The American Labor Party (ALP) was a

political party A political party is an organization that coordinates candidates to compete in a particular area's elections. It is common for the members of a party to hold similar ideas about politics, and parties may promote specific political ideology, ...

in the

United States The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...

established in 1936 that was active almost exclusively in the state of

New York New York most commonly refers to: * New York (state), a state in the northeastern United States * New York City, the most populous city in the United States, located in the state of New York New York may also refer to: Places United Kingdom * ...

. The organization was founded by labor leaders and former members of the

Socialist Party of America The Socialist Party of America (SPA) was a socialist political party in the United States formed in 1901 by a merger between the three-year-old Social Democratic Party of America and disaffected elements of the Socialist Labor Party of America ...

who had established themselves as the

Social Democratic Federation The Social Democratic Federation (SDF) was established as Britain's first organised socialist political party by H. M. Hyndman, and had its first meeting on 7 June 1881. Those joining the SDF included William Morris, George Lansbury, James ...

(SDF). The party was intended to parallel the role of the

British Labour Party The Labour Party, often referred to as Labour, is a List of political parties in the United Kingdom, political party in the United Kingdom that sits on the Centre-left politics, centre-left of the political spectrum. The party has been describe ...

, serving as an umbrella organization to unite New York

social democrats Social democracy is a social, economic, and political philosophy within socialism that supports political and economic democracy and a gradualist, reformist, and democratic approach toward achieving social equality. In modern practice, s ...

of the SDF with trade unionists who would otherwise support candidates of the Republican and Democratic parties. Before and after its demise, many ALP members joined the

Liberal Party of New York The Liberal Party of New York is a political party in New York (state), New York. Its political platform, platform supports a standard set of socially liberal policies, including abortion rights, increased spending on education, and universal h ...

(LPNY) and the Progressive Party.

History

Establishment

The

suffered an internal struggle between the right-wing Old Guard and left-wing. In May 1936, the Old Guard broke from the party and formed the

(SDF), taking ''

The Forward ''The Forward'' (), formerly known as ''The Jewish Daily Forward'', is an American news media organization for a Jewish American audience. Founded in 1897 as a Yiddish-language daily socialist newspaper, ''The New York Times'' reported that Set ...

'' with them. The SDF formed the People's Party in New York. In his 1944 memoir, Waldman wrote:

Back from Detroit, I was immediately confronted with a problem which involved millions of dollars of property controlled by subsidiaries of the Socialist Party. In New York alone there were such institutions as the '' Jewish Daily Forward'', the leading Jewish newspaper in the world with a circulation running into hundreds of thousands and with reserve funds amounting to millions. There was '' The New Leader'', a weekly newspaper published in English; there was the Rand School of Social Science, which, together with Camp Tamiment, had enormous property value, not to speak of their importance as propaganda and educational instruments. Control of the ''Forward'' alone also meant probable control of fraternal and labor organizations such as the
Workmen's Circle The Workers Circle or Der Arbeter Ring (), formerly The Workmen's Circle, is an American Jews, Jewish nonprofit organization that promotes social and economic justice, Jewish community and education, including Yiddish studies, and Ashkenazi Jews, ...
, with its millions of dollars in property and tens of thousands of members throughout the United States....
After Detroit it was obvious that the militant Socialists controlled the Socialist Party. I saw that all they had to do in order to gain control of the valuable property in New York was to revoke the New York State charter and expel all state organizations controlled by the Social Democrats or the Old Guard. Since there was always a minority of militant Socialists in each of these corporate institutions, these properties involving millions of dollars in property value and cash reserves would quickly fall into the hands of the militants....
All during 1935 and the early part of 1936 my office was converted into a meeting place for the various committees and members of the organizations threatened by the militants. Constitutions and bylaws were modified in such a way as to prevent control falling into the hands of Norman Thomas' super-revolutionists. -- Louis Waldman, ''Labor Lawyer.''

On April 1, 1936,

Sidney Hillman Sidney Hillman (March 23, 1887 – July 10, 1946) was an American labor leader. He was the head of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America and was a key figure in the founding of the Congress of Industrial Organizations and in marshaling labor ...

John L. Lewis John Llewellyn Lewis (February 12, 1880 – June 11, 1969) was an American leader of Labor unions in the United States, organized labor who served as president of the United Mine Workers, United Mine Workers of America (UMW) from 1920 to 1960. ...

, and other officials of the unions of the

American Federation of Labor The American Federation of Labor (A.F. of L.) was a national federation of labor unions in the United States that continues today as the AFL-CIO. It was founded in Columbus, Ohio, in 1886 by an alliance of craft unions eager to provide mutual ...

and the

Congress of Industrial Organizations The Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) was a federation of Labor unions in the United States, unions that organized workers in industrial unionism, industrial unions in the United States and Canada from 1935 to 1955. Originally created in ...

established Labor's Non-Partisan League (LNPL), an organization akin to the modern

political action committee In the United States, a political action committee (PAC) is a tax-exempt 527 organization that pools campaign contributions from members and donates those funds to campaigns for or against candidates, ballot initiatives, or legislation. The l ...

, designed to channel money and manpower to the campaigns of Roosevelt and others standing strongly for the declared interests of organized labor. Max Zaritsky, a union president, suggested forming a political party from the Labor's Non-Partisan League of the

to David Dubinsky and

. Zaritsky, Hillman, Dubinsky, Luigi Antonini and Isidore Nagler of the International Ladies Garment Workers Union, Louis Hollander of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America, Baruch Charney Vladeck and Alexander Kahn of ''The Forward'', and Louis Waldman of the SDF met at the Brevoort Hotel to discuss the plan. The party's name, American Labor Party, was suggested by Nagler. The SDF agreed to join the initiative. Women voter outreach 1935 English Yiddish

Women voter outreach 1935 English Yiddish

Antonini was the first state chairman of the party, serving from 1936 until 1942.

James Farley James Aloysius Farley (May 30, 1888 – June 9, 1976) was an American politician who simultaneously served as chairman of the New York State Democratic Committee, chairman of the Democratic National Committee, and United States Postmaster Gener ...

, chair of the

New York State Democratic Committee The New York State Democratic Party is the affiliate of the Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party in the U.S. state of New York (state), New York. Its headquarters are in Manhattan, and it has an office in Albany, New York, Albany.

, and Edward J. Flynn, chair of the DNC, did not support the party, but

Franklin D. Roosevelt Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882April 12, 1945), also known as FDR, was the 32nd president of the United States, serving from 1933 until his death in 1945. He is the longest-serving U.S. president, and the only one to have served ...

ordered the Democrats to aid the ALP in collecting enough signatures for party status. During the summer of 1936, the New York state organization of LNPL was transformed into an independent political party in an effort to bolster Roosevelt's electoral chances in the state by gaining him a place on a second candidate ballot line. 274,924 voted for Roosevelt using the ALP's ballot line in the 1936 presidential election, with 238,845 coming from New York City. The largest amount of support came from Jewish areas.

Rise and internal struggles

The organization was largely funded by the needle trade unions of the state. The ALP found itself $50,000 in debt at the end of the 1936 campaign, but substantial contributions from labor groups erased the red ink. The ILGWU itself contributed nearly $142,000 to the 1936 campaign,Parmet, ''The Master of Seventh Avenue,'' pg. 156. a relatively huge sum for a third party campaign, given that only $26,000 from all sources had been raised and spent by Norman Thomas' Socialist campaign in the previous presidential election. Over 200 unions were affiliated with the ALP by 1937. Party decision-making in the first year was handled by ILGWU executive secretary Fred Umhey, the Amalgamated Clothing Workers Union's Jacob Potofsky, and Alex Rose of the Milliners'. The party supported

Fiorello La Guardia Fiorello Henry La Guardia (born Fiorello Raffaele Enrico La Guardia; December 11, 1882September 20, 1947) was an American attorney and politician who represented New York in the U.S. House of Representatives and served as the 99th mayor of New Yo ...

during the 1937 New York City mayoral election and he received 482,790, 21.6% of the popular vote, on their ballot line. They were the second-largest party in the city and largest in some districts in the Bronx and Brooklyn. Members of the

Communist Party USA The Communist Party USA (CPUSA), officially the Communist Party of the United States of America, also referred to as the American Communist Party mainly during the 20th century, is a communist party in the United States. It was established ...

started joining the party and Israel Amter, chair of the Communist Party, called for the "building of the American Labor Party". Although its constitution specifically barred Communists from the organization, there was no enforcement for this provision and large numbers flocked to registration as ALP members from the Communist-led United Electrical Workers, Transport Workers, and State, County, and Municipal Workers.

Norman Thomas Norman Mattoon Thomas (November 20, 1884 – December 19, 1968) was an American Presbyterian religious minister, minister, political activist, and perennial candidate for president. He achieved fame as a socialism, socialist and pacifism, pacifis ...

and the Socialists attempted to enter the party in 1937, but faced opposition. Algernon Lee opposed their entrance due to Thomas' pacifism. Communists in the ALP opposed reelecting Roosevelt in the 1940 presidential election and the party's leadership started an attempt to remove them from the party. The party condemned the

Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, officially the Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and also known as the Hitler–Stalin Pact and the Nazi–Soviet Pact, was a non-aggression pact between Nazi Ge ...

. Fights broke out at the party's convention on September 14, 1940, where Roosevelt was given the nomination despite an attempted resolution condemning Roosevelt.

Vito Marcantonio Vito Anthony Marcantonio (December 10, 1902 – August 9, 1954) was an American lawyer and politician who served East Harlem for seven terms in the United States House of Representatives. For most of his political career, he was a member of ...

was a supporter of the Soviet Union. Labor activists Victor Alter and

Henryk Ehrlich Henryk Ehrlich , sometimes spelled ''Henryk Erlich''; 1882 – 15 May 1942) was an activist of the General Jewish Labour Bund in Poland, a member of the Petrograd Soviet, and a member of the executive committee of the Second International. Socia ...

were executed by the Soviets. Anti-communists in the ALP condemned their deaths while communists defended the Soviet Union. This debate was one of the major issues in the party's county committee elections in 1943, and the left-wing gained control over the Bronx affiliate. Hillman, a member of the left-wing, threatened to have the ACWA become involved in the 1944 state committee elections if the party's leadership voted against a proposal to increase union control over the party. The right-wing rejected it. Adolf A. Berle and

Eleanor Roosevelt Anna Eleanor Roosevelt ( ; October 11, 1884November 7, 1962) was an American political figure, diplomat, and activist. She was the longest-serving First Lady of the United States, first lady of the United States, during her husband Franklin D ...

supported the party's right-wing while Franklin Roosevelt wanted to avoid conflict between the factions. La Guardia proposed a compromise in which the state executive committee would be divided between the factions and no communist would be on the election slate. Hillman accepted the proposal, but Dubinsky rejected it. The left-wing won 620 of the 750 committee seats. The

was formed in opposition to the ALP by Paul Blanshard, August Claessens, Harry W. Laidler, and others.

Decline

The passage of the Wilson Pakula prevented candidates from the ALP from being able to run for the nominations of other parties without the approval of the party's committee. The party lost two state legislators in the 1948 election, but Marcantonio was able to win reelection solely on the American Labor ballot line. In 1941, American Laborite Joseph V. O'Leary was appointed

New York State Comptroller The New York state comptroller is an elected constitutional officer of the U.S. state of New York and head of the New York state government's Department of Audit and Control. Sixty-one individuals have held the office of State Comptroller si ...

by Governor Herbert H. Lehman both to recognize the ALP's previous and to maintain the party's future support. In 1944 the Congress of Industrial Organization's Greater New York Industrial Union Council, a federation of unions in New York City, formally linked itself to the ALP. The GNYIUC Executive Board "adopted a resolution directing GNYIUC Community Councils, which had been organizing around community issues in neighborhoods throughout the city, to merge into the local ALP clubs," and the "GNYIUC diverted some of its PAC monies directly to the ALP." With this move, the CIO's largest labor federation, consisting of approximately 200 locals and 600,000 members, was formally connected to the ALP. Over the ensuing years, the council would call for local unions to ‘‘Build the American Labor Party, the strongest voice for labor in city and state affairs,’’ and would direct Political Action Stewards in workplaces across the city to ‘‘recruit shop members for active participation in the community activities of the American Labor Party.’’ This support would be instrumental in building the political capacity of the ALP and would ultimately lead to conflicts with the national CIO during the 1948 presidential election. Vito Marcantonio flyer

In 1947, several ALP leaders defected. On October 9, 1947, Charles Rubinstein, president of the United Civic Associations of the Bronx, member of the ALP's State executive committee, and former ALP candidate for the City Council left the ALP for no other party, due to "misguided Communist sympathizers" within the ALP. On the same day, George Salvatore, vice chairman of the ALP's Bronx executive committee and former ALP candidate for District Attorney and Supreme Court Justice, left the ALP for the Democratic Party, citing "we are tending to become apologists for Russia's point of view." The next day, October 10, 1947, Eugene Huber resigned as executive secretary of the ALP's Bayside area to join the Liberal Party of New York State because, Huber said, he had found "affixed a stranglehold by the Communist party upon the ALP which has in consequence become a mere envelope for Communist policies and candidates." The ALP endorsed

Henry A. Wallace Henry Agard Wallace (October 7, 1888 – November 18, 1965) was the 33rd vice president of the United States, serving from 1941 to 1945, under President Franklin D. Roosevelt. He served as the 11th U.S. secretary of agriculture and the 10th U.S ...

's position on the Soviet Union after he was dismissed from President

Harry S. Truman Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884December 26, 1972) was the 33rd president of the United States, serving from 1945 to 1953. As the 34th vice president in 1945, he assumed the presidency upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt that year. Subsequen ...

's cabinet.

supported giving the party's presidential ballot line to Wallace while Jacob Potofsky opposed it and left the party in protest. Wallace previously rejected third-party politics at a speech before the ALP on May 25, 1946, when he stated that "because of the election laws in any states, it would give a reactionary victory by dividing the votes of the progressives". The CIO called for all of its ALP-affiliated unions to disaffiliate and ACWA withdrew its support of the ALP after the party endorsed Wallace for president. Mike Quill, president of the

Transport Workers Union of America Transport Workers Union of America (TWU) is a United States labor union that was founded in 1934 by subway workers in New York City, then expanded to represent transit employees in other cities, primarily in the eastern U.S. This article disc ...

, broke away from the party stating that "the screwballs and crackpots who will continue to carry on as if the Communist Party and the American Labor Party were the same house with two doors". In 1948, Tammany Hall formed the United Laborite Party, a paper party, meant to draw votes away from the ALP, but the courts ruled in favor of the ALP and stated that the party violated laws prohibiting similarly named parties. Marcantonio won a seat again to the

United States House of Representatives The United States House of Representatives is a chamber of the Bicameralism, bicameral United States Congress; it is the lower house, with the U.S. Senate being the upper house. Together, the House and Senate have the authority under Artic ...

, representing

East Harlem East Harlem, also known as Spanish Harlem, or , is a neighborhood of Upper Manhattan in New York City, north of the Upper East Side and bounded by 96th Street to the south, Fifth Avenue to the west, and the East and Harlem Rivers to the eas ...

for the ALP, as he had done in 1938, 1940, 1942, 1944, and 1946 (but lost in 1950). Marcantonio had been the target of the New York Wilson Pakula Act in 1947 aimed at restricting candidates from one party running in another party's primary election (

electoral fusion Electoral fusion in the United States is an arrangement where two or more United States political parties on a ballot list the same candidate, allowing that candidate to receive votes on multiple party lines in the same election. Electoral fus ...

Leo Isacson Leo Leous Isacson (April 20, 1910 – September 21, 1996) was a New York attorney and politician. He won a 1948 special election to the United States House of Representatives from New York's twenty-fourth district (Bronx) as the candidate of the ...

was elected in early 1948 to fill a vacancy in a

Bronx The Bronx ( ) is the northernmost of the five Boroughs of New York City, boroughs of New York City, coextensive with Bronx County, in the U.S. state of New York (state), New York. It shares a land border with Westchester County, New York, West ...

district but lost in the general election in November. The

openly endorsed the Progressive Party; some ALP candidates that year were known or alleged communists, e.g., Lee Pressman. Candidates included (winners bolded): *

: Marjorie Viemeister (1st District), Richard T. Mayes (2nd District) Herbert A. Shingler (3rd District), Thomas J. McCabe (4th District), Morris Pottish (5th District), Irma Lindheim (6th District), Joseph L. Pfeifer (Democrat + ALP) (8th District), Murray Rosof (9th District), Ada B. Jackson (10th District), Frank Serri (11th District), Vincent J. Longhi (12th District), James Griesi (13th District), Lee Pressman (14th District), Emanuel Celler (Democrat + ALP) (15th District), Frank Cremonesi (16th District), Alvin Udell (17th District),

(18th District), Arthur G. Klein Democrat + ALP) (19th District), Annette T. Rubinstein (20th District), Paul O'Dwyer (Democrat ALP) (21st District), Adam Clayton Powell Jr. (Democrat + ALP) (22nd District), Leon Straus (23rd District),

(24th District), Albert E. Kahn (25th District), Nicholas Carnes (26th District), Francis X. Nulty (27th District), Pasquale Barile (28th District), Harold M. Chown (29th District), Robert R. Decormier (Democrat + ALP) (30th District), Andrew Peterson (31st District), Margaret L. Wheeler (32nd District),

Rockwell Kent Rockwell Kent (June 21, 1882 – March 13, 1971) was an American painter, printmaker, illustrator, writer, sailor, adventurer and voyager. Biography Rockwell Kent was born in Tarrytown, New York. Kent was of English American, English descent. ...

(33rd District), Raymond K. Bull (34th District), Max Meyers (35th District), Sidney H. Greenberg (36th District), John Muschock (37th District), Harold Slingerland (39th District), Helen M. Lopez (41st District), Emmanuel Fried (42nd District), George W. Provost (43rd District), Robert Williams (44th District), and Lewis King (45th District). *

New York State Senate The New York State Senate is the upper house of the New York State Legislature, while the New York State Assembly is its lower house. Established in 1777 by the Constitution of New York, its members are elected to two-year terms with no term l ...

: Francis W. Frazier (1st District), Doris Koppelman (2nd District) John S. Fells (3rd District) Gabriel Kopperl (4th District) Donald H. Smith (5th District) Paul Melone (6th District) John Profeta (7th District) Leroy P. Peterson (8th District) Kenneth Sherbell (10th District) Robert Lund (13th District) Helen I. Phillips (15th District) James Malloy (23rd District) Sol Salz (25th District) Charles Hendley (28th District) S. Fels Hecht (31st District) Sidney H. Greenberg (36th District) Max Meyers (35th District) George La Fortune (36th District) Willard Ryker (42nd District) George W. Provost (43rd District) William Murphy (44th District) and Harry Bailey (51st District). *

New York State Supreme Court The Supreme Court of the State of New York is the superior court in the Judiciary of New York. It is vested with unlimited civil and criminal jurisdiction, although in many counties outside New York City it acts primarily as a court of civil ju ...

: Hyman N. Glickstein (1st District), Joseph J. Porte (2nd District), Paul L. Ross (1st District), Charles Rothenberg (2nd District), Robert V. Santangelo (1st District), Max Torchin (2nd District) and Abraham Wittman (8th District).

Demise

The party lost its ballot access after John T. McManus, their 1954 gubernatorial candidate, received less than 50,000 votes. Marcantonio criticized communists for being the reason behind the party's poor performance. He claimed that the party's poor performance was due to their poor performance in the 1953 New York City mayoral election. He claimed that communists sabotaged the mayoral campaign by implying that they approved voting for the Liberal candidate. Marcantonio lost reelection in the 1950 election. He resigned as chair and left the party in November 1953, due to disputes with Communist leaders who he claimed were no longer interested in third-party politics. The party dissolved in 1956.

Members

Co-founders

* Luigi Antonini, First Vice President of the ILGWU * George L. Berry, President of the IPPU * Heywood Broun, President of the ANG * David Dubinsky, President of the ILGWU * Elinore Morehouse Herrick, labor-relations specialist *

, President of the ACWA * Louis Hollander, Vice President of the ACWA, New York City Councilman (1938-39) * Alexander Kahn, Vice President of the Forward Association, candidate for Attorney General of New York (1942) *

, President of the UMW * George Meany, President of the New York State AFL * Isidore Nagler, Vice President of the ILGWU, candidate for U.S. Representative (1938) * Jacob Potofsky, Assistant President of the ACWA * Alex Rose, Vice President of the UHCMW * Rose Schneiderman, labor organizer * Baruch Charney Vladeck, General Manager of ''The Forward'', New York City Alderman (1918-21), New York City Councilman (1938) * Louis Waldman, Chairman of the SDF, New York Assemblyman (1918, 1920) * Max Zaritsky, President of the UHCMW * Charles S. Zimmerman, Vice President of the ILGWU

Officeholders

Federal

, New York Assemblyman (1945-46), U.S. Representative, (1948-49) *

, U.S. Representative (1935-37, 1939-51)

State

* Benjamin Brenner, New York Assemblyman (1938), Justice of the New York Supreme Court (1953-69) * Salvatore T. DeMatteo, New York Assemblyman (1938), Justice of the New York Supreme Court (1974-81) * Samuel Kaplan, New York Assemblyman (1947-48) * Nathaniel M. Minkoff, New York Assemblyman (1938) * Frank Monaco, New York Assemblyman (1938) * Gerard J. Muccigrosso, New York Assemblyman (1938) * Joseph V. O'Leary, Comptroller of New York (1941-42) * Oscar García Rivera, New York Assemblyman (1938-40), first Puerto Rican officeholder in the continental United States * Kenneth Sherbell, New York State Senator (1947-48) * J. Eugene Zimmer, New York Assemblyman (1941-44)

Local

* Andrew R. Armstrong, New York City Councilman (1938-39), candidate for Brooklyn Borough President (1940) * George Backer, New York City Councilman (1938-39) * Charles Belous, New York City Councilman (1938-41) * Eugene P. Connolly, New York City Councilman (1946-49) * Louis P. Goldberg, New York City Councilman (1942-43, 1946-49) * Gertrude W. Klein, New York City Councilwoman (1942-45) *

, Mayor of New York City (1934-46) * Harry W. Laidler, New York City Councilman (1940-41) * Salvatore Ninfo, New York City Councilman (1938-43) * Langdon W. Post, Chairman of the New York City Housing Authority (1934-37), New York Assemblyman (1929-32), candidate for New York City Councilman (1939) * Adam Clayton Powell Jr., New York City Councilman (1942-43), U.S. Representative (1945-71), first black New York City Councilman and first black U.S. Representative from New York * Mike Quill, New York City Councilman (1938-39, 1944-49)

Candidates

* Dean Alfange, candidate for Governor of New York (1942), Chairman of the New York State Quarter Horse Racing Commission (1970-75) * Joseph C. Baldwin, candidate for U.S. Representative (1946), U.S. Representative (1941-47), New York State Senator (1935-36) (elected as a Democrat) * Dorothy Jacobs Bellanca, candidate for U.S. Representative (1938) *

W. E. B. Du Bois William Edward Burghardt Du Bois ( ; February 23, 1868 – August 27, 1963) was an American sociologist, socialist, historian, and Pan-Africanist civil rights activist. Born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, Du Bois grew up in a relativel ...

, candidate for U.S. Senator (1950) * William F. Brunner, candidate for U.S. Representative (1942), Sheriff of Queens County (1935–36), U.S. Representative (1929-35), New York Assemblyman (1922-28) (elected as a Democrat) * August Claessens, candidate for New York State Senator (1940), New York Assemblyman (1918-1920, 1922) *

George Counts George Sylvester Counts (December 9, 1889 – November 10, 1974) was an Americans, American educator and influential education theorist. An early proponent of the progressive education movement of John Dewey, Counts became its leading critic aff ...

, candidate for New York City Councilman (1943) * Frank Crosswaith, candidate for New York City Councilman (1939) * Joseph Curran, candidate for U.S. Representative (1940) * Benjamin J. Davis Jr., candidate for New York City Councilman (1949) *

Bella Dodd Bella Dodd (née Visono; 1904 – 29 April 1969 ) was a teacher, lawyer, and labor union activist, member of the Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA) and New York City Teachers Union (TU) in the 1930s and 1940s ("one of Communi ...

, candidate for New York Assemblywoman (1938) *

Howard Fast Howard Melvin Fast (November 11, 1914 – March 12, 2003) was an American novelist and television writer. Fast also wrote under the pen names E.V. Cunningham and Walter Ericson. Biography Early life Fast was born in New York City. His mother, ...

, candidate for U.S. Representative (1952) *

Abraham Feller Abraham Howard Feller (1904November 13, 1952) was the chief legal counsel under Trygve Lie of the United Nations and a friend of Alger Hiss who committed suicide during investigations into communist subversion at the UN by the U.S. Senate Internal ...

, candidate for New York Assemblyman (1938), General Counsel of the United Nations (1946-52) * Emanuel Fried, candidate for U.S. Representative (1948) *

Ira Gollobin Ira Gollobin (July 18, 1911 – April 4, 2008) was a civil rights and immigration attorney who was involved for over seven decades in civil liberties, immigration, and extradition cases. Gollobin wrote extensively on the civil liberties and civ ...

, candidate for Justice of the New York Supreme Court (1954) * Ewart Guinier, candidate for Manhattan Borough President (1949) * Charles J. Hendley, candidate for New York State Senator (1948) * Minneola Ingersoll, candidate for U.S. Representative (1949) * Albert E. Kahn, candidate for U.S. Representative (1948) * William Karlin, candidate for New York City Municipal Court Judge (1937) *

, candidate for U.S. Representative (1948) * Corliss Lamont, candidate for U.S. Senator (1952) * Ray Lev, candidate for New York City Councilwoman (1949) * Matthew M. Levy, candidate for Bronx Borough President (1941), Justice of the New York Supreme Court (1951-71) * Irma Lindheim, candidate for U.S. Representative (1948) * William Mandel, candidate for U.S. Representative (1950, 1952) * Clifford T. McAvoy, candidate for Mayor of New York City (1953) * John T. McManus, candidate for Governor of New York (1950, 1954) * Herbert M. Merrill, candidate for U.S. Representative (1942), New York Assemblyman (1912) * Karen Morley, candidate for Lieutenant Governor of New York (1954) * Hugh Mulzac, candidate for Queens Borough President (1951) * John F. O'Donnell, candidate for New York Assemblyman (1938) * Samuel Orr, candidate for U.S. Representative (1938) * Shaemas O'Sheel, candidate for U.S. Representative (1940) * Ira J. Palestin, candidate for City Judge (1943), New York City Councilman (1946-49) (elected as a Liberal) * Lee Pressman, candidate for U.S. Representative (1948) * Wellington Roe, candidate for U.S. Representative (1940) *

Annette Rubinstein Annette Teta Rubinstein (April 12, 1910 – June 20, 2007) was an American Marxist educator, literary critic, and activist. Biography Rubinstein was born on April 12, 1910, on the Lower East Side, in New York City. Both of her parents, Abraham ...

, candidate for U.S. Representative (1948) * Joseph Schlossberg, candidate for U.S. Representative (1938) * Charles Solomon, candidate for Kings County District Attorney (1939), New York Assemblyman (1919-1920) *

Mary van Kleeck Mary Abby van Kleeck (June 26, 1883June 8, 1972) was an American social scientist of the 20th century. She was a notable figure in the American labor movement as well as a proponent of scientific management and a planned economy. Of Dutch descen ...

, candidate for New York State Senator (1948) * Pearl Willen, candidate for New York City Councilwoman (1943)

References

Works cited

* * *

External links

''Program of the American Labor Party''
(October 1936) {{Authority control Political parties established in 1936 Political parties disestablished in 1956 Defunct political parties in the United States Socialist Party of America Defunct social democratic parties in the United States Communist Party USA mass organizations Left-wing populism in the United States Regional and state political parties in New York (state) Labor parties in the United States