Bajirao I (né Visaji,
; 18 August 1700 – 28 April 1740) was the 7th
Peshwa
The Peshwa was the second highest office in the Maratha Empire, next in rank and prestige only to that of the Chhatrapati. Initially serving as the appointed prime minister in the Maratha Kingdom, the office became hereditary when Shahu gave t ...
of the
Maratha Empire
The Maratha Empire, also referred to as the Maratha Confederacy, was an early modern India, early modern polity in the Indian subcontinent. It comprised the realms of the Peshwa and four major independent List of Maratha dynasties and states, Ma ...
. He was appointed Peshwa at the age of nineteen by
Shahu I
Shahu I (Shivaji Sambhaji Raje Bhonsale; ; 18 May 1682 – 15 December 1749) was the fifth Chhatrapati or head of state of the Maratha Empire founded by his grandfather, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, Shivaji I. He was born into the House of B ...
, following the death of his father,
Balaji Vishwanath. He is credited with establishing the Marathas as the supreme power in the
Indian subcontinent
The Indian subcontinent is a physiographic region of Asia below the Himalayas which projects into the Indian Ocean between the Bay of Bengal to the east and the Arabian Sea to the west. It is now divided between Bangladesh, India, and Pakista ...
, displacing
Mughal dominance.
In the
Deccan region, the
Nizam of Hyderabad
Nizam of Hyderabad was the title of the ruler of Hyderabad State ( part of the Indian state of Telangana, and the Kalyana-Karnataka region of Karnataka). ''Nizam'' is a shortened form of (; ), and was the title bestowed upon Asaf Jah I wh ...
emerged as a major power. The relations between the two states deteriorated after the Marathas under the leadership of Fateh Singh Bhonsle invaded
Karnataka
Karnataka ( ) is a States and union territories of India, state in the southwestern region of India. It was Unification of Karnataka, formed as Mysore State on 1 November 1956, with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, States Re ...
in 1725, which came under the Nizam's influence. Alarmed by these incursions, the Nizam decided to contest the Maratha taxation rights in the Deccan granted via
the Mughal-Maratha treaty of 1718-19 and attacked
Pune
Pune ( ; , ISO 15919, ISO: ), previously spelled in English as Poona (List of renamed Indian cities and states#Maharashtra, the official name until 1978), is a city in the state of Maharashtra in the Deccan Plateau, Deccan plateau in Western ...
. Bajirao in response led a campaign against the Nizam in which the latter suffered a decisive defeat at the
Battle of Palkhed
The Battle of Palkhed was fought on 28 February 1728 at the village of Palkhed, near the city of vaijapur, in what is now Maharashtra, India, between the Maratha Empire and the Hyderabad State wherein the Marathas defeated the Nizam of Hyderab ...
. This victory solidified the Marathas' authority in the Deccan region.
In
Bundelkhand
Bundelkhand (, ) is a geographical and cultural region and a proposed state and also a mountain range in central and North India. It corresponds to the Post-Vedic Chedi kingdom. The hilly region is now divided between the states of Uttar Prad ...
, he
rescued the Bundela ruler
Chhatrasal
Maharaja Chhatrasal Bundela (4 May 1649 – 20 December 1731) was the Bundela Raja of Panna State, Panna from 1675 to 1731. He is well known for his resistance against the Mughal Empire and leading the struggle of independence of Bundelkhand.
...
from a Mughal siege, gaining independence for Bundelkhand. In gratitude,
Chhatrasal
Maharaja Chhatrasal Bundela (4 May 1649 – 20 December 1731) was the Bundela Raja of Panna State, Panna from 1675 to 1731. He is well known for his resistance against the Mughal Empire and leading the struggle of independence of Bundelkhand.
...
bestowed one third of his territories to him. In the late 1720s, Bajirao asserted Maratha tax rights in
Gujarat
Gujarat () is a States of India, state along the Western India, western coast of India. Its coastline of about is the longest in the country, most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula. Gujarat is the List of states and union territories ...
. He defeated rebel
Trimbak Rao Dabhade at
Dabhoi
Dabhoi is a town and a municipality in the Vadodara district in the state of Gujarat, India.
Dabhoi has a big popular sunni masjid (mosque) named Kaziwad Masjid.
History
Dabhoi was historically known as Darbhavati, Darbikagrama, Darbhavat ...
and integrated the whole province except
Ahmedabad
Ahmedabad ( ), also spelled Amdavad (), is the most populous city in the Indian state of Gujarat. It is the administrative headquarters of the Ahmedabad district and the seat of the Gujarat High Court. Ahmedabad's population of 5,570,585 ...
into the Maratha state by 1737. He also engaged in successful diplomatic missions with
Rajput
Rājpūt (, from Sanskrit ''rājaputra'' meaning "son of a king"), also called Thākur (), is a large multi-component cluster of castes, kin bodies, and local groups, sharing social status and ideology of genealogical descent originating fro ...
rulers, leading to the imposition of
chauth
Chauth (from ) was a regular tax or tribute imposed from the early 18th century by the Maratha Empire in the Indian subcontinent. It was an annual tax nominally levied at 25% on revenue or produce, hence the name, on lands that were under nominal M ...
on the Kingdoms of
Mewar
Mewar, also spelled as Mewad is a region in the south-central part of Rajasthan state of India. It includes the present-day districts of Bhilwara, Chittorgarh, Pratapgarh, Rajsamand, Udaipur, Pirawa Tehsil of Jhalawar District of Rajasth ...
and
Jaipur
Jaipur (; , ) is the List of state and union territory capitals in India, capital and the List of cities and towns in Rajasthan, largest city of the north-western States and union territories of India, Indian state of Rajasthan. , the city had ...
.
Further efforts to establish the Maratha position in the north saw him responsible for
The Raid on Delhi (1737), which may be said to mark the high point of his military career. He officially secured the important territory of
Malwa
Malwa () is a historical region, historical list of regions in India, region of west-central India occupying a plateau of volcanic origin. Geologically, the Malwa Plateau generally refers to the volcanic plateau, volcanic upland north of the ...
after defeating the combined forces of Mughals,
Awadh
Awadh (), known in British Raj historical texts as Avadh or Oudh, is a historical region in northern India and southern Nepal, now constituting the North-central portion of Uttar Pradesh. It is roughly synonymous with the ancient Kosala Regio ...
and
Nizam-ul-Mulk in the
Battle of Bhopal (1737). He died in 1740 after being struck by a severe fever and was succeeded by his son
Balaji Baji Rao
Balaji Baji Rao (8 December 1720 – 23 June 1761), often referred to as Nana Saheb I, was the 8th Peshwa of the Maratha Empire. He was appointed as Peshwa in 1740 upon the death of his father, Peshwa Bajirao I.
During his tenure, the Chhatra ...
.
Bajirao is viewed as a prominent figure in Maratha history.
He is regarded as one of the greatest military generals of his time and is reputed to have never lost a battle. His adventurous life has been
picturized in Indian cinema and featured in several novels.
Bajirao had two wives,
Kashibai and
Mastani. His relationship with Mastani remains a controversial subject, very little is known with certainty about it.
Early life

Bajirao was born into the
Bhat family in
Sinnar, near
Nashik
Nashik, formerly Nasik, is a city in the northern region of the Indian state of Maharashtra situated on the banks of the river Godavari, about northeast of the state capital Mumbai.
Nashik is one of the Hindu pilgrimage sites of the Kumbh ...
. His father
Balaji Vishwanath was the ''Peshwa'' of
Shahu I
Shahu I (Shivaji Sambhaji Raje Bhonsale; ; 18 May 1682 – 15 December 1749) was the fifth Chhatrapati or head of state of the Maratha Empire founded by his grandfather, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, Shivaji I. He was born into the House of B ...
and his mother was Radhabai Barve. Bajirao had a younger brother,
Chimaji Appa, and two younger sisters, Anubai and Bhiubai. Anubai was married to Venkatrao Ghorpade (Joshi) of
Ichalkaranji
Ichalkaranji ( t͡səlkəɾəɳd͡ʒiː is a city in Kolhapur District, Maharashtra, India. It is situated at the bank of the Panchganga River.
History
As described by Horace George Franks in the book ''The Story of Ichalkaranji'' (1929), ...
and Bhiubai was married to Abaji Naik Joshi of
Baramati
Baramati (Help:IPA/Marathi, aːɾamət̪iː is a city, a tehsil and a municipal council in Pune district in the state of Maharashtra, India. The city is about 100 km (62 miles) southeast of the city of Pune and about 250 km from M ...
who belonged to the
Deshastha Brahmin
Deshastha Brahmin is a Hinduism, Hindu Brahmin caste, subcaste mainly from the Indian state of Maharashtra and North Karnataka. Other than these states, according to authors K. S. Singh, Gregory Naik and Pran Nath Chopra, Deshastha Brahmins a ...
community.
Being born into a Brahmin family, his education included reading, writing, and learning
Sanskrit
Sanskrit (; stem form ; nominal singular , ,) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in northwest South Asia after its predecessor languages had Trans-cultural ...
. However, he did not remain confined to his books. Bajirao displayed a passion for the military at an early age and often accompanied his father on military campaigns. He was with his father when his father was imprisoned by
Damaji Thorat before being released for a ransom.
Bajirao had been on the expedition to Delhi in 1719 with his father and was convinced the
Mughal Empire
The Mughal Empire was an Early modern period, early modern empire in South Asia. At its peak, the empire stretched from the outer fringes of the Indus River Basin in the west, northern Afghanistan in the northwest, and Kashmir in the north, to ...
was disintegrating and would be unable to resist northward Maratha expansion.
When
Balaji Vishwanath died in 1720,
Shahu appointed the 20-year-old Bajirao as Peshwa despite opposition from other chieftains.
Appearance and Personal life
Appearance
Bajirao grew up into a tall and broad-shouldered man. He was handsome and had a fair complexion.
There is a note that when this famed warrior, whose name had spread across the land for his bravery and triumphs in battle, passed through the towns of
Rajputana
Rājputana (), meaning Land of the Rajputs, was a region in the Indian subcontinent that included mainly the entire present-day States of India, Indian state of Rajasthan, parts of the neighboring states of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat, and adjo ...
, both men and women would rush to their windows to catch a glimpse of him.
Personal life

Bajirao's first wife was
Kashibai, the daughter of Mahadji Krishna Joshi and Bhawanibai of
Chas Chas may refer to:
__NOTOC__ Places
* Chas, Puy-de-Dôme, a commune in central France
* Chas, Bokaro, a city in Jharkhand, India
* Chas block, an administrative division in Jharkhand, India
* Chas, Khed, a panchayat village in Maharashtra, Ind ...
(a wealthy banking family). Bajirao always treated his wife Kashibai with love and respect.
Their relationship was healthy and happy.
They had four sons:
Balaji Bajirao (also called Nanasaheb), Ramachandra Rao,
Raghunath Rao and Janardhan Rao, who died at an early age. Nanasaheb was appointed Peshwa by Shahu in 1740, succeeding his father.
Bajirao took
Mastani as his wife, the daughter of
Rajput
Rājpūt (, from Sanskrit ''rājaputra'' meaning "son of a king"), also called Thākur (), is a large multi-component cluster of castes, kin bodies, and local groups, sharing social status and ideology of genealogical descent originating fro ...
king
Chhatrasal
Maharaja Chhatrasal Bundela (4 May 1649 – 20 December 1731) was the Bundela Raja of Panna State, Panna from 1675 to 1731. He is well known for his resistance against the Mughal Empire and leading the struggle of independence of Bundelkhand.
...
, born from his
Muslim
Muslims () are people who adhere to Islam, a Monotheism, monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic tradition. They consider the Quran, the foundational religious text of Islam, to be the verbatim word of the God ...
concubine. The relationship was a political one, arranged to please Chhatrasal.
Accounts, however with regard to her origin vary. Some consider her the daughter of the
Nizam, while others refer to her as a courtesan of the court of some Muslim chief. The Nizam on the suggestion of his wife married her to Bajirao to promote diplomatic relations with Marathas.
Mastani had a son,
Krishna Rao, in 1734. Since his mother was Muslim, Hindu priests refused to conduct the
upanayana ceremony and he became known as
Shamsher Bahadur.
After the deaths of Bajirao and Mastani in 1740, Kashibai raised six-year-old Shamsher Bahadur as her own. Shamsher received a portion of his father's dominion of
Banda and
Kalpi. In 1761, he and his army fought alongside
Sadashiv Bhau in the
Third Battle of Panipat
The Third Battle of Panipat took place on 14 January 1761 between the Maratha Empire and the invading army of the Durrani Empire. The battle took place in and around the city of Panipat, approximately north of Delhi. The Afghan (ethnonym), Af ...
between the Marathas and the
Afghans
Afghans (; ) are the citizens and nationals of Afghanistan, as well as their descendants in the Afghan diaspora. The country is made up of various ethnic groups, of which Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras, and Uzbeks are the largest. The three main lan ...
. Wounded in the battle, Shamsher died several days later in
Deeg
Deeg is an ancient historical city in Deeg district of Rajasthan, India. It is carved out from its former district Bharatpur on 7 August 2023. This little city is worth visiting for its unmatched fortifications, extremely beautiful gardens and p ...
.
Shamsher had a son
Ali Bahadur through his wife Mehrambai. He helped
Mahadaji Shinde
Mahadaji Shinde (23 December 1730 – 13 February 1794), later known as Mahadji Scindia or Madhava Rao Scindia, was a Maratha statesman and general who served as the Gwalior State, Maharaja of Gwalior from 1768 to 1794. He was the fifth and the ...
to restore Maratha rule once again in Northern India.
Bajirao moved his base of operations from
Saswad to Pune in 1728, laying the foundation for the transformation of the
kasba into a large city. He began the construction of
Shaniwar Wada
Shaniwar Wada is a historical fortification in the city of Pune, India. Built in 1732, it was the seat of the Peshwas of the Maratha Confederacy until 1818. The fort itself was largely destroyed in 1828 by an unexplained fire, but the surviving ...
on 10 January 1730.
Appointment as Peshwa
Bajirao was appointed
Peshwa
The Peshwa was the second highest office in the Maratha Empire, next in rank and prestige only to that of the Chhatrapati. Initially serving as the appointed prime minister in the Maratha Kingdom, the office became hereditary when Shahu gave t ...
, succeeding his father, by Shahu on 17 April 1720. By the time of his appointment, the
Mughal emperor
The emperors of the Mughal Empire, who were all members of the Timurid dynasty (House of Babur), ruled the empire from its inception on 21 April 1526 to its dissolution on 21 September 1857. They were supreme monarchs of the Mughal Empire in ...
Muhammad Shah had upheld Maratha's claims to the territories held by
Shivaji
Shivaji I (Shivaji Shahaji Bhonsale, ; 19 February 1630 – 3 April 1680) was an Indian ruler and a member of the Bhonsle dynasty. Shivaji carved out his own independent kingdom from the Sultanate of Bijapur that formed the genesis of the ...
at his death. The Mughal-Maratha Treaty of 1718-1719 gave the Marathas the right to collect taxes (
chauth
Chauth (from ) was a regular tax or tribute imposed from the early 18th century by the Maratha Empire in the Indian subcontinent. It was an annual tax nominally levied at 25% on revenue or produce, hence the name, on lands that were under nominal M ...
) in the
Deccan
The Deccan is a plateau extending over an area of and occupies the majority of the Indian peninsula. It stretches from the Satpura and Vindhya Ranges in the north to the northern fringes of Tamil Nadu in the south. It is bound by the mount ...
's six
provinces
A province is an administrative division within a country or state. The term derives from the ancient Roman , which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire's territorial possessions outside Italy. The term ''provi ...
.
Bajirao convinced Shahu that the Maratha Empire had to go on the offensive against its enemies to defend itself.
He believed the Mughal Empire was in decline and wanted to take advantage of the situation with aggressive expansion into
North India
North India is a geographical region, loosely defined as a cultural region comprising the northern part of India (or historically, the Indian subcontinent) wherein Indo-Aryans (speaking Indo-Aryan languages) form the prominent majority populati ...
. Bajirao compared the Mughals' declining fortune to a tree which, if attacked at its roots, would collapse. He is reported to have said:
As a new Peshwa, however, he faced several challenges.
Bajirao promoted young men like himself, such as
Malhar Rao Holkar
Malhar Rao Holkar (16 March 1693 – 20 May 1766) was a noble subedar of the Maratha Empire, in present-day India. He was one of the early officers along with Ranoji Scindia, appointed by Peshwa Bajirao I to help spread the Maratha rule to nort ...
,
Ranoji Shinde, the Pawar brothers and Fateh Singh Bhosle, as commanders; these men did not belong to families who were hereditary
Deshmukh
Deshmukh (IAST:Dēśamukh) is a historical title conferred to the rulers of a . It is used as a surname in certain regions of India, especially in the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Telangana and also in Andhra Pradesh and northern parts of ...
s in the
Deccan sultanates
The Deccan sultanates is a historiographical term referring to five late medieval to early modern Persianate Indian Muslim kingdoms on the Deccan Plateau between the Krishna River and the Vindhya Range. They were created from the disintegrati ...
. The Mughal viceroy of the
Deccan
The Deccan is a plateau extending over an area of and occupies the majority of the Indian peninsula. It stretches from the Satpura and Vindhya Ranges in the north to the northern fringes of Tamil Nadu in the south. It is bound by the mount ...
,
Asaf Jah I,
Nizam of Hyderabad
Nizam of Hyderabad was the title of the ruler of Hyderabad State ( part of the Indian state of Telangana, and the Kalyana-Karnataka region of Karnataka). ''Nizam'' is a shortened form of (; ), and was the title bestowed upon Asaf Jah I wh ...
, had created a ''de facto'' autonomous kingdom in the region. He challenged Shahu 's right to collect taxes
on the pretext that he did not know whether Shahu or his cousin,
Sambhaji II of
Kolhapur
Kolhapur () is a city on the banks of the Panchganga River in the southern part of the Indian state of Maharashtra.
Kolhapur is one of the most significant cities in South Maharashtra and has been a hub of historical, religious, and cultural a ...
, was the rightful heir to the Maratha throne.
The Marathas needed to assert their rights over the nobles of newly acquired territories in
Malwa
Malwa () is a historical region, historical list of regions in India, region of west-central India occupying a plateau of volcanic origin. Geologically, the Malwa Plateau generally refers to the volcanic plateau, volcanic upland north of the ...
and
Gujarat
Gujarat () is a States of India, state along the Western India, western coast of India. Its coastline of about is the longest in the country, most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula. Gujarat is the List of states and union territories ...
.
Several nominally-Maratha areas were not actually under the Peshwa's control; for example, the
Siddi
The Siddi (), also known as the Sheedi, Sidi, or Siddhi, are an ethno-religious group living mostly in Pakistan. Some Siddis also live in India. They are primarily descended from the Bantu peoples of the Zanj coast in Southeast Africa, most ...
s controlled the
Janjira fort.
Military campaigns and wars
The Nizam

At the outset of Bajirao's Peshwa rule, the Mughal nobles, led by
Nizam-ul-Mulk, rebelled against the
Sayyid Brothers
The Sayyid brothers were Hassan Ali Khan Barha, Abdullah Khan II and Hussain Ali Khan Barha, Syed Hussain Ali Khan, two powerful Mughal Empire, Mughal nobles who were active during the decline of the Mughal Empire.
They were Punjabi Muslims bel ...
. To quell the uprising, the Sayyid brothers sought assistance from the Marathas. They did receive some level of support from individual Maratha chiefs against the orders of Shahu and Bajirao at
Balapur (1720).
The Nizam following his victory over the Sayyid Brothers decided to contest the Maratha claims of
chauth
Chauth (from ) was a regular tax or tribute imposed from the early 18th century by the Maratha Empire in the Indian subcontinent. It was an annual tax nominally levied at 25% on revenue or produce, hence the name, on lands that were under nominal M ...
. However, his forces were defeated by the Marathas near
Godavri in December 1720. Afterwards on 4 January 1721, Bajirao met
Nizam of Hyderabad
Nizam of Hyderabad was the title of the ruler of Hyderabad State ( part of the Indian state of Telangana, and the Kalyana-Karnataka region of Karnataka). ''Nizam'' is a shortened form of (; ), and was the title bestowed upon Asaf Jah I wh ...
at
Chikhalthana to resolve their disputes. However, the Nizam refused to recognize the Maratha right to collect taxes from the Deccan provinces.
The Nizam was made
vizier
A vizier (; ; ) is a high-ranking political advisor or Minister (government), minister in the Near East. The Abbasids, Abbasid caliphs gave the title ''wazir'' to a minister formerly called ''katib'' (secretary), who was at first merely a help ...
of the Mughal Empire in 1721 by emperor
Muhammad Shah, who, alarmed at his increasing power, transferred him from the Deccan to
Awadh
Awadh (), known in British Raj historical texts as Avadh or Oudh, is a historical region in northern India and southern Nepal, now constituting the North-central portion of Uttar Pradesh. It is roughly synonymous with the ancient Kosala Regio ...
in 1723. The Nizam rebelled against the order, resigned as vizier and marched towards the Deccan. The emperor sent an army against him, which the Nizam defeated at the
Battle of Sakhar-Kheda; this forced the emperor to recognize him as viceroy of the Deccan. The Marathas, led by Bajirao, helped the Nizam win this battle. For his valor, Bajirao was honored with a robe, a 7,000-man
mansabdari, an elephant, and a jewel. After the battle, the Nizam tried to appease the Maratha
Chhatrapati
Chhatrapati is a royal title from Sanskrit used to denote a king. The word "Chhatrapati" is a Sanskrit language compound word of '' chhatra'' ('' parasol'' or ''umbrella'') and '' pati'' (''master/lord/ruler''). This title was used by the Ho ...
Shahu and the Mughal emperor; in reality, however, he wanted to carve out a sovereign kingdom and considered the Marathas his rivals in the Deccan.
In 1725, the Nizam sent an army to clear Maratha revenue collectors from the
Carnatic region. The Marathas dispatched a force under Fateh Singh Bhosle to counter him; Bajirao accompanied Bhosle. According to
Govind Sakharam Sardesai, Bajirao personally led the campaign under Shahu's command. In contrast,
Stewart Gordon's account suggests that Bajirao was present during the campaign but did not assume command. The local rulers supported by Nizam were defeated by 1727 and offered their submission to Bajirao.
In the Deccan,
Sambhaji II of
Kolhapur State
The Kolhapur State was a Maratha princely state of India, under the Deccan Division of the Bombay Presidency, and later the Deccan States Agency. It was considered the most important of the Maratha principalities with the others being Baroda Sta ...
had become a rival claimant to the title of Maratha King. The Nizam took advantage of the internal dispute, refusing to pay the Chauth because it was unclear who was the real Chhatrapati (Shahu or Sambhaji II) and offering to
arbitrate.
Shripatrao Pant Pratinidhi advised Shahu to begin negotiations and agree to arbitration. Sambhaji II was supported by Chandrasen Jadhav, who had fought Bajirao's father a decade earlier. Bajirao convinced Shahu to refuse the Nizam's offer and instead launch an assault.
The Nizam responded by invading
Pune
Pune ( ; , ISO 15919, ISO: ), previously spelled in English as Poona (List of renamed Indian cities and states#Maharashtra, the official name until 1978), is a city in the state of Maharashtra in the Deccan Plateau, Deccan plateau in Western ...
where he installed Sambhaji II as the king. He then marched out of the city, leaving behind a contingent headed by Fazal Beg. The Nizam plundered
Loni,
Pargaon, Patas,
Supa and
Baramati
Baramati (Help:IPA/Marathi, aːɾamət̪iː is a city, a tehsil and a municipal council in Pune district in the state of Maharashtra, India. The city is about 100 km (62 miles) southeast of the city of Pune and about 250 km from M ...
, using his artillery. On 27 August 1727, Bajirao began a retaliatory
guerilla
Guerrilla warfare is a form of unconventional warfare in which small groups of irregular military, such as rebels, partisans, paramilitary personnel or armed civilians, which may include recruited children, use ambushes, sabotage, terrorism ...
attack on the Nizam with his trusted lieutenants
Malhar Rao Holkar
Malhar Rao Holkar (16 March 1693 – 20 May 1766) was a noble subedar of the Maratha Empire, in present-day India. He was one of the early officers along with Ranoji Scindia, appointed by Peshwa Bajirao I to help spread the Maratha rule to nort ...
,
Ranoji Shinde and the Pawar brothers. He began to destroy the towns held by the Nizam; leaving Pune, he crossed the
Godavari River
The Godavari (, Help:IPA/Sanskrit, �od̪aːʋəɾiː is India's second longest river after the Ganges River, Ganga River and drains the third largest Drainage basin, basin in India, covering about 10% of India's total geographical area. It ...
near
Puntamba
Puntamba is a market town situated on the banks of the Godavari River in Rahata taluka, Ahmednagar District in the state of Maharashtra in India. The village contains the 14th and the final resting place of the sage Changdev. The town is known f ...
and plundered
Jalna and
Sindkhed. Bajirao destroyed
Berar,
Mahur,
Mangrulpir and
Washim
Washim (Vatsagulma) is a city and a municipal council, Municipal Council in Washim district in the Indian state of Maharashtra. Washim is the district headquarters of Washim district.
History
Washim was known earlier known as Vatsagulma and ...
before turning north-west to
Khandesh
Khandesh is a geographic region in Maharashtra, India. It was made up of present Jalgaon, Dhule and Nandurbar districts. It also said that Burhanpur District of Madhya Pradesh was also its part.
The region have seen many geographical ch ...
. He crossed the
Tapi River at
Kokarmunda and entered eastern
Gujarat
Gujarat () is a States of India, state along the Western India, western coast of India. Its coastline of about is the longest in the country, most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula. Gujarat is the List of states and union territories ...
, reaching
Chota Udaipur
Chhota Udaipur is a City and a Municipality in Chhota Udaipur District of Gujarat in India. It's also a Administrative Headquarter of the district. It's Established on August 15, 2013, by dividing Vadodara district.
Geography
Chhota Udaipur i ...
in January 1728.
After hearing that the Nizam had returned to Pune, Bajirao feinted toward
Burhanpur
Burhanpur is a historical city in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. It is the administrative seat of Burhanpur District. It is situated on the north bank of the Tapti River and northeast of city of Mumbai , southwest of the state's capita ...
; he thought that after hearing about the threat to the strategically important Burhanpur, the Nizam would try to save it. Bajirao did not enter Burhanpur, however, arriving at
Betawad in
Khandesh
Khandesh is a geographic region in Maharashtra, India. It was made up of present Jalgaon, Dhule and Nandurbar districts. It also said that Burhanpur District of Madhya Pradesh was also its part.
The region have seen many geographical ch ...
on 14 February 1728. When the Nizam heard that his northern territories had been devastated by Bajirao, he left Pune and marched towards the Godavari to meet Bajirao on an open plain where his artillery would be effective. The Nizam went on ahead of his artillery; on 25 February 1728, the armies of Bajirao and the Nizam faced each other at Palkhed, a town about west of
Aurangabad. The Nizam was quickly surrounded by Maratha forces and trapped, his lines of supply and communication were cut. He was forced to make peace; he signed the
Treaty of Mungi Shevgaon on 6 March, recognizing Shahu as the King and the Maratha right to collect taxes in the Deccan.
This event is considered as an example of brilliant execution of military strategy.
In his ''Military History of India'',
Jadunath Sarkar wrote: "This campaign gives a classic example of what the predatory horse, when led by a genius, could achieve in the age of light artillery."
Bundelkhand
In
Bundelkhand
Bundelkhand (, ) is a geographical and cultural region and a proposed state and also a mountain range in central and North India. It corresponds to the Post-Vedic Chedi kingdom. The hilly region is now divided between the states of Uttar Prad ...
,
Chhatrasal
Maharaja Chhatrasal Bundela (4 May 1649 – 20 December 1731) was the Bundela Raja of Panna State, Panna from 1675 to 1731. He is well known for his resistance against the Mughal Empire and leading the struggle of independence of Bundelkhand.
...
rebelled against the Mughal Empire and established an independent kingdom. In December 1728, a Mughal force led by
Muhammad Khan Bangash
Nawab "Ghazanfar-Jang" Bangash Khan (1665–1743) was the first Nawab of Farrukhabad in Uttar Pradesh, India. He was a "Bawan Hazari Sardar" (Commander of 52,000 men strong force) in the Mughal Army. He served as governor of Malwa and Allahabad p ...
attacked him and besieged his fort and family. Although Chhatrasal repeatedly sought Bajirao's assistance, he was busy in Malwa at the time. He compared his dire situation to that of
Gajendra Moksha. In his letter to Bajirao, Chhatrasal wrote the following words:
In March 1729, the Peshwa responded to Chhatrasal's request and marched towards Bundelkhand with 25,000 horsemen and his lieutenants Pilaji Jadhav, Tukoji Pawar,
Naro Shankar, and Davalji Somwanshi. Bangash was later forced to leave, signing an agreement that "he would never attack Bundelkhand again". Chhatrasal's position as ruler of Bundelkhand was restored. He granted a large
jagir
A jagir (), ( Hindustani: जागीर/جاگیر, ''Jāgīr''), ( Marathi: जहागीर, ''Jahāgīrá'') also spelled as jageer, was a type of feudal land grant in the Indian subcontinent at the foundation of its Jagirdar ( Zamindar ...
to Bajirao and gave him his daughter Mastani. Before Chhatrasal's death in December 1731, he ceded one-third of his territories to the Marathas.
The Portuguese
Bajirao was drawn into the conflict due to the Maratha chief
Kanhoji's plea for help against the Portuguese. The religious intolerance of Portuguese added to the friction between them and the Peshwa. The negotiations soon failed and Bajirao dispatched 40,000 Maratha cavalry under Pilaji Jadhav to attack the Portuguese.
Consequently, a peace treaty was signed between the two powers. However, the Portuguese later refused to send a representative to Satara due to the demand for sardeshmukhi (a fixed tribute) from their areas which led to increased tensions with the Peshwa.
Despite the treaty, occasional raids were continued by the Marathas in the Portuguese territories. This forced the Portuguese General Francisco da Guerra de Mesquita to raid the Maratha territories in retaliation. The Marathas saw this as a breach of treaty and invaded the Portuguese areas around Bassein. This resulted in the
Luso Maratha War of 1729-1732. Marathas could not take advantage of their numerical strength due to lack of coordination within their armies. The Portuguese effectively utilized the English support and further appealed to Mughals for help. The conflict ultimately ended in 1732 with the
Treaty of Bombay. The Marathas according to the treaty withdrew from Portuguese territory.
Nevertheless, Bajirao planned to resume hostilities against the Portuguese with an attack on
Salcette Island on 13 March 1733. The hostilities continued but no major expedition was sent by the Marathas as the Peshwa was busy dealing the Siddi threat. Once it was over, Bajirao sent a major expedition under his brother Chimaji Appa to invade Bassein. The Marathas were largely successful in their campaign and after two failed attempts successfully
captured the fort of Bassein in 1739. This was a major achievement for Bajirao during his tenure as Peshwa.
Gujarat
After consolidating Maratha influence in central India, Bajirao decided to assert the Maratha right to collect taxes from the wealthy province of
Gujarat
Gujarat () is a States of India, state along the Western India, western coast of India. Its coastline of about is the longest in the country, most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula. Gujarat is the List of states and union territories ...
and sent a Maratha force under
Chimaji Appa there in 1730. Sarbuland Khan, the province's Mughal governor, ceded the right to collect chauth to the Marathas. He was soon replaced by
Abhay Singh, who also recognized the Maratha right to collect taxes. As a result, the Peshwa claimed half share of the territory. This irked
Shahu's senapati
Senapati ( , ''sena'' meaning "army", ''Pati (title), pati'' meaning "lord") is a title in ancient India denoting the rank of general (military), General.
It was a hereditary title of nobility used in the Maratha Empire. During wartime, a ''Sar ...
(commander-in-chief),
Trimbak Rao Dabhade, whose
ancestors had raided Gujarat several times and asserted their right to collect taxes from the province. Annoyed at Bajirao's control of what he considered his family's sphere of influence, he rebelled against the Peshwa. Two other Maratha nobles from Gujarat,
Damaji Rao Gaekwad and Kadam Bande, also sided with Dabhade.
Trimbak Rao also formed an alliance with Bangash and Nizam.
In response to Dabhade's alliance with the Nizam, Bajirao marched into Gujarat. Meanwhile, Bajirao learned that Dabhade and Gaikwad had made preparations for an open fight on the plain of Dabhoi with a force of 40 thousand, while Bajirao's numbers barely reached 25 thousand in all. Bajirao repeatedly sent messages to Dabhade to solve the dispute amicably in the presence of Shahu. When the negotiations failed, a battle ensued in which Trimbak Rao Dabhade's forces were routed by Bajirao at
Dabhoi
Dabhoi is a town and a municipality in the Vadodara district in the state of Gujarat, India.
Dabhoi has a big popular sunni masjid (mosque) named Kaziwad Masjid.
History
Dabhoi was historically known as Darbhavati, Darbikagrama, Darbhavat ...
. The Nizam after his failed attempt met Bajirao at Rohe-Rameshwar on 27 December 1732 and promised not to interfere with Maratha expeditions.
Shahu and Bajirao avoided a rivalry with the powerful Dabhade clan after subduing Trimbak Rao; Trimbak's son, Yashwant Rao, was appointed as Shahu's senapati. The Dabhade clan were allowed to continue collecting chauth from Gujarat if they deposited half the revenue in Shahu's treasury.
Rajputana
The Maratha commanders forced the Mughal governors
Jai Singh and
Abhay Singh to pay the
chauth
Chauth (from ) was a regular tax or tribute imposed from the early 18th century by the Maratha Empire in the Indian subcontinent. It was an annual tax nominally levied at 25% on revenue or produce, hence the name, on lands that were under nominal M ...
for Malwa and Gujarat by 1732. Seeing these encroachments on Mughal territories, Rajputs and Mughals made a joint expedition against the Marathas. They amassed huge forces numbering nearly 2 lakhs to expel the Marathas from Malwa and Rajasthan.
The Mughal armies were divided into two with vizier
Qamar-ud Din Khan heading from east via Ajmer and Mir Bakshi
Khan-i-Dauran leading the faction from the west.
Learning of the expedition, Maratha chiefs
Ranoji Shinde,
Malhar Rao Holkar
Malhar Rao Holkar (16 March 1693 – 20 May 1766) was a noble subedar of the Maratha Empire, in present-day India. He was one of the early officers along with Ranoji Scindia, appointed by Peshwa Bajirao I to help spread the Maratha rule to nort ...
and Pawar brothers marched into north with a much smaller force. Bajirao also dispatched his son
Balaji along with Pilaji Jadhav towards Bundelkhand to halt the advance of vizier.
Pilaji defeated the Mughal Vizier Qamar-ud Din Khan at
Narwar. Scindia's armies also managed to check the advance of Khan-i-Dauran at
Rampura. Meanwhile, the Maratha armies under Holkar plundered Rajasthan.
Ultimately after a costly campaign, Mughals compromised for peace and agreed to pay an annual
chauth
Chauth (from ) was a regular tax or tribute imposed from the early 18th century by the Maratha Empire in the Indian subcontinent. It was an annual tax nominally levied at 25% on revenue or produce, hence the name, on lands that were under nominal M ...
of 22 lakhs to the Marathas.
The Mughal emperor was not happy with these developments, and it led to increase in anti-Maratha voices at the Mughal court.
Following this triumph, the Peshwa with Shahu's consent began a northward journey on 9 October 1735. Accompanied by his wife,
Kashibai, he intended to befriend
Rajput
Rājpūt (, from Sanskrit ''rājaputra'' meaning "son of a king"), also called Thākur (), is a large multi-component cluster of castes, kin bodies, and local groups, sharing social status and ideology of genealogical descent originating fro ...
courts and persuade them to pay
chauth
Chauth (from ) was a regular tax or tribute imposed from the early 18th century by the Maratha Empire in the Indian subcontinent. It was an annual tax nominally levied at 25% on revenue or produce, hence the name, on lands that were under nominal M ...
for their domains as well. Bajirao arrived at
Mewar
Mewar, also spelled as Mewad is a region in the south-central part of Rajasthan state of India. It includes the present-day districts of Bhilwara, Chittorgarh, Pratapgarh, Rajsamand, Udaipur, Pirawa Tehsil of Jhalawar District of Rajasth ...
's southern frontier in January 1736, where Rana
Jagat Singh II had made arrangements for his visit.
Diplomatic talks got underway and Maharana agreed to pay a lakh and half annually as chauth. Bajirao also visited
Jagmandir Palace, in the centre of
Pichola Lake at Rana Jagat Singh's invitation, and then left for
Nath-Dwara.
After resolving matters in Mewar, Bajirao advanced towards
Jaipur
Jaipur (; , ) is the List of state and union territory capitals in India, capital and the List of cities and towns in Rajasthan, largest city of the north-western States and union territories of India, Indian state of Rajasthan. , the city had ...
.
Sawai Jai Singh hastened south with his forces, and they met in Bhambholao (near
Kishangarh).
Their meeting lasted for several days, with talks about Chauth and the cession of Malwa from the
Mughal Emperor
The emperors of the Mughal Empire, who were all members of the Timurid dynasty (House of Babur), ruled the empire from its inception on 21 April 1526 to its dissolution on 21 September 1857. They were supreme monarchs of the Mughal Empire in ...
. To maintain peace, Jai Singh offered an annual payment of 5 lakh rupees as chauth for Jaipur and promised to secure imperial grants for the provinces of
Malwa
Malwa () is a historical region, historical list of regions in India, region of west-central India occupying a plateau of volcanic origin. Geologically, the Malwa Plateau generally refers to the volcanic plateau, volcanic upland north of the ...
and
Gujarat
Gujarat () is a States of India, state along the Western India, western coast of India. Its coastline of about is the longest in the country, most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula. Gujarat is the List of states and union territories ...
. Bajirao then returned to the Deccan. The emperor did not agree to his demands, however, and he planned to march on Delhi to force him to agree.
Siddis
The
Siddi
The Siddi (), also known as the Sheedi, Sidi, or Siddhi, are an ethno-religious group living mostly in Pakistan. Some Siddis also live in India. They are primarily descended from the Bantu peoples of the Zanj coast in Southeast Africa, most ...
s of
Janjira controlled a small, strategically important territory on India's west coast. Although they originally held only the Janjira fort, after Shivaji's death they expanded their rule to a large part of central and northern
Konkan
The Konkan is a stretch of land by the western coast of India, bound by the river Daman Ganga at Damaon in the north, to Anjediva Island next to Karwar town in the south; with the Arabian Sea to the west and the Deccan plateau to the eas ...
.
After the death of Siddi chief
Yakut Khan in 1733, a war of succession broke out among his sons; one, Abdul Rehman, asked Bajirao for help. Bajirao sent a Maratha force led by Sekhoji Angre, son of
Kanhoji Angre. The Marathas regained control of several portions of the Konkan, and besieged Janjira. Their strength was diverted after Peshwa's rival, Pant Pratinidhi, occupied
Raigad Fort (near Janjira) in June 1733. Sekhoji Angre died in August (further weakening the Maratha position), and Bajirao signed a peace treaty with the Siddis. He allowed the Siddis to retain control of Janjira if they accepted Abdul Rehman as the ruler; they were also allowed to retain control of
Anjanvel,
Gowalkot
Gowalkot is a small fort located on the southern bank of Vashishti River, about from Chiplun in Maharashtra, India. This fort is guarded by the river on three sides and a trench on the fourth side. Its population which includes Hindus, Musli ...
and
Underi. The Marathas retained Raigad,
Rewas, Thal and
Chaul.
The Siddis launched an offensive to regain their lost territories soon after the Peshwa returned to
Satara, then Bajirao dispatched a force to prevent them from taking over Raigad Fort in June 1734. Chimnaji made a surprise attack on a Siddi camp near Rewas on 19 April 1736, killing about 1,500 (including their leader, Siddi Sat). In June 1736, Bajirao dispatched a force under Yesaji Gaikwad, Dhanaji Thorat and Sidoji Barge to gain the control territories like
Gowalkot
Gowalkot is a small fort located on the southern bank of Vashishti River, about from Chiplun in Maharashtra, India. This fort is guarded by the river on three sides and a trench on the fourth side. Its population which includes Hindus, Musli ...
. On 25 September of that year, the Siddis signed a peace treaty which confined them to Janjira, Gowalkot and Anjanvel.
VG Dighe says that this treaty made Siddis a tributary of Marathas in all but name.
March to Delhi
After the death of
Trimbak Rao,
Bangash's alliance against the Marathas fell apart. The Mughal emperor recalled him from Malwa, and re-appointed
Jai Singh II
Sawai Jai Singh II (3 November 1688 – 21 September 1743), was the 30th Kachwaha Rajput ruler of the Kingdom of Amber, who later founded the fortified city of Jaipur and made it his capital. He became the ruler of Amber at the age of 11, after ...
as the governor of
Malwa
Malwa () is a historical region, historical list of regions in India, region of west-central India occupying a plateau of volcanic origin. Geologically, the Malwa Plateau generally refers to the volcanic plateau, volcanic upland north of the ...
. However, the Maratha chief Holkar defeated Jai Singh in 1733 at the
Battle of Mandsaur. After two more battles, the Mughals decided to offer the Marathas the right to collect the equivalent of 22
lakh
A lakh (; abbreviated L; sometimes written lac) is a unit in the Indian numbering system equal to one hundred thousand (100,000; scientific notation: 105). In the Indian 2, 2, 3 convention of digit grouping, it is written as 1,00,000. F ...
in
chauth
Chauth (from ) was a regular tax or tribute imposed from the early 18th century by the Maratha Empire in the Indian subcontinent. It was an annual tax nominally levied at 25% on revenue or produce, hence the name, on lands that were under nominal M ...
from Malwa. On 4 March 1736, Bajirao and Jai Singh reached an agreement at
Kishangad. Jai Singh tried to convince the emperor to agree to the plan. Though, Bajirao was appointed the deputy governor of the region, the emperor did not agree to his other demands. Bajirao subsequently launched a campaign against Mughals to pressure the emperor into accepting his remaining demands as well. Jai Singh is also believed to have secretly informed Bajirao that it was a good time to subdue the weakening Mughal emperor.
The emperor anticipating Bajirao's actions ordered the Mughal nobles to deal with Maratha incursions. Meanwhile, the Maratha chiefs
Malhar Rao Holkar
Malhar Rao Holkar (16 March 1693 – 20 May 1766) was a noble subedar of the Maratha Empire, in present-day India. He was one of the early officers along with Ranoji Scindia, appointed by Peshwa Bajirao I to help spread the Maratha rule to nort ...
, Vithoji Bule and Pilaji Jadhav crossed
Yamuna
The Yamuna (; ) is the second-largest tributary river of the Ganges by discharge and the longest tributary in India. Originating from the Yamunotri Glacier at a height of about on the southwestern slopes of Bandarpunch peaks of the Low ...
and plundered Mughal territories in the
Doab. On learning of this,
Saadat Ali Khan with his 150,000 strong forces attacked the Maratha chiefs at
Jalesar, defeated them and retired to
Mathura
Mathura () is a city and the administrative headquarters of Mathura district in the states and union territories of India, Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is located south-east of Delhi; and about from the town of Vrindavan. In ancient ti ...
. Malhar Rao Holkar rejoined Bajirao's army near
Gwalior
Gwalior (Hindi: , ) is a major city in the central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh; It is known as the Music City of India having oldest Gwalior gharana, musical gharana in existence. It is a major sports, cultural, industrial, and political c ...
. In response, the Peshwa decided to attack Delhi itself. Believing that the Marathas had retreated to Deccan, Samsam-ud-Daulah, Mir Bakshi and Muhammad Khan Bangash invited Saadat Ali Khan to a banquet in Samsam-ud-Daulah's tent at Mathura. During the feast, they learnt that Bajirao had slipped along the
Jat and
Mewati
hill route (avoiding the direct Agra-Delhi route) and was at Delhi. The Mughal commanders left the feast and began a hasty return to capital.

The Mughal emperor,
Muhammad Shah dispatched a force led by Mir Hasan Khan Koka to check Bajirao's advance. The Marathas defeated his force on 28 March 1737 in outskirts of Delhi near
Talkatora. When the news of the defeat of the Mughal troops by the Marathas spread, a sudden fear seized the citizens of Delhi who expected the attack of the Maratha conqueror any moment. But Baji Rao did not proceed with his victory although he could have taken the city unopposed. He had received intelligence that the Vazir with his army was coming towards Delhi in rapid marches when he heard that Baji Rao was at the gates of the capital. The Peshwa realised that any further stay in the city would greatly imperil his position and endanger the lines of communication with the Maratha mainland. He, therefore, left Delhi with his soldiers towards the south.
During his way back he encountered the Mughal
Vizier
A vizier (; ; ) is a high-ranking political advisor or Minister (government), minister in the Near East. The Abbasids, Abbasid caliphs gave the title ''wazir'' to a minister formerly called ''katib'' (secretary), who was at first merely a help ...
Qamar-ud Din Khan at
Badshahpur. After a long and tiring march following a heavy engagement, the Peshwa was in no mood to attack the Vazir. Neither could the Vazir array his forces for battle, as his artillery and a part of his men were yet on the road. There was a brush between the two forces in the failing light of the day, one elephant and a few horses were seized by the Marathas with the loss of 30 men at their side.
Afterwards, Bajirao with his army moved another eight miles before encamping for the night. Finding himself outnumbered to the Wazir's army and possibility of reinforcement from the other Mughal nobles he made a decision to retreat from Badshahpur during early night. Bajirao passed through
Rajputana
Rājputana (), meaning Land of the Rajputs, was a region in the Indian subcontinent that included mainly the entire present-day States of India, Indian state of Rajasthan, parts of the neighboring states of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat, and adjo ...
and reached Narnol and then Ajmer. The Mughal troops were unable to follow the Marathas as the emperor had called them back to Delhi.
Bajirao's invasion of the Mughal capital was intended to make the emperor aware of his power. The event had caused great consternation and dismay in the capital. Although the Peshwa left the city suddenly, he exposed the weakness of the government. The demoralizing effect that the Peshwa's surprise attack produced on the army and the citizens of Delhi was permanent.
Battle of Bhopal
Mughal emperor
Muhammad Shah sought help from the
Nizam after Bajirao's dash on Delhi, the Nizam set out from the
Deccan
The Deccan is a plateau extending over an area of and occupies the majority of the Indian peninsula. It stretches from the Satpura and Vindhya Ranges in the north to the northern fringes of Tamil Nadu in the south. It is bound by the mount ...
, met Bajirao's returning force at
Sironj, and told the Peshwa he was going to Delhi to repair his relationship with the Mughal emperor. The Nizam was joined by other Mughal chiefs, and a 70,000-man Mughal army (reinforced by
artillery
Artillery consists of ranged weapons that launch Ammunition, munitions far beyond the range and power of infantry firearms. Early artillery development focused on the ability to breach defensive walls and fortifications during sieges, and l ...
), was dispatched against Bajirao.
The Peshwa assembled an 80,000-man force. To counter aid to the Nizam from the Deccan, Bajirao stationed a force of 10,000 (under Chimaji Appa) on the
Tapti River with instructions to prevent
Nasir Jung from advancing beyond
Burhanpur
Burhanpur is a historical city in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. It is the administrative seat of Burhanpur District. It is situated on the north bank of the Tapti River and northeast of city of Mumbai , southwest of the state's capita ...
. He and his forces crossed the
Narmada
The Narmada River, previously also known as ''Narbada'' or anglicised as ''Nerbudda'', is the 5th longest river in India and overall the longest west-flowing river in the country. It is also the largest flowing river in the state of Madhya Prade ...
in early December 1737, communicating with agents and spies posted to observe enemy moves. The Nizam sheltered in
Bhopal
Bhopal (; ISO 15919, ISO: Bhōpāl, ) is the capital (political), capital city of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh and the administrative headquarters of both Bhopal district and Bhopal division. It is known as the ''City of Lakes,'' due to ...
, a fortified town with a lake at his rear, to keep his army and artillery secure. Although the Nizam's superior artillery was ineffective against the fast moving Maratha cavalry, it prevented Bajirao from attacking his defensive position.
The Nizam, unable to hold out any longer, signed the
Treaty of Bhopal at
Doraha on 7 January 1738. Malwa was ceded to the Marathas; the Mughals agreed to pay the equivalent of 5,000,000 in
reparations, with the Nizam swearing on the
Quran
The Quran, also Romanization, romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a Waḥy, revelation directly from God in Islam, God (''Allah, Allāh''). It is organized in 114 chapters (, ) which ...
to abide by the treaty.
The Mughal defeat at Bhopal confirmed the dominance of Maratha forces in India and marked the emergence of a new great power.
Response to Nader Shah's invasion
In May 1738,
Nader Shah
Nader Shah Afshar (; 6 August 1698 or 22 October 1688 – 20 June 1747) was the founder of the Afsharid dynasty of Iran and one of the most powerful rulers in Iranian history, ruling as shah of Iran (Persia) from 1736 to 1747, when he was a ...
, the ruler of
Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) and also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Iraq to the west, Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Armenia to the northwest, the Caspian Sea to the north, Turkmenistan to the nort ...
and the founder of the
Afsharid dynasty
The Afsharid dynasty () was an Iran, Iranian dynasty founded by Nader Shah () of the Qirqlu clan of the Turkoman (ethnonym), Turkoman Afshar people, Afshar tribe, ruling over the Afsharid Empire.
List of Afsharid monarchs
Family tree
...
, invaded Northern India for funds to fight his archrivals
ottomans
Ottoman may refer to:
* Osman I, historically known in English as "Ottoman I", founder of the Ottoman Empire
* Osman II, historically known in English as "Ottoman II"
* Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empir ...
in the west. He
defeated the local Mughal governors of
Kabul
Kabul is the capital and largest city of Afghanistan. Located in the eastern half of the country, it is also a municipality, forming part of the Kabul Province. The city is divided for administration into #Districts, 22 municipal districts. A ...
and
Peshawar
Peshawar is the capital and List of cities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa by population, largest city of the Administrative units of Pakistan, Pakistani province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. It is the sixth most populous city of Pakistan, with a district p ...
by Nov 1738 and advanced through the Punjab region. The
Mughal emperor,
Muhammad Shah alarmed by these developments gathered his prominent nobles and summoned the
Nizam to Delhi.
Khan Dauran, the
Mir Bakshi of Mughal Empire sent messengers among the Hindu Rajputs, especially Sawai
Jai Singh, to aid the Emperor. However, Rajput chieftains were reluctant to act due to the growing discontent with the later Mughal emperors.
Bajirao was initially bewildered by Nader's invasion. He feared that, in the event of Nader's victory over the Mughal emperor, the latter might remain in India and potentially advance southwards, posing a major threat to Maratha supremacy in Deccan. He therefore started preparations for war against Nader. The emperor also sought Bajirao's aid and the Peshwa responded by promising to send the Maratha force under leaders such as
Malhar Rao Holkar
Malhar Rao Holkar (16 March 1693 – 20 May 1766) was a noble subedar of the Maratha Empire, in present-day India. He was one of the early officers along with Ranoji Scindia, appointed by Peshwa Bajirao I to help spread the Maratha rule to nort ...
,
Ranoji Sindhia, and Udaji Pawar.
But the help could not reach in time as most of the Maratha forces were engaged in Bassein campaign (1737–39) against
Portuguese and it was useless to march against a foe like Nader without adequate forces.
Meanwhile, Muhammad Shah forces faced a complete disaster at the hands of Nader Shah in the decisive
Battle of Karnal
The Battle of Karnal (Persian Language, Persian: نبرد کرنال) (24 February 1739) was a decisive victory for Nader Shah, the founder of the Afsharid dynasty of Persian Empire, Iran, during his Nader Shah's invasion of India, invasion of ...
.
Bajirao stationed his commander Pilaji Jadhav in
Malwa
Malwa () is a historical region, historical list of regions in India, region of west-central India occupying a plateau of volcanic origin. Geologically, the Malwa Plateau generally refers to the volcanic plateau, volcanic upland north of the ...
to check possible further advances of Nadir Shah. The Maratha observers posted in northern India transmitted comprehensive accounts of the unfolding events to Bajirao in Maharashtra. Varying opinions were put forward by different officials of what should be done by the Peshwa following the Mughal emperor's defeat. Some argued for Bajirao to confront Nader while others advised to wait for the invader's next move. There were even talks about placing
Maharana of Mewar, a
Hindu
Hindus (; ; also known as Sanātanīs) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism, also known by its endonym Sanātana Dharma. Jeffery D. Long (2007), A Vision for Hinduism, IB Tauris, , pp. 35–37 Historically, the term has also be ...
ruler, in place of Mughal emperor.
The Maratha agent Dhondo Govind suggested Bajirao to form a coalition of Rajput and Maratha forces. He argued that forces of Sawai Jai Singh of Jaipur and Bundelas aided by Peshwa's forces would form a very strong Hindu front and increase the odds of victory against Nader Shah.
Shahu also dictated Bajirao to march northwards. Bajirao obliged Shahu and started moving northwards with his forces. By the time he reached
Burhanpur
Burhanpur is a historical city in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. It is the administrative seat of Burhanpur District. It is situated on the north bank of the Tapti River and northeast of city of Mumbai , southwest of the state's capita ...
, he received intelligence that Nader had already departed to Iran and had reinstated Muhammad Shah. He was relieved upon hearing the news and exchanged letters with both Nader and Muhammad Shah. Subsequently, he returned to Poona on 27 July.
Although Bajirao and Nizam had the capacity to prevent the sack of Delhi, they never coordinated their efforts. The crushing defeat of the Mughal Empire at the hands of the Persian conqueror left it unable to resist the aggressive Maratha expansion. Over the next twenty years, the Marathas conquered the empire's provinces one by one, becoming the dominant power in Indian subcontinent.
Deccan
Between 1738 and 1740,
Nader Shah
Nader Shah Afshar (; 6 August 1698 or 22 October 1688 – 20 June 1747) was the founder of the Afsharid dynasty of Iran and one of the most powerful rulers in Iranian history, ruling as shah of Iran (Persia) from 1736 to 1747, when he was a ...
launched an invasion of India. In response to this threat,
Mughal Emperor
Muhammad Shah summoned the Nizam of Hyderabad, Asaf Jah, to
Delhi
Delhi, officially the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi, is a city and a union territory of India containing New Delhi, the capital of India. Straddling the Yamuna river, but spread chiefly to the west, or beyond its Bank (geography ...
. Accepting the emperor's request, Asaf Jah mobilized his army and marched to Delhi in a bid to resist the invasion. In the absence of the Nizam, Bajirao launched an attack on
Hyderabad
Hyderabad is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Telangana. It occupies on the Deccan Plateau along the banks of the Musi River (India), Musi River, in the northern part of Southern India. With an average altitude of , much ...
with the aim of capturing the six provinces of
Deccan
The Deccan is a plateau extending over an area of and occupies the majority of the Indian peninsula. It stretches from the Satpura and Vindhya Ranges in the north to the northern fringes of Tamil Nadu in the south. It is bound by the mount ...
. Having already secured
Malwa
Malwa () is a historical region, historical list of regions in India, region of west-central India occupying a plateau of volcanic origin. Geologically, the Malwa Plateau generally refers to the volcanic plateau, volcanic upland north of the ...
through the
Battle of Bhopal from
Jai Singh II
Sawai Jai Singh II (3 November 1688 – 21 September 1743), was the 30th Kachwaha Rajput ruler of the Kingdom of Amber, who later founded the fortified city of Jaipur and made it his capital. He became the ruler of Amber at the age of 11, after ...
, Bajirao sought to expand Maratha influence by targeting Hyderabad in the absence of the Nizam. In December 1739, Bajirao marched with 50,000 soldiers towards
Aurangabad.
Nasir Jung, having received intelligence about the Marathas' intent to capture the Deccan in the absence of his father, mobilized up to 40,000 soldiers and marched against Bajirao. The battle ensued after both parties crossed the
Godavari River
The Godavari (, Help:IPA/Sanskrit, �od̪aːʋəɾiː is India's second longest river after the Ganges River, Ganga River and drains the third largest Drainage basin, basin in India, covering about 10% of India's total geographical area. It ...
.
According to most sources, Nasir Jung lost the battle and escaped. Nasir sued for peace and an agreement was signed between Bajirao and Nasir through which
Khargone and
Handia were ceded to the Marathas.
This marked the final military engagement for Bajirao, as he died in April 1740 following the conclusion of this conflict.
Battle tactics
Bajirao was known for rapid tactical movements in battle, using cavalry. British
field marshal
Field marshal (or field-marshal, abbreviated as FM) is the most senior military rank, senior to the general officer ranks. Usually, it is the highest rank in an army (in countries without the rank of Generalissimo), and as such, few persons a ...
,
Bernard Montgomery
Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein (; 17 November 1887 – 24 March 1976), nicknamed "Monty", was a senior British Army officer who served in the First World War, the Irish War of Independence and the ...
studied Bajirao's tactics in the
Palkhed campaign, particularly his rapid movements and his troops' ability to live off the land (with little concern about supply and communication lines) while conducting "
maneuver warfare
Maneuver warfare, or manoeuvre warfare, is a military strategy which emphasizes movement, initiative and surprise to achieve a position of advantage. Maneuver seeks to inflict losses indirectly by envelopment, encirclement and disruption, while ...
" against the enemy. In his book, ''A Concise History of Warfare'', Montgomery wrote the following about Bajirao's victory at Palkhed:
Montgomery further wrote,
Legacy

Bajirao is considered one of the most important figures in the history of
Maratha Empire. Historians like
Stewart Gordon, J.L. Mehta and Dr. V.G. Dighe have considered him the most charismatic and dynamic leader in Maratha history after
Shivaji
Shivaji I (Shivaji Shahaji Bhonsale, ; 19 February 1630 – 3 April 1680) was an Indian ruler and a member of the Bhonsle dynasty. Shivaji carved out his own independent kingdom from the Sultanate of Bijapur that formed the genesis of the ...
.
The Maratha king
Shahu also had an implicit faith on Bajirao. On one occasion he called Bajirao as "the man with iron nerves". Bajirao's policy of northward expansion (1720–40) brought the provinces from
Punjab
Punjab (; ; also romanised as Panjāb or Panj-Āb) is a geopolitical, cultural, and historical region in South Asia. It is located in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent, comprising areas of modern-day eastern Pakistan and no ...
to
Bengal
Bengal ( ) is a Historical geography, historical geographical, ethnolinguistic and cultural term referring to a region in the Eastern South Asia, eastern part of the Indian subcontinent at the apex of the Bay of Bengal. The region of Benga ...
under Maratha influence by 1760 and made Marathas the dominant power in Indian subcontinent throughout the 18th century.
His conquests were one of the causes for the decline of
Mughal Empire
The Mughal Empire was an Early modern period, early modern empire in South Asia. At its peak, the empire stretched from the outer fringes of the Indus River Basin in the west, northern Afghanistan in the northwest, and Kashmir in the north, to ...
.
Bajirao is considered to be one of the greatest military generals of his time. British Field Marshal
Montgomery, renowned for his
victory
The term victory (from ) originally applied to warfare, and denotes success achieved in personal duel, combat, after military operations in general or, by extension, in any competition. Success in a military campaign constitutes a strategic vi ...
over
Rommel in
World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
, arguably regarded Bajirao as the greatest
cavalry
Historically, cavalry (from the French word ''cavalerie'', itself derived from ''cheval'' meaning "horse") are groups of soldiers or warriors who Horses in warfare, fight mounted on horseback. Until the 20th century, cavalry were the most mob ...
general in
Indian history.
Historian
Jadunath Sarkar called Bajirao, "a heavenly-born cavalry leader". Also describing his twenty years military career, he wrote:
K. M. Panikkar in his introduction to ''Bajirao I: The Great Peshwa'' commented:
Sir Richard Temple, a wise student of history and politics, remarked:
Death
Bajirao's body was exhausted due to ceaseless wars and military campaigns. Besides, he was also troubled by domestic issues, particularly the imprisonment of his favorite wife
Mastani. The first illness Bajirao encountered which appeared on 23 April, when the symptoms were mild. On 26 April the fever has grown to an extent that, Bajirao became delirious. He died on Sunday i.e. 28 April 1740 at night, after about 8:30 p.m. He was cremated the same day on the bank of
Narmada River
The Narmada River, previously also known as ''Narbada'' or anglicised as ''Nerbudda'', is the 5th longest river in India and overall the longest west-flowing river in the country. It is also the largest flowing river in the state of Madhya Prade ...
.
Balaji Bajirao ordered
Ranoji Shinde to build a
chhatri as a memorial. The memorial is enclosed by a
dharmshala. The compound has two temples, dedicated to Nilkantheshwar Mahadev (
Shiva
Shiva (; , ), also known as Mahadeva (; , , Help:IPA/Sanskrit, ɐɦaːd̪eːʋɐh and Hara, is one of the Hindu deities, principal deities of Hinduism. He is the God in Hinduism, Supreme Being in Shaivism, one of the major traditions w ...
) and Rameshwar (
Rama
Rama (; , , ) is a major deity in Hinduism. He is worshipped as the seventh and one of the most popular avatars of Vishnu. In Rama-centric Hindu traditions, he is considered the Supreme Being. Also considered as the ideal man (''maryāda' ...
).
In popular culture
*Character of Bajirao is portrayed in Marathi audio web series 'Shrimant Kashibai Bajirao Peshwe' created by Cultural Legacy of India.
*''Bajirao Mastani'', a 1925 Indian silent film about the Peshwa directed by Nanubhai B. Desai and
Bhalji Pendharkar.
*''
Rau'', a 1972 fictional
Marathi
Marathi may refer to:
*Marathi people, an Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group of Maharashtra, India
**Marathi people (Uttar Pradesh), the Marathi people in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh
*Marathi language, the Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Mar ...
novel
A novel is an extended work of narrative fiction usually written in prose and published as a book. The word derives from the for 'new', 'news', or 'short story (of something new)', itself from the , a singular noun use of the neuter plural of ...
by
Nagnath S. Inamdar, featured a love story of Bajirao I and Mastani.
* ''Mastani'', 1955 film directed by Dhirubhai Desai. It starred
Nigar Sultana, Manher Desai,
Shahu Modak and
Agha.
*The 2015 historical drama film ''
Bajirao Mastani
''Bajirao Mastani'' is a 2015 Indian Hindi-language Epic film, epic historical film, historical tragedy film directed by Sanjay Leela Bhansali, who co-produced it with Eros International and composed its Bajirao Mastani (soundtrack), soundtrack ...
'', directed by
Sanjay Leela Bhansali
Sanjay Leela Bhansali (born 24 February 1963) is an Indian film director, producer, screenwriter, editor and music composer, who works in Hindi cinema. He is the recipient of several awards, including seven National Film Awards and twelve Filmf ...
, starred
Ranveer Singh as Bajirao I.
* ''Shrimant Peshwa Bajirao Mastani'', another Indian TV series broadcast on
ETV Marathi in 2015.
* ''
Peshwa Bajirao'', a 2017 TV series starring Rudra Soni as young Bajirao and
Karan Suchak as the adult Bajirao, aired on
Sony TV.
See also
*
Maratha Empire
The Maratha Empire, also referred to as the Maratha Confederacy, was an early modern India, early modern polity in the Indian subcontinent. It comprised the realms of the Peshwa and four major independent List of Maratha dynasties and states, Ma ...
* Chhatrapati
Shivaji
Shivaji I (Shivaji Shahaji Bhonsale, ; 19 February 1630 – 3 April 1680) was an Indian ruler and a member of the Bhonsle dynasty. Shivaji carved out his own independent kingdom from the Sultanate of Bijapur that formed the genesis of the ...
* Peshwa
Balaji Baji Rao
Balaji Baji Rao (8 December 1720 – 23 June 1761), often referred to as Nana Saheb I, was the 8th Peshwa of the Maratha Empire. He was appointed as Peshwa in 1740 upon the death of his father, Peshwa Bajirao I.
During his tenure, the Chhatra ...
* Peshwa
Madhavrao
* Peshwa
Bajirao II
References
Further reading
English books:
* Kulkarni, Uday S (2016)
The Era of Baji Rao: An Account of the Empire of the Deccan'' an in-depth account on the life of Bajirao I.
* Sardesai, Govind Sakharam (1948)
The Expansion of Maratha Power (1707-1772)'' talks about Bajirao's role in Maratha history.
* Dighe, V.G. (1944)
Bajirao I and the Maratha Expansion'' highlights Bajirao's military achievements in detail.
* Gordon Stewart (2007)
The New Cambridge History of India - The Marathas (1600-1818)'' a book on Maratha polity.
* Srinivasan, C.K. (1961)
Bajirao I The Great Peshwa', talks about Bajirao's wars and expeditions.
* Inamdar, N.S. (2016
''Rau - The Great Love Story of Bajirao Mastani'' covers Bajirao's romance with Mastani.
Marathi
Marathi may refer to:
*Marathi people, an Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group of Maharashtra, India
**Marathi people (Uttar Pradesh), the Marathi people in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh
*Marathi language, the Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Mar ...
books:
*Vidhate, Kaka (2019
देवयोद्धा* Kature, Kaustubh (2020)
Shahmatpanah Bajirav'
* Kolhatkar, A. Balwant (2007)
मस्तानी
External links
Shaniwar Wada – the Peshwa palace at Pune
{{DEFAULTSORT:Baji Rao 01, Peshwa
Peshwa dynasty
Marathi people
1700 births
1740 deaths
Hindu monarchs
Maratha generals