmasin, Banjarbaru, Banjar Regency, etc.) in the South Kalimantan, southeastern Kalimantan regions of In ...

. Hence the Bakumpai people in terms of culture and customary laws are classified as part of Banjarese culture, but in linguistic terms the Bakumpai are closely related to the

. They speak Bakumpai language. Almost all Bakumpai people practices

and

, the traditional belief of the

is relatively unseen compared to other

groups. Customary ceremonies that are related to old beliefs are such as ''Badewa'' and ''Manyanggar Lebu'' rituals.

Lineage

Bakumpai people are considered as a sub-ethnic of the

. The

are one of the four people group from a bigger familial group also called as the Dayak Ngaju or Ot Danum people. This people group is also known as Dayak Ot Danum, as the

are the descendants of the Dayak Ot Danum people that came from the upstream rivers that are found in the region but may have undergone changes in their language. Therefore, the Dayak Ot Danum people is considered as the parent tribe, but the

is still the dominant ethnic in the region. The tribal genealogy of the Bakumpai people:- *

(the originator) divided into primary ethnics: ** Sea Dayaks or

Iban people The Iban are an indigenous ethnic group native to Borneo, primarily found in the Malaysian state of Sarawak, Brunei and parts of West Kalimantan, Indonesia. They are one of the largest groups among the broader Dayak peoples, a term historically ...

** Land Dayaks ** Dayak Apo Kayan or Kenyah- Bahau people **

Murut people The Murut, alternatively referred to as Tagol/Tahol, constitute an indigenous ethnic community comprising 29 distinct sub-ethnic groups dwelling within the northern inland territories of Borneo. Characterized by their rich cultural diversity, ...

** Ngaju people or Dayak Ot Danum people, divides into four sub-ethnic groups: ***

Ma'anyan people Ma'anyan (colonial spelling Maanjan or Meanjan), Dayak Maanyan or Eastern Barito Dayak people are an ethnic group of the Dayak people indigenous to Borneo. They are also considered as part of the east Barito Dusun group with the name Dusun Ma'an ...

***

Lawangan people Lawangan or Luangan people are an ethnic group of the Dayak Dusun people (East Barito) group, sometimes also referred to as Dusun Lawangan or Dayak Lawangan. The Lawangan people inhabit the eastern side of Central Kalimantan and West Kutai Regen ...

***

Dusun people Dusun is the collective name of an indigenous ethnic group to the Malaysian state of Sabah of North Borneo. Collectively, they form the largest ethnic group in Sabah. The Dusun people have been internationally recognised as indigenous to Bor ...

***

, divides into smaller sub-ethnics: **** Bakumpai people **** Meratus people **** and many more. The relationship comparison of the Bakumpai people and the

is liken to the relationship of the

Tenggerese people The Tenggerese people are a sub-ethnic group of Javanese people, Javanese in East Java, eastern Java who are centered in the isolated Tengger mountains (Mount Bromo) in the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park in eastern Java. The majority of th ...

and the

Javanese people The Javanese ( , ; ) are an Austronesian peoples, Austronesian ethnic group native to the central and eastern part of the Indonesian island of Java. With more than 100 million people, Javanese people are the largest ethnic group in both Indo ...

, where the

is the parent ethnic of the Bakumpai people.

Population

The population of the Bakumpai people in

Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian Ocean, Indian and Pacific Ocean, Pacific oceans. Comprising over List of islands of Indonesia, 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, ...

is 171,000. In a 2000 census, the population of the Bakumpai people in

is 20,609. In

, they mostly found in Barito Kuala Regency with a population of 18,892. The population of the Bakumpai people (2000 census) are divided as the following:- * 20,609 in

* 135,297 in

* 1,000 in

East Kalimantan East Kalimantan (Indonesian language, Indonesian: ) is a Provinces of Indonesia, province of Indonesia. Its territory comprises the eastern portion of Borneo/Kalimantan. It had a population of about 3.03 million at the 2010 census (within the cu ...

(Long Iram,

West Kutai Regency West Kutai Regency () is a regency (''kabupaten'') in the Indonesian province of East Kalimantan. It previously covered a much greater area, with a population of 165,091 at the 2010 Census, but on 11 January 2013 the five northernmost districts we ...

) Population of the Bakumpai people in

of 20,609 are distributed into regencies and cities, such as:- * 32 in Tanah Laut Regency * 397 in Kota Baru Regency (including Tanah Bumbu Regency) * 34 in

Banjar Regency Banjar Regency is one of the eleven Regencies of Indonesia, regencies in the Indonesian Provinces of Indonesia, province of South Kalimantan; the Capital (political), capital is Martapura, South Kalimantan, Martapura. It covers an area of 4,66 ...

* 18,892 in Barito Kuala Regency * 12 in

Tapin Regency Tapin Regency is one of regencies in the Indonesian province of South Kalimantan. The regency was created on 14 July 1965 by splitting off the districts which had until then comprised the southern part of South Hulu Sungai Regency. The regency' ...

* 3 in South Hulu Sungai Regency * 23 in Central Hulu Sungai Regency * 42 in North Hulu Sungai Regency (including

Balangan Regency Balangan Regency is one of the regencies in the Indonesian province of South Kalimantan. It was created on 25 February 2003 from what were previously the eastern districts of North Hulu Sungai Regency. It now covers an area of 1,828.51 km2, and ...

) * 41 in

Tabalong Regency Tabalong Regency is the northernmost regency in the Indonesian province of South Kalimantan, on Borneo Island. It was created on 14 July 1965 by splitting off the former northern districts of North Hulu Sungai Regency. It has a land area of ...

* 1,048 in

Banjarmasin Banjarmasin is the largest city in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. It was the capital of the province until 15 February 2022. The city is located on a delta island near the junction of the Barito and Martapura rivers. Historically the centre of t ...

* 85 in

Banjarbaru Banjarbaru is the capital city of South Kalimantan, one of the provinces in Indonesia. It is located southeast of Banjarmasin, the largest city of the province. The city had a population of 199,627 as of the 2010 Census,Biro Pusat Statistik, J ...

Regencies or cities that have Bakumpai tribal organization are:- * Barito Kuala Regency (Bakumpai district, Tabukan and Kuripan) * South Barito Regency * East Barito Regency * North Barito Regency * Murung Raya Regency * Kapuas Regency * Pulang Pisau Regency *

Palangkaraya Palangka Raya or Palangkaraya is the capital and largest city of the Indonesian province of Central Kalimantan. The city is situated between the Kahayan and the Sabangau rivers on the island of Borneo. As of the 2020 census, the city has a popu ...

Katingan Regency Katingan Regency () is one of the thirteen regencies which comprise the Central Kalimantan Province on the island of Kalimantan (Borneo), Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceani ...

, a form of enclave *

(1,7% population) The organization of the Bakumpai people is the "''Kerukunan Keluarga Bakumpai''" (KKB), which was

Kalimantan Kalimantan (; ) is the Indonesian portion of the island of Borneo. It constitutes 73% of the island's area, and consists of the provinces of Central Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, North Kalimantan, South Kalimantan, and West Kalimantan. The non-Ind ...

's local party during the 1955 election.

Notable Bakumpai people

* K.H. Hasan Basri, chairman of Mejelis Ulama Indonesia. * Professor Anwari Dilmy, rector of Universitas Lambung Mangkurat. * Z.A. Maulani, chief of Badan Intelijen Negara. * Commander Wangkang, Dayak commander in Barito Kuala Regency during the Banjar War (1859–1905). * Commander Batur, Banjar War (1859–1905) fighter.

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bakumpai People Ethnic groups in Indonesia Muslim communities of Indonesia Dayak ethnic groups