Army Group Centre () was the name of two distinct strategic German Army Groups that fought on the Eastern Front in

World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...

. The first Army Group Centre was created during the planning of

Operation Barbarossa Operation Barbarossa was the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany and several of its European Axis allies starting on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during World War II. More than 3.8 million Axis troops invaded the western Soviet Union along ...

, Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union, as one of the three

German Army The German Army (, 'army') is the land component of the armed forces of Federal Republic of Germany, Germany. The present-day German Army was founded in 1955 as part of the newly formed West German together with the German Navy, ''Marine'' (G ...

formations assigned to the invasion. After

Army Group North Army Group North () was the name of three separate army groups of the Wehrmacht during World War II. Its rear area operations were organized by the Army Group North Rear Area. The first Army Group North was deployed during the invasion of Pol ...

was trapped in the Courland Pocket in mid-1944, it was renamed to Army Group Courland and the first Army Group Centre was renamed "Army Group North". The second iteration of Army Group Centre was formed by the redesignation of

Army Group A Army Group A () was the name of three distinct army groups of the ''German Army (1935–1945), Heer'', the ground forces of the ''Wehrmacht'', during World War II. The first Army Group A, previously known as "Army Group South", was active from Oct ...

as the replacement for the first Army Group Centre.

Formation and Command

The army group was officially created by Adolf Hitler when he issued Führer Directive 21 on 18 December 1940, ordering German forces to prepare for an attack on Soviet Russia in 1941. The first

commanding officer The commanding officer (CO) or commander, or sometimes, if the incumbent is a general officer, commanding general (CG), is the officer in command of a military unit. The commanding officer has ultimate authority over the unit, and is usually give ...

of Army Group Centre was

Field Marshal Field marshal (or field-marshal, abbreviated as FM) is the most senior military rank, senior to the general officer ranks. Usually, it is the highest rank in an army (in countries without the rank of Generalissimo), and as such, few persons a ...

Fedor von Bock, who would lead it until he was relieved on 18 December 1941 after the failure of the

Battle of Moscow The Battle of Moscow was a military campaign that consisted of two periods of strategically significant fighting on a sector of the Eastern Front during World War II, between October 1941 and January 1942. The Soviet defensive effort frustrated H ...

and was replaced by Field Marshal

Günther von Kluge Günther Adolf Ferdinand von Kluge (30 October 1882 – 19 August 1944) was a German '' Generalfeldmarschall'' (Field Marshal) during World War II who held commands on both the Eastern and Western Fronts, until his suicide in connection with ...

. Günther von Kluge would remain the army group's commander until he was injured in October 1943 and replaced by Field Marshal Ernst Busch, who would then be replaced by Field Marshal Walter Model in June 1944. When Model was transferred to the Western Front in August 1944, he was replaced by Ferdinand Schörner, who would command the army group until his desertion in May 1945 after Germany surrendered to the Allies.

Order of battle at formation

Campaign and operational history

Operation Barbarossa

On 22 June 1941,

Nazi Germany Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German Reich, German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a Totalit ...

and its

Axis An axis (: axes) may refer to: Mathematics *A specific line (often a directed line) that plays an important role in some contexts. In particular: ** Coordinate axis of a coordinate system *** ''x''-axis, ''y''-axis, ''z''-axis, common names ...

allies launched their surprise offensive into the Soviet Union. Their armies, totaling over three million men, were to advance in three geographical directions. Army Group Centre's initial strategic goal was to defeat the Soviet armies in

Belarus Belarus, officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Russia to the east and northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Belarus spans an a ...

and occupy Smolensk. To accomplish this, the army group planned for a rapid advance using

Blitzkrieg ''Blitzkrieg'(Lightning/Flash Warfare)'' is a word used to describe a combined arms surprise attack, using a rapid, overwhelming force concentration that may consist of armored and motorized or mechanized infantry formations, together with ...

operational methods for which purpose it commanded two panzer groups rather than one. A quick and decisive victory over the Soviet Union was expected by mid-November. The Army Group's other operational missions were to support the army groups on its northern and southern flanks, the army group boundary for the later being the Pripyat River. ;July 1941 order of battle : 3rd Panzer Group, 9th Army, 4th Army, 2nd Panzer Group, z. Vfg. 2nd Army ;August 1941 order of battle :3rd Panzer Group, 9th Army, 2nd Army, Panzer Group Guderian (2nd Panzer Group, with additional units) ;September 1941 order of battle :3rd Panzer Group, 9th Army, 4th Army, 2nd Panzer Group, 2nd Army Bitter fighting in the Battle of Smolensk as well as the Lötzen decision delayed the German advance for two months. The advance of Army Group Centre was further delayed as

Hitler Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 until Death of Adolf Hitler, his suicide in 1945. Adolf Hitler's rise to power, He rose to power as the lea ...

ordered a postponement of the offensive against Moscow in order to conquer

Ukraine Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the List of European countries by area, second-largest country in Europe after Russia, which Russia–Ukraine border, borders it to the east and northeast. Ukraine also borders Belarus to the nor ...

first.

Attack on Moscow

;October 1941 detailed order of battle * 2nd Army ( von Weichs) :* LIII Army Corps ( Weisenberger) ::56th ID, 31st ID, 167th ID :* LXIII Army Corps (Heinrici) ::52nd ID, 131st ID :* XIII Army Corps (Felber) ::260th ID, 17th ID Reserve: 112th ID * 2nd Panzer Army (Guderian) :* XXXIV Army Corps (Metz) ::45th ID, 134th ID :* XXXV Army Corps (Kempfe) ::95th ID, 296th ID, 262nd ID, 293rd ID :* XLVIII Panzer Corps ( Kempff) ::9th Pz, 16th Mot.Div., 25th Mot.Div. :* XXIV Panzer Corps (Geyr von Schweppenburg) ::3rd Pz, 4th Pz, 10th Mot.Div. :* XLVII Panzer Corps (Lemelsen) ::17th Pz, 18th Pz, 29th Mot.Div. * 4th Army (von Kluge) :* VII Army Corps (Fahrmbacher) ::197th ID, 7th ID, 23rd ID, 267th ID :* XX Army Corps (Materna) ::268th ID, 15th, 78th ID :* IX Army Corps (Geyer) ::137th ID, 263rd ID, 183rd ID, 292nd ID :* Panzer Group 4 ( Hoepner), Subordinated to 4th Army ::* XII Army Corps (Schroth) :::34th ID, 98th ID ::* XL Army Corps (Stumme) :::10th Pz, 2nd Pz, 258th ID ::* XLVI Panzer Corps (von Vietinghoff) ::5th Bz, 11th Pz, 251nd ID ::* LVII Panzer Corps (Kuntzen) :::20th Pz, SS "Das Reich" Mot.Div., 3rd Mot.Div. 52 * 9th Army ( Strauss) :* XXVII Army Corps (Wager) ::255th ID, 162nd ID, 86th ID :* V Army Corps (Ruoff) ::5th ID, 35th ID, 106th ID, 129th ID :* VIII Army Corps (Heitz) ::8th ID, 28th ID, 87th ID :* XXIII Army Corps (

Schubert Franz Peter Schubert (; ; 31 January 179719 November 1828) was an Austrian composer of the late Classical period (music), Classical and early Romantic music, Romantic eras. Despite his short life, Schubert left behind a List of compositions ...

) ::251st ID, 102nd ID, 256th ID, 206th ID ::161st ID (Reserve) :* Panzer Group 3 ( Hoth), Subordinated to 9th Army ::* LVI Panzer Corps ( Schaal) :::6th Pz, 7th Pz, 14th Mot.Div. ::* XLI Panzer Corps ( Reinhardt) :::1st Pz, 36th Mot.Div. ::* VI Army Corps (Forster) :::110th ID, 26th ID, 6th ID ;November 1941 order of battle :2nd Panzer Army, 3rd Panzer Group, 2nd Army, 4th Army, 9th Army The commander in chief as of 19 December 1941 was

(for a short time before Christmas of 1941, this role was fulfilled by Günther Blumentritt).

Rzhev operations

1942 opened for Army Group Centre with continuing attacks from Soviet forces around Rzhev. The German Ninth Army was able to repel these attacks and stabilise its front, despite continuing large-scale partisan activity in its rear areas. Meanwhile, the German strategic focus on the Eastern Front shifted to southwestern Russia, with the launching of Operation Blue in June. This operation, aimed at the oilfields in the southwestern

Caucasus The Caucasus () or Caucasia (), is a region spanning Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is situated between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, comprising parts of Southern Russia, Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The Caucasus Mountains, i ...

, involved Army Group South alone, with the other German army groups giving up troops and equipment for the offensive. Despite the focus on the south, Army Group Centre continued to see fierce fighting throughout the year. While the Soviet attacks in early 1942 had not driven the Germans back, they had resulted in several Red Army units being trapped behind German lines. Eliminating the pockets took until July, the same month in which the Soviets made another attempt to break through the army group's front; the attempt failed, but the front line was pushed back closer to Rzhev. The largest Soviet operation in the army group's sector that year, Operation Mars, took place in November. It was launched concurrently with

Operation Uranus Operation Uranus () was a Soviet 19–23 November 1942 strategic operation on the Eastern Front of World War II which led to the encirclement of Axis forces in the vicinity of Stalingrad: the German Sixth Army, the Third and Fourth Romani ...

, the counteroffensive against the German assault on

Stalingrad Volgograd,. geographical renaming, formerly Tsaritsyn. (1589–1925) and Stalingrad. (1925–1961), is the largest city and the administrative centre of Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The city lies on the western bank of the Volga, covering an area o ...

. The operation was repulsed with very heavy Soviet losses, although it did have the effect of pinning down German units that could have been sent to the fighting around Stalingrad. ;January 1942 order of battle :2nd Panzer Army, 3rd Panzer Army, 4th Panzer Army, 2nd Army, 4th Army, 9th Army ;February 1942 order of battle :2nd Panzer Army, 3rd Panzer Army, 4th Panzer Army, 4th Army, 9th Army ;May 1942 order of battle :2nd Panzer Army, 3rd Panzer Army, 4th Army, 9th Army

Campaign in central Russia

Following the disaster of Stalingrad and poor results of the Voronezh defensive operations, the army high command expected another attack on Army Group Centre in early 1943. However, Hitler had decided to strike first. Before this strike could be launched, Operation Büffel was launched to forestall any possible Soviet spring offensives, by evacuating the Rzhev Salient to shorten the frontline. ;January 1943 order of battle :2nd Panzer Army, 3rd Panzer Army, 4th Army, 9th Army, LIX Army Corps The commander in chief as of 12 October 1943 was Ernst Busch. ;February 1943 order of battle :2nd Panzer Army, 3rd Panzer Army, 4th Army, 9th Army

Belarusian anti-partisan campaign

The following major anti-partisan operations were conducted in the rear of Army Group Centre, alongside many smaller operations: *Operation ''Bamberg'': conducted 26 March – 6 April 1942 by the 707th Infantry Division supported by a

Slovakia Slovakia, officially the Slovak Republic, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east, Hungary to the south, Austria to the west, and the Czech Republic to the northwest. Slovakia's m ...

n regiment, south of Bobruisk. At least 5,000 people (including many civilians) were killed and agricultural produce was confiscated.Gerlach, p. 885 *Operation ''Fruhlingsfest'': conducted 17 April – 12 May 1944 in the area of Polotsk by units of ''Gruppe von Gottberg''. Around 7,000 deaths were recorded at the hands of German forces. *Operation ''Kormoran'': conducted 25 May – 17 June 1944 between

Minsk Minsk (, ; , ) is the capital and largest city of Belarus, located on the Svislach (Berezina), Svislach and the now subterranean Nyamiha, Niamiha rivers. As the capital, Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus and is the administra ...

and Borisov by German security units in the rear of Third Panzer Army. Around 7,500 deaths recorded. Increasing coordination of the partisan activity resulted in the conducting of Operation Concert against the German forces.

Operation Citadel

;March 1943 order of battle :2nd Panzer Army, 3rd Panzer Army, 2nd Army, 4th Army, 9th Army ;April 1943 order of battle :2nd Panzer Army, 3rd Panzer Army, 2nd Army, 4th Army, 9th Army World War II - Battle of Kursk 1943 - German Army Group Center - Order of Battle Diagram

World War II - Battle of Kursk 1943 - German Army Group Center - Order of Battle Diagram

;July 1943 order of battle :2nd Panzer Army, 3rd Panzer Army, 2nd Army, 4th Army, 9th Army

Wotan Line defensive campaign

;September 1943 order of battle :3rd Panzer Army, 2nd Army, 4th Army, 9th Army ;November 1943 order of battle :3rd Panzer Army, 2nd Army, 4th Army, 9th Army ;January 1944 order of battle :3rd Panzer Army, 2nd Army, 4th Army, 9th Army

Destruction of Army Group Centre

In the spring of 1944, the Soviet High Command started concentrating forces along the front line in central Russia for a summer offensive against Army Group Centre. The Red Army also carried out a deception campaign to convince the ''Wehrmacht'' that the main Soviet summer offensive would be launched further south, against Army Group North Ukraine. The German High Command was fooled and armored units were moved south out of Army Group Centre. The Soviet offensive, code-named

Operation Bagration Operation Bagration () was the codename for the 1944 Soviet Byelorussian strategic offensive operation (), a military campaign fought between 22 June and 19 August 1944 in Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Soviet Byelorussia in the Eastern ...

, was launched on 22 June 1944, the third anniversary of Germany's own invasion of the Soviet Union, Operation Barbarossa. 185 Red Army divisions, comprising 2.3 million soldiers and 4,000 tanks and assault guns, smashed into the German positions on a 200km-wide front. The 850,000-strong Army Group Centre was almost completely destroyed by the attack. It is estimated that over 450,000 Germans were killed, wounded, or captured, notably the 57,000 soldiers captured east of

, who were paraded through Moscow on 17 July on Stalin's orders as proof of the immense success of the Soviet offensive. The Soviet forces raced forward, liberating Minsk and the rest of Belorussia by mid-July, and reaching the

Vistula The Vistula (; ) is the longest river in Poland and the ninth-longest in Europe, at in length. Its drainage basin, extending into three other countries apart from Poland, covers , of which is in Poland. The Vistula rises at Barania Góra i ...

and the

Baltic States The Baltic states or the Baltic countries is a geopolitical term encompassing Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. All three countries are members of NATO, the European Union, the Eurozone, and the OECD. The three sovereign states on the eastern co ...

by early August. In terms of casualties this was the greatest German defeat of the entire war. The commander in chief of Army Group Centre as of 28 June 1944 was Walter Model. ;July 1944 order of battle :3rd Panzer Army, 2nd Army, 4th Army, 9th Army, z. Vfg. The commander in chief as of 16 August 1944 was Georg Hans Reinhardt. ;August 1944 order of battle :3rd Panzer Army, 2nd Army, 4th Army, IV SS Panzer Corps

Defensive campaign in Poland and Slovakia

Discussion of the army group's situation in January 1945 should note that the army groups in the east changed names later that month. The force known as "Army Group Centre" at the start of the Soviet Vistula-Oder Offensive on 12 January 1945 was renamed "Army Group North" less than two weeks after the offensive commenced. At the start of the Vistula-Oder Offensive, the Soviet forces facing Army Group Centre outnumbered the Germans on average by 2:1 in troops, 3:1 in artillery, and 5.5:1 in tanks and self-propelled artillery.Ustinov, p. 114. The Soviet superiority in troop strength grows to almost 3:1 if 200,000

Volkssturm The (, ) was a ''levée en masse'' national militia established by Nazi Germany during the last months of World War II. It was set up by the Nazi Party on the orders of Adolf Hitler and established on 25 September 1944. It was staffed by conscri ...

militia are not included in German personnel strength totals.

Defence of the Reich campaign

On 25 January 1945, Hitler renamed three army groups.

became Army Group Courland, Army Group Centre became Army Group North, and

became Army Group Centre. Army Group Centre fought in the defence of Slovakia and Bohemia-Moravia as well as sections of the German heartland. Between January and February 1945, Army Group Centre sustained 140,000 casualties, including 15,000 dead, 77,000 wounded (not counting non-evacuees), and 48,000 missing.

Battle of Berlin

The last Soviet campaign of the war in the European theater, which led to the fall of Berlin and the end of the war in Europe with the surrender of all German forces to the Allies. The three Soviet Fronts involved in the campaign had altogether 2.5 million men, 6,250 tanks, 7,500 aircraft, 41,600

artillery Artillery consists of ranged weapons that launch Ammunition, munitions far beyond the range and power of infantry firearms. Early artillery development focused on the ability to breach defensive walls and fortifications during sieges, and l ...

pieces and mortars, 3,255

truck A truck or lorry is a motor vehicle designed to transport freight, carry specialized payloads, or perform other utilitarian work. Trucks vary greatly in size, power, and configuration, but the vast majority feature body-on-frame construct ...

-mounted

Katyusha Katyusha () is a diminutive of the Russian name Ekaterina or Yekaterina, the Russian form of Katherine Katherine (), also spelled Catherine and Catherina, other variations, is a feminine given name. The name and its variants are popular in c ...

rocket launchers A rocket launcher is a weapon that launches an rocket (weapon), unguided, rocket-propelled projectile. History The earliest rocket launchers documented in History of China#Ancient China, imperial China consisted of arrows modified by the a ...

(nicknamed "Stalin Organs" by the Germans), and 95,383 motor vehicles. The campaign started with the battle of Oder-Neisse. Army Group Centre commanded by Ferdinand Schörner (the commander in chief as of 17 January 1945) had a front that included the river Neisse. Before dawn on the morning of 16 April 1945 the 1st Ukrainian Front under the command of General Konev started the attack over the river Neisse with a short but massive bombardment by tens of thousands of artillery pieces. ;January 1945 order of battle :3rd Panzer Army, 2nd Army, 4th Army ;February 1945 order of battle : 1st Panzer Army, 4th Panzer Army, 17th Army (Wehrmacht) ;May 1945 order of battle :1st Panzer Army, 4th Panzer Army, 7th Army, 17th Army :Army Group Ostmark

Battle of Prague

Some of the Army Group Centre continued to resist until 11 May 1945, by which time the overwhelming force of the Soviet Armies sent to liberate

Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia ( ; Czech language, Czech and , ''Česko-Slovensko'') was a landlocked country in Central Europe, created in 1918, when it declared its independence from Austria-Hungary. In 1938, after the Munich Agreement, the Sudetenland beca ...

in the Prague Offensive gave them no option but to surrender or be killed. ;May 1945 order of battle :4th Panzer Army, 7th Army, 17th Army :Army Group Ostmark

Surrender

By 7 May 1945, the day that German Chief-of-Staff General

Alfred Jodl Alfred Josef Ferdinand Jodl (; born Alfred Josef Baumgärtler; 10 May 1890 – 16 October 1946) was a German Wehrmacht Heer, Army ''Generaloberst'' (the rank was equal to a four-star full general) and War crime, war criminal, who served as th ...

was negotiating surrender of all German forces at SHAEF, the German Armed Forces High Command (AFHC) had not heard from Schörner since 2 May 1945. He had reported that he intended to fight his way west and surrender his army group to the Americans. On 8 May 1945, a colonel from the Allied Forces High Command was escorted through the American lines to see Schörner. The colonel reported that Schörner had ordered the men under his operational command to observe the surrender but that he could not guarantee that he would be obeyed everywhere. Later that day, Schörner deserted his command and flew to

Austria Austria, formally the Republic of Austria, is a landlocked country in Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine Federal states of Austria, states, of which the capital Vienna is the List of largest cities in Aust ...

where on 18 May 1945 he was arrested by the Americans.

Commanders

Notes and references

Bibliography

* * ** ** ** * Gerlach, C. ''Kalkulierte Morde''. Hamburg Edition, 2000 * * Ustinov, Dmitriy. ''Geschichte des Zweiten Welt Krieges'', Volume 10. Berlin: Militärverlag der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik, 1982