Baffinland

The Mary River Mine is an open-pit iron ore mine in the Mary River area of Baffin Island, Canada. It is operated by the Baffinland Iron Mines Corporation (BIMC). As of 2021, the operation consists of an open-pit mine, two work camps for hundreds of workers, a ''tote road''—from the Mary River site to Milne Inlet—and port infrastructure at Milne Inlet. According to a 4-year study published in 2008, the Mary River Mine, with its four massive iron ore deposits of 65-70% pure iron ore was "one of the most promising undeveloped iron deposits on the planet". It was not until technological advances were in place in 2010, and the market for iron ore had dramatically increased that sizable financial backing was available for the high cost of development in a remote region known for its inhospitable climate. The mine began operations in 2014, and the first shipment to Europe arrived in 2015. Baffinland is currently planning on expanding the mine. In February 2021, a group of Inuit hunters blockaded access to the mine for a week to protest the expansion.

In May 2021, a work camp for the mine experienced a COVID-19 outbreak, including the first cases of the highly transmissible SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant in the territory.

Background

The Mary River area has "long been known to Inuit as Nuluujaat, a landmark used to travel through North Baffin Island" in what is now known as Qikiqtani Region, Nunavut.

The Mary River property contains four iron ore deposits, numbered 1, 2, 3 and 4 that contain high grade direct shipping iron ore (DSO), with ore grades between 65% and 70%. Because they require no further processing to be used in blast furnaces for steel-making they are priced higher than lower grades. The iron ore body was identified in 1962 by Murray Edmund Watts, who was the regional head of Baffinland predecessor company—British Ungava Explorations Ltd. (Brunex). Watts had sighted Mary River's four massive iron ore deposits—large black circles of 65-70% pure iron ore—from his Cessna airplane. Watts died in 1982, and had never been able to find investors for the project. In 1986, a private company, Baffinland Iron Mines Ltd., held the Mary River Project claims and leases.

In 1978, Gordon McCreary submitted his Queen's MBA thesis on the feasibility of developing iron ore in the Mary River area with a focus on transporting the iron ore in Arctic conditions to tidewater by permafrost land, and by sea through packed ice. Richard McCloskey, who became Baffinland's CEO in 2010, had been friends with McCreary in the engineering department at Queen's in 1969. In 2002, McCreary and McCloskey gained a controlling interest in Baffinland. They took it public in 2004, and established Baffinland Iron Mines Corporation. Baffinland then had the funds to complete testing and surveys, and they confirmed the purity of the ore at 65-70% pure and the potential of the resource—337 million tons. The Mary River Mine was "one of the largest undeveloped iron ore deposits in the world". By 2006, the price of iron ore increased as there was a global shortage for the first time since the 1970s. It was at this time that interest in developing iron ore mines in both the Labrador Trough, near Schefferville, Quebec and in Mary River had increased.

In or around the mid-2000s, BIMC presented a proposal to the Qikiqtani Inuit Association (QIA)—the regional Inuit organization authorized by the Nunavut government, that represents Inuit in the entire Baffin Island area—for the Mary River project. The proposal was for an open pit iron ore mine, to be developed and exploited on Inuit-owned land (IOL). The proposal, which was informed by the commissioned report, estimated a total cost of CA$4.1 B, and included a CA$1.2 B cold-weather railway running south—the South Railway—from the mine to a CA$0.7B deep-water all season facility in Steensby Inlet in southern Baffin with a planned production of 18 million tonnes per annum (MT/a). By September 2006, a QIA member vocally supported the development of the Mary River project, saying that, "You're talking about obsfor your grandchildren—and their grandchildren." By 2006, Baffinland began investigating the feasibility of a cold-weather railway from the Mary River to a mining port and by 2006, Canarail had provided an estimate of CA$350 million to build the railway. Baffinland had considered two options—a North Railway and a South Railway—a route to Milne Inlet and a route to Steensby Inlet.

Canadian context

As of 2009, Canada, with 7.9 billion tons of iron ore reserves, had nearly 42% of the global iron ore resources. The majority of the iron ore in Canada comes from Nunavut's Mary River Mine and from Schefferville, Quebec, which is in the Labrador Trough. In 2017 Canadian iron ore mines produced 49 million tons of iron ore in concentrate pellets and 13.6 million tons of crude steel. Of the 13.6 million tons of steel 7 million was exported, and 43.1 million tons of iron ore was exported at a value of $4.6 billion. Of the iron ore exported 38.5% of the volume was iron ore pellets with a value of $2.3 billion and 61.5% was iron ore concentrates with a value of $2.3 billion.

In 2011, the Government of Canada, under the direction of the Conservative majority government of Prime Minister Stephen Harper, fostered Arctic exploration and industrial mining as the "beacon of the future" that would "unlock development possibilities in the North." By 2013, "mineral exploration funds" had begun to "dry up" and new development was being scaled back across Northern Canada. In their 2013 book ''Northern Canada : history, politics, and memory'', the authors said that Baffinland's "massive Mary River project was the most dramatic example—Baffinland "radically curtailed its investment and development plans, cancelling a proposed railway and port development...and scaling back its project investment to $740 million from an initial projection of $4 billion."

Iron ore market

Iron ore is the "most expensive ingredient in steelmaking." Because of its abundance worldwide, the iron ore market is volatile and subject to fluctuations. The iron ore industry is cyclical.

In 2008, shipment figures of iron ore "broke historical records at US$6.2G" and mining investment reached US$2G. By 2011, China accounted for half of the global production of iron ore, used mainly for steel-making and export. By 2011, iron ore mining in Quebec's Labrador Trough was experiencing a comeback—development projects included Arcelor Mittal's Port-Cartier and Fermont and Schefferville.

From 2010 through 2013, the global price of iron ore was about US$150 a tonne; it reached a peak of US$177 in August 2011.

Arcelor Mittal Canada—formerly Québec Cartier Mining Company—has a huge Fermont, Quebec iron ore mine complex at Mont-Wright that is similar in scale to the Mary River iron ore project, that it now also co-owns. Arcelor Mittal operates its private railway, the Cartier Railway connecting to Fermont the mine. In 2011, ArcelorMittal—the owner of Hamilton, Ontario's Dofasco—invested $2.1B in the expansion of Fermont iron ore mine complex. By May 2011, the Luxembourg-based ArcelorMittal Group—the world's largest steel producer and the co-owner of Baffinland—had plans to increase its annual production of iron ore concentrate from "14 million tons to 100 million tons by 2015".

The price of iron ore declined to US$60 in 2014. It reached US$128 in August 2020.

Construction

By 2007, construction of a tote road connecting Mary River mine to Milne Inlet was already underway. Milne Inlet is a shallow inlet that was only ice-free from August to October and opened onto the environmentally sensitive waters of Eclipse Sound and the protected waterways surrounding Bylot Island and Sirmilik National Park, for which Pond Inlet is the gateway hamlet. According to David K. Joyce who visited the site in the summer of 2007, the road was expected to carry hundreds of 200 tonne dump trucks per day, every day, for several decades. By August 2007, the US subprime mortgage crisis had negatively impacted Canadian commercial paper, causing it to suddenly crash.
With 95% of Baffinland's CA$45.9 million invested in commercial paper—which would normally be very reliable—they had to get an emergency line of credit to pay for provisions for the hundreds of workers, fuel and equipment. McCreary, who served as the company's CEO from 2004 until March 2010, began to seriously seek out investors. Shipping the ore seemed to become more viable as the Arctic sea ice was shrinking.

A 4-year long $170 million commissioned feasibility study, submitted in February 2008, was described by the ''Canadian Mining Journal'' as "robust". The report said that the first deposit of iron ore alone would "last between 20 and 34 years" if they shipped between 18 and 30 million tons annually. Because of the purity of the iron ore, there was no processing required so it was direct-shipping. There would be less environmental impact.

In 2008, a joint venture agreement was signed with Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated and a memorandum of understanding was signed in 2009. At that time, Nunavut Tunngavik controlled the resource exploitation of Inuit owned lands. The agreement allowed Baffinland exploration and resource development rights to of Inuit-owned land adjacent to the mine-site.

Their initial 2008 development, which was based on the recommendations of 4-year study, anticipated initial production of 18 million tonnes per annum (MT/a) and construction of a CA$1.2b -long cold weather the South Railway, where they would also build a new C$0.7b port facility at a total estimated cost for the project of CA$4.1 billion. The proposal had included a South Railway to an "all-season deep-water port and ship loading facility at Steensby Inlet" where the iron ore would be shipped through the Foxe Basin.

Public consultations were held in April 2007 in Pond Inlet, Arctic Bay, Cape Dorset, Clyde River, Igloolik, Hall Beach, and Kimmirut—the hamlets that were "most impacted" by the project.

A crucial part of Baffinland's plan was to use nine 190,000-tonnes icebreakers, making a trip every second day year-round, in a shipping route from the proposed Steensby Inlet, through Foxe Basin and Hudson Strait to markets overseas—which would be "unprecedented in Arctic shipping history". Baffinland hired Fednav, a Canadian company headquartered in Montreal, which was at that time the only company worldwide that was operating in the Canadian Arctic year-round. At the 2009 NIRB public hearings in Igloolik—which is near the proposed marine shipping route from the proposed Steensby Inlet port—the major concern was the impact of the icebreakers operating year-round on marine life in particular, and the environment in general.

In 2008 and 2009, the Nunavut government's Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated, that controlled the resource exploitation of Inuit owned lands, signed a joint venture agreement and memorandum of understanding with Baffinland. During the 2008 financial crisis, Baffinland had difficulty raising the required capital. In 2007 and 2008, Baffinland mined a large bulk of samples of iron ore from Mary River deposit 1 to be tested by ArcelorMittal and ThyssenKrupp Steel AG in their large-scale blast furnaces in Europe. Baffinland shipped 113,217 tonnes of the sample. In order to ship the iron ore Baffinland had to upgrade the Milne Inlet "tote road" to an all-weather condition. According to the Baffinland January 2010 internal report, ArcelorMittal found that the Mary River fine ore was superior to that which they were using. In February 2010, McCreary hired an experienced mining executive, Jowdat Waheed—an alumnus of Sherritt International and director at Sprint—as a consultant to prepare confidential reports. In March 2010, entered into an exclusivity agreement with ArcelorMittal who were seriously considering the possibility of a transaction with Baffinland. In July Waheed met with Baffinland CEO Richard McCloskey about a phased approach which would include an early stage production of up to two million tonnes of iron ore at Mary River hauled via the "tote road" and shipped from Milne Inlet.

In August 2010, after completing his report for Baffinland, Waheed had partnered with Bruce Walter, a Toronto-based "mining entrepreneur and dealmaker", who had spent his "entire career negotiating mergers and acquisitions, particularly in the mining sector" to create the Baffinland acquisition vehicle, Nunavut Iron Ore Acquisition Inc. with funds from the Energy and Minerals Group. Nunavut Iron Ore is owned by The Energy & Minerals Group, a "private Houston-based fund that makes equity investments of $150 to $400 million in entities with talented, experienced management teams" which is providing the majority of the "equity financing for the Offer". After ArcelorMittal made an offer to purchase Baffinland, Nunavut Iron made a counteroffer. Over a period of about six months, a bidding war took place, resulting in an almost doubling of the offered price. Baffinland discouraged its shareholders from selling to either ArcelorMittal or the hostile bidder Nunavut Iron Ore. In December, McCreary, went to China hoping to finalize a deal to prevent either ArcelorMittal or Nunavut Iron Ore from acquiring the company he had spent decades of his life building. McCreary strongly disagreed with the phase approach that Waheed had suggested, in which the company would begin to haul and iron ore on a tote road from Mary River mine to Milne Inlet where it would be shipped. A January 2011 ''La Presse'' article described the Mary River Mine, as "one of the most promising undeveloped iron deposits on the planet" that was "hiding north of Baffin Island, in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. On January 14, 2011, Nunavut Iron and ArcelorMittal agreed to a merger. In 2014, ArcelorMittal had retained the position of Project Operator.

Walter described his role in the 2011 "battle" for "control of Baffinland Iron Mines (BIM-T) and its massive Mary River iron ore project." Walter said that the hostile takeover was one of the most "exciting", "intriguing", and "challenging of his career." He described how he had "masterminded" a joint offer with ArcelorMittal, following a "four-month battle for Baffinland" that resulted in the two companies making a "joint offer for Baffinland of $1.50 per share, valuing the company at $590 million." Walter depended heavily on their legal firms that "earned their keep on this one because there wasn't a time until right at the very end that we weren't conducting negotiations on multiple fronts...There were a lot of moving pieces in this thing and a lot of players who could potentially have come in and played a role . . . Let's just say that what was visible publicly was 25% of what was going on." By 2014, the Ontario Securities Commission had exonerated Waheed and Walter, who had been accused of insider trading, in a high-profile case, by allegedly exploiting insider information that Waheed had gathered while on contract with Baffinland earlier in 2010, to mount a hostile takeover in August.

By November 2011, Arcelor owned 70% but Nunavut Iron planned on acquiring another 30% stake for $1.5 billion. Baffinland is owned jointly by Nunavut Iron Ore, which owns 72%, and ArcelorMittal with 28% as of June 30, 2020, according to Moody's.On December 28, 2012, after four years of a rigorous social and environmental assessment process, which included numerous public meetings with local Inuit communities that would be impacted by the development, the Nunavut Impact Review Board (NIRB) issued BIMC its certificate and license for its initial 2008 Mary River project. This consisted of mining and shipping iron ore at a rate of 18 Million tonnes per year (Mt/a), constructing the South Railway and port facilities at Steensby Inlet. In 2013, Baffinland requested and received an amendment to its 2012 FIRB certificate for the project's final environmental impact statement (FEIS). The initial 2012 certificate was still in force, allowing Baffinland to transport and ship 18 Mtba through Steensby Inlet if and when the South Railway and port were built. On April 23, Baffinland asked the Nunavut Planning Commission (NPC) and NIRB for a further amendment to the North Baffin Regional Land Use Plan which would allow them to increase production from 4.2 to 6 Mtpa and to allow them haul and ship using the tote road and Milne Inlet port.

Operations

Early Revenue Phase

On May 28, 2014, the NIRB approved Baffinland's Early Revenue Phase proposal after a review that took place from 2013 to 2014. Baffinland's initial Early Revenue Phase allowed the company to haul and ship up to 4.2 million metric tons per year.

Mary River Mine became operational in September 2014, and by August 8, 2015, the first shipment of ore from the mine, departed for Germany from Milne Inlet. In 2015, the finished ore production was 1,331 thousand wet metric tonnes (wmt), and by 2018 it reached 5,443 thousand wmt—in 2019 it increased slightly to 5,700 thousand wmt.Usually, production is quoted in wet metric tonnes (wmt). The price of iron ore is based on dry metric tonnes (dmt), which represents 8% less than the wet metric tonnes, adjusting for moisture content.

The local Hunters and Trappers Association, who had been included in the NIRB public meetings, became increasingly concerned with acoustic and iron ore dust pollution, and—in the early years— fuel and contaminated water pollution. By 2014, the global price of iron ore had declined dramatically. The new owners had already begun to consider abandoning the construction of the more environmentally-sensitive—but much higher capital investment intense—South Railway in 2010 during the bidding war and to consider an alternate proposal a Mary River-Milne Inlet tote road.

In 2018, Baffinland requested and received permission to increase the Early Revenue Phase amount of metric tons they could haul and ship a year to 6 million metric tons.

In November 2019, Baffinland said that because of the uncertainty of the NIRB Phase 2 assessment process, they were laying off 586 Mary Mine contract employees, including 96 Inuit and 490 non-Inuit.

As of 2021, Baffinland is still in its Early Revenue Phase as defined by the NIRB. The board has already extended the period so that the company could "continue... hauling and shipping of up to 6 million tonnes (Mtpa) of iron ore" annually until the end of 2021.

Phase 2 Proposal

Prior to its formal submission of its October 29, 2014 its Mary River Phase 2 Proposal to the Nunavut Planning Commission (NPC), Baffinland had begun to request major changes to its 2012 regulations, within a year of the completion of NIRD's 2012 environmental review. Phase 2 expansion also includes plans for an increase of up to 176-ships transitting through the "environmentally sensitive waters" of Eclipse Sound before reaching the open sea. It included extending the shipping season to ten months with the shipping season ending on November 15.

Baffinland submitted its Mary River Phase 2 Proposal to the Nunavut Planning Commission (NPC) on October 29, 2014, and has plans for even more expansion in a Phase 3, with a potential to eventually produce 18 million tonnes more annually in the future. According to a June 2020 Moody's Investors Service credit report, "Baffinland plans to expand the Mary River mine to a capacity of 18 Mtpa 18 million metric tons, or tonnes" in Phase 3.

Their 2014 Phase 2 submission asked for an allowance to use ultra-large dump trucks to convey the iron ore "tote road"—which by then had already been built—to a replacement port at Milne Inlet near Pond Inlet. They requested the doubling of the existing tonnage of 6 million metric tonnes to 12 million metric tonnes of ore to be shipped from Milne Inlet for up to 10 months each year, and the expansion of the Milne Inlet port facilities. Phase 2 expansion also includes plans for an increase of up to 176-ships transitting through the protected waters of Eclipse Sound before reaching the open sea. CBC reported in November 2014, that Nunavutmiut felt shock, surprise and anger at these proposed changes.

Other amendments included operating 75 ultra-large dump trucks, instead of the 22 required by Mine proposal. The increased number of trucks would require widening the road, "twinning" portions of it, from one lane to two, and twinning some bridges. The port facilities would need to be enlarged, to house more staff, and to store more ore. Milne Inlet is not as open to large, deep draft cargo vessels as Steensby Inlet. Therefore, Baffinland wanted to increase the number of departures to 150 per year.

The price for iron ore dropped by approximately 40% between October 2013 and September 2014. Baffinland requested changes to existing regulations to allow for 12 million metric tonnes of ore to be shipped from Milne Inlet for up to 10 months each year, which represented a doubling of its existing tonnage. Other major changes requested included expansion of the Milne Inlet port facilities.

Baffinland Iron Mines Corporation's open-pit mine has attracted international attention for its planned Phase 2 expansion, that would see a dramatic increase in shipping from its Milne Inlet port in Eclipse Sound through a narwhal habitat in the waters near Greenland. Milne Inlet is a "small inlet" that "opens into Eclipse Sound, a primary summering area for Nunavut's largest population of narwhal". Freighters now enter and exit Tallurutiup Imanga National Marine Conservation Area—a national marine conservation area on their way to the sea. The iron ore shipping lanes, which go through a narwhal habitat, will threaten this population which is just beginning to return after a hundred years.

''Radio'' Canada described Baffinland's request for an amendment to ship from Milne Inlet instead of building the expensive South Railway on permafrost as "contentious". Baffinland's request stirred fear and distrust from residents of nearby communities, who appealed to Valcourt to turn down the request.

On July 6, 2016, the World Wildlife Foundation (WWF), one of the organizations that sits on an oversight board, the mine's Marine Environment Working Group, criticized Baffinland for a lack of transparency. According to the WWF, by 2016, long after the project's 2012 approval, Baffinland lacked "formal guidelines to inform the level of data the company collects on its project, and how its analyses are reported".

In 2019, revenues were $507 million. In their 2020 credit rating for BIMC, Moody's described the Mary River Mine, as a "small single mine in a remote location" in the Arctic.

By 2020, Mary River mine operation consisted of an open-pit mine with "crushing and screening facilities", a ''tote road'' and a port infrastructure at Milne Inlet, for the transportation and loading of iron ore for shipment by sea. The mine has an airstrip and an Mary River Aerodrome for passengers and freight. The company leases freighters, including panamax bulkers and ice-breakers. Under their current certificate they use 22 ultra-large dump trucks to transport iron ore to Milne Inlet.

In a 2021 letter to the Nunavut Impact Review Board, the mayor of Pond Inlet, Joshua Arreak, said that the hamlet would not support the phase two project unless Baffinland agreed to slow down their increase in production to yearly increments of 1.5 million tonners per year."

By January 2021, the NIRB confirmed that the final public hearings regarding the Phase 2 proposal, remained on schedule in spite of requests made by the Mittimatalik Hunters and Trappers Organization of Pond Inlet and the Hamlet of Clyde River for postponements, as their southern attorneys could not be physically present with COVID-19 pandemic restrictions in place.

In 2021, in Iqaluit and Pond Inlet, Nunavut Impact Review Board public hearings are underway for the proposed expansion of the mine, which would result in an increase in shipping at Milne Inlet, the main port for the mine. Environmental concerns include the impact of 176 ships travelling to and from Milne Inlet annually. Milne Inlet "opens onto and lies within" Tallurutiup Imanga—a Canadian national marine conservation area—and a narwhal habitat.

The NIRB public hearings regarding the Phase 2 expansion scheduled for December 2020, were controversial. Among the changes to be discussed was the addition of the North Railway, a railway to the mine's port at Milne Inlet to replace the "tote road". The final public hearings for the NIRB review of Phase 2 expansion are scheduled for March 2021.

Phase 2 amendment rejected by NPC

When the Nunavut Planning Commission (NPC) announced on April 8, 2015, that BIMC's Phase 2 amended project had not conformed to requirements under the NBRLUP, in a controversial move by the AAND minister immediately gave Baffinland an exemption, that bypassed Nunavut's regulatory channels, which led to the beginning of a second multi-year NIRB assessment process that has continued into 2021. A 2015 ''Nunavut News'' article said that the federal government had placed itself at the "centre of a big regulatory fight" over BIMC's "ambitious and controversial expansion plan" for the Mary River Mine.

When the Nunavut Planning Commission (NPC) told BIMC on April 8, 2015, that their Phase 2 expansion would require a new NIRB assessment as it did "not conform to the NBRLUP, Baffinland had requested that then-Minister of Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development, Bernard Valcourt, grant an NBRLUP exemption. The Canadian Arctic and Arctic sovereignty had been a focus during the premiership of Conservative Prime Minister Stephen Harper from 2006 until November 2015. By May 2015, Valcourt was at the "centre of a big regulatory fight" over Baffinland Iron Mines Corp's "ambitious and controversial expansion plan" for the Mary River Mine, when Valcourt granted the exemption. Baffinland then brought its contentious amended Phase 2 proposal directly to the Nunavut Impact Review Board.

The first shipment from Mary River mine left Milne Inlet on August 8, 2015, with a load of 53,624 tonnes of iron ore on a bulk carrier destined for Germany. As the first shipment was being loaded at Milne Inlet, the local community were very concerned, as Baffinland had requested that the use of icebreakers to lengthen the three-month long shipping season so they could "ship ore through Baffin Bay 10 months of the year." CBC reported in November 2014, that Baffinland's proposal to ship iron ore from Milne Inlet 10 months a year left Nunavutmiut feeling shock, surprise and anger.

The NIRB informed Minister Valcourt, and a Baffinland Vice President, Erik Madsen on August 31, 2015, that they were recommending to the federal government that Baffinland's Phase 2 amendments were significant enough to require a full assessment which would include public hearings. These significant amendments included "new and upgraded infrastructure at its Milne Inlet port", as well as other changes, NIRB also requires an "addendum to its current final environmental impact statement detailing proposed changes, impacts and mitigation efforts".

2017 amendment

On February 3, 2017, Baffinland requested an expansion of the Mary River-Milne Bay transportation corridor, which was granted on March 18, 2018.

2018 amendment

On April 23, 2018, Baffinland submitted a request to the NPC and NIRB to amend the NBRLUP and Mary River project certificate, which increased the total production/shipping amount from 18 to 22.2 Mtpa, with an additional 4.2 Mtpa of ore being transported by truck over the Mary River-Milne Inlet "tote road" they had already constructed. In their August 2018, general summary, Baffinland described this amendment to the Phase 2 proposal as having an increase from 6 Mtpa to 12 Mpta, as well as, the construction of a new North Railway that would run parallel to the existing Milne Inlet "tote road". In the Phase 2 proposal 2018 amendment, the total mine production would eventually increase to 30 Mtpa. This includes the original certificate of 18 Mpta transported on the South Railway, and the 12 Mpta transported on the North Railway and shipped through Milne Inlet. These increased production projections with an annual production of 30 million tonnes of iron ore was to be achieved by constructing two railways, north and south, and by using both Milne Bay and Steensby Inlet for shipping.

By 2019, Baffinland's Phase 2 expansion included two railway-port proposals, a North Railway from Mary River to Milne Inlet and the South Railway for which they already had a 2012 project certificate. With these future expansions, Baffinland's goal was to carry an additional 18 million tonnes annually with "ships sailing through Foxe Basin and Davis Strait" to markets in Europe and elsewhere around the globe.

In May 2022, the NIRB rejected Baffinland's 2018 request, stating that expansion of the mine would potentially incur “significant and lasting negative effects on marine mammals, the marine environment, fish, caribou and other terrestrial wildlife, vegetation and freshwater," and that "these negative effects could also impact Inuit harvesting, culture, land use and food security.”

Transportation

Shipping routes and carriers

By 2021, the only operational port was in Milne Inlet with a shipping route that including transitting through protected waters surrounding Bylot Island. Baffinland has plans to develop a second port on Steensby Inlet in the south with a more environmentally sensitive route through Foxe Basin and Davis Strait. A third potential ship route is through the Northwest Passage.

In July 2019 the deck cargo ship Biglift Barentsz left Bremerhaven, Germany loaded with a rock crusher for Mary River mine. This ship fits into the heavy-lift ship category.

Steensby Inlet port

Baffinland's NIRB 2012 certificate authorizes them to develop and use an "all-season deep-water port and ship loading facility" at Steensby Inlet on the coast of southeast Baffin Island. The southern route from Steensby Inlet through Foxe Basin south through Davis Strait to the Atlantic, is the more environmentally sensitive route.

Milne Inlet port facilities

However, as iron ore prices declined significantly from 2013 onwards, Baffinland chose the less capital intensive option of developing marine infrastructure at Milne Inlet. By 2015, there a small port had been constructed at Milne Inlet and was ready for the August shipping date.

For mining and engineering enthusiasts the innovative technology used to move the ore from the shallow inlet by barges to a freighter waiting off-shore, was welcomed. To the local community, concerns were raised about the use of Milne Inlet for industrial shipping purposes. Milne Inlet has "shallow depths, high tides", and "strong winds" and a short shipping season of about 90 days, from August to mid-October when it freezes over. Freighters must transit via the protected waterways around Bylot Island—Eclipse Sound to reach Baffin Bay, between Greenland and Baffin Island to the north Atlantic Ocean. The first shipment was controversial since Baffinland had requested year-round shipping.

For the 2018 shipping season, Baffinland contracted ice-breakers from July through October In a November 8, 2018 announcement, they said that they had shipped a record volume of ore—over 5 million tonnes via Milne Inlet. Two of the freighters transited Russia's Northern Sea Route, on their way to destinations in Asia. In November 2018, Baffinland Iron Mines set a 5 million tonne shipping record. At the end of the 2018 86-day shipping season on October 17, Baffinland Iron Mines had made 71 trips from Milne Inlet to destination such as "continental Europe, and the UK, including two trips Taiwan and Japan, along the Russian coast. Carrying an "average 71,750 tonnes of iron ore each" they became the largest "shipping program by volume for the Canadian and Scandinavian high Arctic."

Bulk carriers

In their initial 2008 plans using the Steensby Inlet port, in full operation there would be nine icebreaking freighters each displacing 190,000 tonnes, subcontracted with Fednav Group and filled every two days, shipping 18 million tonnes annually via Foxe Basin and Davis Strait to markets in Europe and elsewhere.

The first ship full of ore in the Early Revenue Phase, was the bulk carrier '' Federal Tiber'' that left Milne Inlet on August 8, 2015, with the first shipment of 53,624 tonnes of iron ore and arrived in Nordenham, Germany, at the mouth of the Weser River several weeks later.

On August 12, 2015, the newly built Nordic Bulk Carriers' relatively light, 1A ice-classed Nordic Odin (77,000 dwt, built 2015) left Baffinland's Milne Inlet port loaded with iron ore, and arrived in Spain about two weeks later, according to '' Splash247'', making it the first panamax bulker to carry iron ore from Baffin Island, Canada to Europe through Arctic sea ice. She encountered sea ice. According to '' Splash247'' Nordic Bulk Carriers acquired a five-year contract, worth $135 million—with four panamax and two handysize vessels allocated to the contract, carrying 30 loads of ore a year from Baffinland.

Ice-breakers

On July 4, 2018, Baffinland contracted for the services of the large Estonian icebreaker MSV ''Botnica'' from a subsidiary of AS Tallinna Sadam, for the months July through October. The icebreaker provides "escort ice management services, oil spill and emergency response services".

Air transport

There is a runway at the Mary River mine site. Baffinland workers are transported to and from the Mary River mine site by air. Workers based at Milne Inlet use ground transportation to reach the mine site. The Phase 2 proposal will be making use of the public airstrips Arctic Bay, Clyde River, Hall Beach, Igloolik, and Pond Inlet—the five closest hamlets—and Iqaluit to transport workers to and from worksites.

Mary River Aerodrome

In 2013, Nolinor Aviation began a service to Mary River Aerodrome carrying passengers and cargo on every second day from Kitchener/Waterloo via Iqaluit using a Boeing 737-200 combi aircraft. The Mary River Aerodrome, having a medium length gravel runway, was constructed adjacent to the base area. Flights are chartered by the mining company and operated by Chrono Aviation.

In March 2017 Baffinland chartered a massive Soviet-built Ilyushin IL-76 for twenty flights, between Jack Garland Airport, in North Bay, Ontario, and the mine-site. The mining vehicles were too large to be driven onto the plane, and had to be disassembled before shipment. North Bay's airport was selected because its 10,000-foot main runway was adequate for the "heavy-laden Ilyushin to take off with a large payload of cargo and fuel".

Rail

South Railway

By 2007, the construction and operation of a "large-tonnage railway year-round in Arctic conditions...built on permafrost" was an ambitious part of the mining development plan. The South Railway was integral to the 2008 initial submission. However, by 2013 investment funds in mining had dried up as the price of iron ore had declined in 2012. Mary River project investors radically scaled back capital funds from CA$4 billion to CA$740 million, cancelling both the proposed South Railway and port development.

Baffinland's initial 2008 plans submitted to regulatory boards included a special cold-weather South Railway line from the mine-site to a newly built port in Steensby Inlet on the south shore of Baffin Island.The announcement of the potential new cold-weather railway line was of interest to ''Railway Gazette International'' enthusiasts who wrote extensively about this. In one July 24, 2008 article the author said that "Premium steel rails will not be used, because the material has an increased potential to fracture at very low temperatures. Regular carbon steel is preferred, with a very high premium on the cleanliness of the steel. For this project, a low-alloy rail with standard strength and a Brinell hardness in the range of 300 would be most appropriate."

Baffinland had considered using diesel electric locomotives like this EMD SD70 in their original 2008 plan.

In April 2011 the ''Nunatsiaq News'' online edition reported the railway was anticipated to cost CA$1.9 billion—just under half the entire CA$4 billion cost of constructing the mine.

This was described as more environmentally sensitive than a road route, cheaper to operate over the decades the mine will be in use, and a port in Steensby Inlet would be ice-free for eleven months—months longer than Milne Inlet. Ore would be warehoused at the port during the month the port was locked in ice.

The railway route had a higher initial capital cost than any plan to ship ore by truck, before it could ship any ore. But it was touted as being able to carry more ore than a roadway, for less per ton. Over the decades its higher initial cost would have been reclaimed several times over. The South Railway was said to be chosen, in part, because it would have been ice-free for a longer portion of the year.

According to the ''Financial Post'' this would have been the most northerly operational railroad in the world the Baffinland mine being about a degree of latitude farther north than the Russian railhead

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