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Battle Of Karnal
The Battle of Karnal (Persian Language, Persian: نبرد کرنال) (24 February 1739) was a decisive victory for Nader Shah, the founder of the Afsharid dynasty of Persian Empire, Iran, during his Nader Shah's invasion of India, invasion of India. Nader's forces defeated the army of Mughal Empire, Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah within three hours, paving the way for the Iranian sack of Delhi. The engagement is considered the crowning jewel in Nader's military career as well as a tactical masterpiece.Michael Axworthy, Axworthy, Michael (2009). ''The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from tribal warrior to conquering tyrant'', p. 254. I. B. Tauris.Moghtader, Gholam-Hussein(2008). The Great Batlles of Nader Shah. Donyaye Ketab. The battle took place near Karnal in Haryana, north of Delhi, India. As a result of the overwhelming defeat of the Mughal Empire at Karnal, the already-declining Mughal dynasty was critically weakened to such an extent as to hasten its demise. According to Axwo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khan Dowran VII
Khan Dowran VII ( d. 1739) was a Mughal statesman and general in the eighteenth century. Originally Khwaja Asim, he was made Samsam ud-Daula (''Sword of the State'') Khan-i Dauran and was the Mir Bakshi and Amir-ul-Umara. He was the head of all the imperial nobility and the commander-in-chief of the Mughal army during the reign of Muhammad Shah, and served the Emperor until his death at the Battle of Karnal. His brother, Muzaffar Khan, was the Mir-i-Atish (commander of the artillery), and the governor of Ajmer. Background Khwaja Asim was an Indian Muslim, who was born in 1672–73 in Agra, where his father Khwaja Qasim was living in retirement after giving up his job in the army. He was a member of the Naqshbandi Khwajazadah family, who were natives of Agra. He was an ethnic Hindustani. When Khwaja Asim grew to manhood, he along with his brothers went to the Deccan in search of employment, and entered the service of Prince Kam Bakhsh who took him into service and raised ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nader Shah's Invasion Of India
In May 1738, Nader Shah, the ruler of Iran (1736–1747) and the founder of the Afsharid dynasty, invaded Northern India, eventually attacking Delhi in March 1739. His army easily defeated the Mughals at the Battle of Karnal and then occupied the Mughal capital. Nader Shah's victory against the weak and crumbling Mughal Empire in the far east meant that he could afford to turn back and resume war against Persia's archrival, the neighbouring Ottoman Empire, as well as launch further campaigns in the North Caucasus and Central Asia. The loss of the Mughal treasury, which was carried back to Persia, dealt the final blow to the effective power of the Mughal Empire in India. Prelude By the end of 1736, Nadir Shah had consolidated his rule over Iran and dealt with the internal uprisings that had developed over the three years before that. He now shifted his focus towards the Afghan Ghilji tribe, who had been reorganised by their new leader Hussain Hotak (), a cousin of As ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tahmasp Khan Jalayer
{{Context, date=May 2016 Tahmasp Khan Jalayer (full name: Tahmasp Qoli Khan Jalayer; Persian: تهماسب قلیخان جلایر) was one of the most prominent and battle-hardened generals of the Naderian wars and served Nader Shah from the very early days of his military career in Khorasan until he was forced to rebel during the last year of Nader's reign as Shah. Tahmasp Jalayer was present in many of the key engagements of Nader's career and was instrumental in Reza Qoli Mirza Afshar's military successes against the Uzbeks. He fought alongside Nader in the Battle of Karnal where he commanded the right wing of the Iranian army. During the last years of Nader's rule in Iran he wanbfods forced into rebellion as Nader, who at this point had begun to slip further into insanity and paranoia, declared him a traitor to test his loyalties. Adil Shah Ali-qoli Khan (), commonly known by his regnal title Adel Shah (also spelled Adil; , "the Just King") was the second shah of Afshari ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Michael Axworthy
Michael George Andrew Axworthy (26 September 1962 – 16 March 2019) was a British academic, author, and commentator. He was the head of the Iran section at the British Foreign & Commonwealth Office between 1998 and 2000. Personal life and family Michael Axworthy was born in Woking on 26 September 1962. He spent his childhood in West Kirby, Radyr, Ilkley and Chester, where he attended The King's School. Axworthy visited Iran frequently during holidays as a teenager because his father, Ifor, was involved in a project there with the Midland Bank. He recalled leaving the capital, Tehran, around September 1978 soon after the first large demonstrations against the soon-to-be-deposed Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, had taken place in the city. While studying history at Peterhouse, Cambridge, in the 1980s, Axworthy was greatly influenced by historians and other academics with interests in the history of ideas, such as Tim Blanning, Maurice Cowling, and Martin Golding. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cannons
A cannon is a large-caliber gun classified as a type of artillery, which usually launches a projectile using explosive chemical propellant. Gunpowder ("black powder") was the primary propellant before the invention of smokeless powder during the late 19th century. Cannons vary in gauge, effective range, mobility, rate of fire, angle of fire and firepower; different forms of cannon combine and balance these attributes in varying degrees, depending on their intended use on the battlefield. A cannon is a type of heavy artillery weapon. The word ''cannon'' is derived from several languages, in which the original definition can usually be translated as ''tube'', ''cane'', or ''reed''. The earliest known depiction of cannons may have appeared in Song dynasty China as early as the 12th century; however, solid archaeological and documentary evidence of cannons do not appear until the 13th century. In 1288, Yuan dynasty troops are recorded to have used hand cannons in combat, an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
War Elephant
A war elephant is an elephant that is Animal training, trained and guided by humans for combat purposes. Historically, the war elephant's main use was to charge (warfare), charge the enemy, break their ranks, and instill terror and fear. Elephantry is a term for specific military units using elephant-mounted troops. War elephants played a critical role in several key battles in Ancient history, antiquity, especially in ancient India. While seeing limited and periodic use in Ancient China, they became a permanent fixture in armies of history of Southeast Asia, historical kingdoms in Southeast Asia. During classical antiquity they were also used in History of Persia, ancient Persia and in the Mediterranean world within armies of Macedon, Hellenistic period, Hellenistic Greek states, the Roman Republic and later Roman Empire, Empire, and Ancient Carthage in North Africa. In some regions they maintained a firm presence on the battlefield throughout the post-classical history, Medi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zamburak
Zamburak (, ), was a specialized form of self-propelled artillery from the early modern period featuring small swivel guns mounted on and fired from camels. Its operator was known as a zamburakchi. It was used by the gunpowder empires, especially Safavid Iran, the Timurid Empire, and Afsharid Iran, due to the ruggedness of the Iranian plateau, which made typical transportation of heavy cannons difficult. The zamburak became a popular mode of warfare in the 18th century in the Indian subcontinent. The Pashtuns used it in the Battle of Gulnabad, routing a numerically superior imperial Safavid army. It was also used successfully in the campaigns of Nader Shah when the shah and military genius Nader Shah utilized a zamburak corps in conjunction with a regular corps of conventional cannon to devastating effect in numerous battles, such as at the Battle of Damghan (1729), the Battle of Yeghevārd, and the Battle of Karnal. A large number of zamburaks were also successfully employed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saadat Ali Khan I
Saadat Khan Nishapuri (born Mir Muhammad Amin; – 19 March 1739) was the first Nawab of the Kingdom of Awadh from 26 January 1722 to 1739 and the son of Muhammad Nasir. At age 25, he accompanied his father on the final campaign of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb against the Marathas in the Deccan, and the emperor awarded him the title of Khan Bahadur for his service. Early life Khan's date of birth has not been recorded. According to historian Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava, Khan was born in and his birth name was Mir Muhammad Amin. His father was Mir Muhammad Nasir, a merchant in Khorasan. Khan had one elder brother, Mir Muhammad Baqar. One of their ancestors was Mir Shamsuddin, a ''sayyid'' (descendant of Islamic prophet Muhammad) and a '' kazi'' (Islamic judge) in Nishapur. He was a twenty-first-generation descendant of Musa al-Kadhim, the seventh imam of Shia Islam. The Safavid dynasty began declining at the end of the 17th century. Sultan Husayn (the last Safavid monarch) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Qamar-ud-din Khan, Asaf Jah I
Mir Qamar-ud-din Khan Siddiqi (11 August 16711 June 1748) also known as Chin Qilich Qamaruddin Khan, Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah and Nizam I, was the first Nizam of Hyderabad. He began his career during the reign of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, who made him a general. Following the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, Asaf Jah preferred to remain neutral, refusing to favour any one of Aurangzeb's warring sons. When Aurangzeb's third son Bahadur Shah ultimately emerged victorious, Asaf Jah was rotated as governor of multiple Mughal provinces until 1714, when he was appointed as Viceroy of the Deccan with authority over six Mughal provinces in southern India from 1714 to 1719. From 1719 onwards, he was involved in combating the intrigues of the Sayyid brothers. From 1720 to 1722, he helped the new Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah in eliminating the Sayyid brothers and was elevated, as a reward, to the grand viziership from 1722 to 1724. Political intrigues compelled Asaf Jah to rebel against ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Emperor Of Hindustan
Emperor of Hindustan sometimes also translated as ''Emperor of India'',Only during the period of the Mughal Empire during and after the 16th century is the usual rendering in English of the imperial title used firstly by the Delhi Sultanate and then their successors the Mughal Empire It signified their sovereignty over Northern India and later much of the Indian subcontinent.Excepting northeastern and deep southern regions. The term Hindustan was used for Northern India in particular, and also the whole Indian subcontinent during the Medieval period. During the rule of the Mughal Empire in the 16th century, the term was equivalent to ''Emperor of India.'' Even after effective Mughal rule had collapsed by about 1720, the Mughal dynasty continued to be recognised as the ceremonial rulers of India by regional powers in India, such as the Maratha Confederacy, the British East India Company and many other Indian polities, until Mughal rule was formally abolished in 1858. For examp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muhammad Shah
Mirza Nasir-ud-Din Muḥammad Shah (born Roshan Akhtar; 7 August 1702 – 26 April 1748) was the thirteenth Mughal emperor from 1719 to 1748. He was son of Khujista Akhtar, the fourth son of Bahadur Shah I. After being chosen by the Sayyid Brothers of Barha, he ascended the throne at the young age of 16, under their strict supervision. He later got rid of them with the help of Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I – Syed Hussain Ali Khan was murdered at Fatehpur Sikri in 1720 and Sayyid Hassan Ali Khan Barha was captured in battle in 1720 and fatally poisoned in 1722. Muhammad Shah was a great patron of the arts, including musical, cultural and administrative developments, he is thus often referred to as Muhammad Shah Rangila (). His pen-name was "Sadrang" and he is also sometimes referred to as "Bahadur Shah Rangila" after his grand father Bahadur Shah I. Muhammad Shah's reign was marked by rapid and irreversible decline of the Mughal Empire that was exacerbated by Nader Shah's ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ahmad Shah Durrani
Ahmad Shāh Durrānī (; ; – 4 June 1772), also known as Ahmad Shāh Abdālī (), was the first ruler and founder of the Durrani Empire. He is often regarded as the founder of modern Afghanistan. Throughout his reign, Ahmad Shah fought over fifteen major military campaigns. Nine of them being centered in India, three in Khorasan province, Khorasan, and three in Afghan Turkestan. Having rarely lost a battle, historians widely recognize Ahmad Shah as a brilliant military leader and tactician, typically being compared to rulers such as Mahmud of Ghazni, Babur, and as well as Nader Shah. Historian Hari Ram Gupta refers to Ahmad Shah as the "greatest general of Asia of his time", as well as one of the greatest conquerors in Asian history. Name and title His birth name was Ahmad Khan, born into the Durrani, Abdali tribe. After his accession to power in 1747, he became known as Ahmad Shah. His tribe also changed the name from Abdali, instead becoming the Durrani. Afghans often ca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
