The 17th century lasted from January 1,

1601 This Epoch (reference date)#Computing, epoch is the beginning of the 400-year Gregorian leap-year cycle within which digital files first existed; the last year of any such cycle is the only leap year whose year number is divisible by 100. Jan ...

(represented by the

Roman numerals Roman numerals are a numeral system that originated in ancient Rome and remained the usual way of writing numbers throughout Europe well into the Late Middle Ages. Numbers are written with combinations of letters from the Latin alphabet, eac ...

MDCI), to December 31,

1700 As of March 1 ( O.S. February 19), where the Julian calendar acknowledged a leap day and the Gregorian calendar did not, the Julian calendar fell one day further behind, bringing the difference to 11 days until February 28 ( O.S. February 17) ...

(MDCC). It falls into the

early modern period The early modern period is a Periodization, historical period that is defined either as part of or as immediately preceding the modern period, with divisions based primarily on the history of Europe and the broader concept of modernity. There i ...

of Europe and in that continent (whose impact on the world was increasing) was characterized by the

Baroque The Baroque ( , , ) is a Western Style (visual arts), style of Baroque architecture, architecture, Baroque music, music, Baroque dance, dance, Baroque painting, painting, Baroque sculpture, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished from ...

cultural movement, the latter part of the

Spanish Golden Age The Spanish Golden Age (Spanish language, Spanish: ''Siglo de Oro'', , "Golden Century"; 1492 – 1681) was a period of literature and the The arts, arts in Spain that coincided with the political rise of the Spanish Empire under the Catholic M ...

, the

Dutch Golden Age The Dutch Golden Age ( ) was a period in the history of the Netherlands which roughly lasted from 1588, when the Dutch Republic was established, to 1672, when the '' Rampjaar'' occurred. During this period, Dutch trade, scientific development ...

, the French ''

Grand Siècle Grand Siècle or Great Century refers to the period of French history during the 17th century, under the reigns of Louis XIII and Louis XIV. The period was notable for its development of art and literature, along with the construction of the P ...

'' dominated by

Louis XIV LouisXIV (Louis-Dieudonné; 5 September 16381 September 1715), also known as Louis the Great () or the Sun King (), was King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715. His verified reign of 72 years and 110 days is the List of longest-reign ...

, the

Scientific Revolution The Scientific Revolution was a series of events that marked the emergence of History of science, modern science during the early modern period, when developments in History of mathematics#Mathematics during the Scientific Revolution, mathemati ...

, the world's first public company and

megacorporation Megacorporation, mega-corporation, or megacorp, a term originally coined by Alfred Eichner in his book ''The Megacorp and Oligopoly: Micro Foundations of Macro Dynamics'' but popularized by William Gibson, derives from the combination of the pre ...

known as the

Dutch East India Company The United East India Company ( ; VOC ), commonly known as the Dutch East India Company, was a chartered company, chartered trading company and one of the first joint-stock companies in the world. Established on 20 March 1602 by the States Ge ...

, and according to some historians,

the General Crisis The General Crisis is a term used by some historians to describe an alleged period of widespread regional conflict and instability that occurred from the early 17th century to the early 18th century in Europe, and in more recent historiography ...

. From the mid-17th century, European politics were increasingly dominated by the

Kingdom of France The Kingdom of France is the historiographical name or umbrella term given to various political entities of France in the Middle Ages, medieval and Early modern France, early modern period. It was one of the most powerful states in Europe from th ...

, where royal power was solidified domestically in the

civil war A civil war is a war between organized groups within the same Sovereign state, state (or country). The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region, or to change government policies.J ...

the Fronde The Fronde () was a series of civil wars in the Kingdom of France between 1648 and 1653, occurring in the midst of the Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659), Franco-Spanish War, which had begun in 1635. The government of the young King Louis XIV c ...

. The semi-feudal territorial

French nobility The French nobility () was an Aristocracy, aristocratic social class in France from the France in the Middle Ages, Middle Ages until its abolition on 23 June 1790 during the French Revolution. From 1808 to 1815 during the First French Empire, ...

was weakened and subjugated to the power of an absolute monarchy through the reinvention of the

Palace of Versailles The Palace of Versailles ( ; ) is a former royal residence commissioned by King Louis XIV located in Versailles, Yvelines, Versailles, about west of Paris, in the Yvelines, Yvelines Department of Île-de-France, Île-de-France region in Franc ...

from a hunting lodge to a gilded prison, in which a greatly expanded royal court could be more easily kept under surveillance. With domestic peace assured, Louis XIV caused the borders of France to be expanded. It was during this century that the

English monarch The monarchy of the United Kingdom, commonly referred to as the British monarchy, is the form of government used by the United Kingdom by which a hereditary monarch reigns as the head of state, with their powers Constitutional monarchy, regula ...

became increasingly involved in conflicts with the

Parliament In modern politics and history, a parliament is a legislative body of government. Generally, a modern parliament has three functions: Representation (politics), representing the Election#Suffrage, electorate, making laws, and overseeing ...

- this would culminate in the English civil war and an end to the dominance of the English monarchy. Hendrick Avercamp - A Scene on the Ice - WGA01076

By the end of the century, Europeans were masters of

logarithm In mathematics, the logarithm of a number is the exponent by which another fixed value, the base, must be raised to produce that number. For example, the logarithm of to base is , because is to the rd power: . More generally, if , the ...

electricity Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and motion of matter possessing an electric charge. Electricity is related to magnetism, both being part of the phenomenon of electromagnetism, as described by Maxwel ...

, the

telescope A telescope is a device used to observe distant objects by their emission, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), absorption, or Reflection (physics), reflection of electromagnetic radiation. Originally, it was an optical instrument using len ...

and

microscope A microscope () is a laboratory equipment, laboratory instrument used to examine objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye. Microscopy is the science of investigating small objects and structures using a microscope. Microscopic ...

calculus Calculus is the mathematics, mathematical study of continuous change, in the same way that geometry is the study of shape, and algebra is the study of generalizations of arithmetic operations. Originally called infinitesimal calculus or "the ...

universal gravitation Newton's law of universal gravitation describes gravity as a force by stating that every particle attracts every other particle in the universe with a force that is Proportionality (mathematics)#Direct proportionality, proportional to the product ...

Newton's Laws of Motion Newton's laws of motion are three physical laws that describe the relationship between the motion of an object and the forces acting on it. These laws, which provide the basis for Newtonian mechanics, can be paraphrased as follows: # A body re ...

air pressure Atmospheric pressure, also known as air pressure or barometric pressure (after the barometer), is the pressure within the atmosphere of Earth. The Standard atmosphere (unit), standard atmosphere (symbol: atm) is a unit of pressure defined as , whi ...

, and

calculating machines A mechanical calculator, or calculating machine, is a mechanical device used to perform the basic operations of arithmetic automatically, or a simulation like an analog computer or a slide rule. Most mechanical calculators were comparable in si ...

due to the work of the first scientists of the

, including

Galileo Galilei Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei (15 February 1564 – 8 January 1642), commonly referred to as Galileo Galilei ( , , ) or mononymously as Galileo, was an Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer, sometimes described as a poly ...

Johannes Kepler Johannes Kepler (27 December 1571 – 15 November 1630) was a German astronomer, mathematician, astrologer, Natural philosophy, natural philosopher and writer on music. He is a key figure in the 17th-century Scientific Revolution, best know ...

René Descartes René Descartes ( , ; ; 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a French philosopher, scientist, and mathematician, widely considered a seminal figure in the emergence of modern philosophy and Modern science, science. Mathematics was paramou ...

Pierre Fermat Pierre de Fermat (; ; 17 August 1601 – 12 January 1665) was a French mathematician who is given credit for early developments that led to infinitesimal calculus, including his technique of adequality. In particular, he is recognized for his d ...

, Blaise Pascal, Robert Boyle, Christiaan Huygens, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Robert Hooke, Isaac Newton, and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. It was also a period of development of culture in general (especially theater, music, visual arts and philosophy). Some of the greatest inventions took place in this century. It was during this period that the European colonization of the Americas began in earnest, including the exploitation of the silver deposits, which resulted in bouts of inflation as wealth was drawn into Europe. Also during this period, there would be a more intense European presence in Southeast Asia and East Asia (such as the Dutch Formosa, colonization of Taiwan). These foreign elements would contribute to a Siamese revolution of 1688, revolution in Ayutthaya Kingdom, Ayutthaya. While the Mataram Sultanate and the Aceh Sultanate would be the major powers of the region, especially during the first half of the century. In the Islamic world, the gunpowder empires – the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empire, Mughal – grew in strength as well. The southern half of India would see the decline of the Deccan sultanates, Deccan Sultanates and extinction of the Vijayanagara Empire. The Dutch East India Company, Dutch would Dutch Ceylon, colonize Ceylon and endure hostilities with Kingdom of Kandy, Kandy. The end of the 17th century saw the first major surrender of Ottoman territory in Europe when the Treaty of Karlowitz ceded most of Hungary to the Habsburgs in 1699. In Japan, Tokugawa Ieyasu established the Tokugawa shogunate at the beginning of the century, beginning the Edo period; the isolationist Sakoku policy began in the 1630s and lasted until the 19th century. In China, the collapsing Ming dynasty was challenged by a series of conquests led by the Manchu people, Manchu warlord Nurhaci, which were consolidated by his son Hong Taiji and finally consummated by his grandson, the Shunzhi Emperor, founder of the Qing dynasty. Qing dynasty, Qing China spent decades of this century with economic problems (results of civil wars between the Qing and former Ming dynasty loyalists), only recovering well at the end of the century. The greatest military conflicts of the century were the Thirty Years' War, Dutch–Portuguese War, the Great Turkish War, the Nine Years' War, Mughal–Safavid War (1649–1653), Mughal–Safavid Wars, and the Transition from Ming to Qing, Qing annexation of the Ming.

Events

1601–1650

: 4th Spanish Armada; in the Battle of Kinsale, England defeats Irish and Spanish forces, driving the Gaelic aristocracy out of Ireland and destroying the Gaelic clan system. *

–1603: The Russian famine of 1601–1603 kills perhaps one-third of Russia. * 1602: Matteo Ricci produces the Kunyu Wanguo Quantu, Map of the Myriad Countries of the World (坤輿萬國全圖, ''Kūnyú Wànguó Quántú''), a world map that will be used throughout East Asia for centuries. * 1602: The

(VOC) is established by merging competing Netherlands, Dutch trading companies.Ricklefs (1991), page 28 Its success contributes to the

. * 1603: Elizabeth I of England dies and is succeeded by her cousin King James VI of Scotland, uniting the crowns of Scotland and England. * 1603: Tokugawa Ieyasu takes the title of ''shōgun'', establishing the Tokugawa shogunate. This begins the Edo period, which will last until 1868. * 1603: In Nagasaki, the Portuguese Jesuit missionary João Rodrigues Tçuzu, João Rodrigues publishes ''Nippo Jisho'', the first dictionary of Japanese to a European (Portuguese) language. * 1605: The King of Sultanate of Gowa, Gowa, a Makassar (people), Makassarese kingdom in South Sulawesi, converts to Islam. Tsar Mikhail I

*1605–1627: The reign of Mughal Empire, Mughal emperor Jahangir after the death of emperor Akbar. * 1606: The Long Turkish War between the Ottoman Empire and Habsburg monarchy, Austria is ended with the Peace of Zsitvatorok—Austria abandons Transylvania. * 1606: Treaty of Vienna (1606), Treaty of Vienna ends an anti-Habsburg uprising in Kingdom of Hungary (1538–1867), Royal Hungary. * 1606: Willem Janszoon captained the first recorded European landing on the Mainland Australia, Australian continent, sailing from Banten (town), Bantam, Java, in the ''Duyfken''. * 1607: Flight of the Earls (the fleeing of most of the native Gaelic Ireland, Gaelic aristocracy) occurs from County Donegal in the west of Ulster in Ireland. * 1607: Iskandar Muda becomes the Sultan of Aceh Sultanate, Aceh for 30 years. He will launch a series of naval conquests that will transform Aceh into a great power in the western Malay Archipelago. * 1610: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth army defeats combined Russian–Swedish forces at the Battle of Klushino and conquers Moscow. * 1610: King Henry IV of France is assassinated by François Ravaillac. * 1611: The Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas, the oldest existing university in Asia, is established by the Dominican Order in ManilaHistory of UST
UST.edu.ph. Retrieved December 21, 2008. * 1611: The first publication of the King James Bible. * 1612: The first Cotswold Olimpick Games, Cotswold Olympic Games, an annual public celebration of games and sports begins in the Cotswolds, England. * 1613: The Time of Troubles in Russia ends with the establishment of the Romanov, House of Romanov, which rules until 1917. * 1613–1617: Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth is invaded by the Crimean Khanate, Tatars dozens of times. John de Critz the Elder James I of England with a Red Curtain

John de Critz the Elder James I of England with a Red Curtain

* 1613: The

is forced to evacuate Gresik Regency, Gresik due to the Mataram Sultanate, Mataram siege in neighboring Surabaya. The dutch negotiates with Mataram and is allowed to set up a trading post in Jepara. * 1614–1615: The Siege of Osaka (last major threat to Tokugawa shogunate) ends. * 1616: The last remaining Moriscos (Moors who had nominally converted to Christianity) in Spain are Expulsion of the Moriscos, expelled. * 1616: English poet and playwright William Shakespeare dies. * 1618: Defenestrations of Prague, The Defenestration of Prague. * 1618: The Bohemian Revolt precipitates the Thirty Years' War, which devastates Europe in the years 1618–48. * 1618: The Manchu people, Manchus start invading China. Their Manchu conquest, conquest eventually topples the Ming dynasty. * 1619: European slaving reaches America when the first Africans are brought to the present-day United States. * 1619: The

storm Jakarta, Jayakarta and withstand a months-long siege by the combined East India Company, English, Banten Sultanate, Bantenese and Jayakartan forces. They are relieved by Jan Pieterszoon Coen and a fleet of ships from Ambon, Maluku, Ambon. The dutch destroys Jayakarta and builds its new headquarters, Jakarta, Batavia, on top of it. * 1620–1621: Polish–Ottoman War (1620–1621), Polish–Ottoman War over Moldavia. * 1620: Bethlen Gabor allies with the Ottomans and an invasion of Moldavia takes place. The Polish suffer a disaster at Cecora on the River Prut. * 1620: The Mayflower sets sail from Plymouth, England to what became the Plymouth Colony in New England. 1622 massacre jamestown de Bry

* 1621: The Battle of Khotyn (1621), Battle of Chocim: Poles and Cossacks under Jan Karol Chodkiewicz defeat the Ottomans. * 1622: Jamestown massacre: Algonquian peoples, Algonquian natives kill 347 English settlers outside Jamestown, Virginia (approximately one-third of the colony's population) and burn the Henricus settlement. * 1624–1642: As chief minister, Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu, Cardinal Richelieu centralises power in France. * 1626: St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican completed. * 1627: Aurochs go extinct. * 1628–1629: Sultan Agung of Mataram Sultanate, Mataram launches a failed campaign to Siege of Batavia, conquer Dutch Batavia. * 1629: Abbas I of Persia, Abbas I, the Safavids king, died. * 1629: Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu, Cardinal Richelieu allies with Swedish Protestant forces in the Thirty Years' War to counter Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand II's expansion. * 1630: Birth of Shivaji at Shivneri Fort, Shivneri fort, in present day Maharashtra, India, who later founded Maratha Confederacy, Maratha Empire in year 1674. * 1631: Mount Vesuvius#Later eruptions from the 3rd to the 19th centuries, Mount Vesuvius erupts. * 1632: Battle of Lützen (1632), Battle of Lützen, death of king of Swedish Empire, Sweden Gustav II Adolf. * 1632: Taj Mahal building work started in Agra, India. * 1633:

arrives in Rome for his trial before the Inquisition. * 1633–1639: Japan transforms into Sakoku, "locked country". * 1634: Battle of Nördlingen (1634), Battle of Nördlingen results in Catholic victory. * 1636: Harvard University is founded in Cambridge, Massachusetts. * 1637: Shimabara Rebellion of Japanese Christians, rōnin and peasants against Edo. * 1637: The first opera house, Teatro San Cassiano, opens in Venice. * 1637: Second Manchu invasion of Korea, Qing dynasty attacked the Joseon dynasty. * 1639: Naval Battle of the Downs – Republic of the United Provinces fleet decisively defeats a Spanish fleet in English waters. * 1639: Disagreements between the House of Farnese, Farnese and Barberini Pope Urban VIII escalate into the Wars of Castro and last until 1649. * 1639–1651: Wars of the Three Kingdoms, civil wars throughout Scotland, Ireland, and English Civil War, England. * 1640–1668: The Portuguese Restoration War led to the end of the Iberian Union. * 1641: The Irish Rebellion of 1641, Irish Rebellion, by Irish Catholics who wanted an end to discrimination, greater self-governance, and reverse ownership of the plantations of Ireland. * 1641:

publishes ''Meditationes de prima philosophia'' Meditations on First Philosophy. * 1642: Beginning of English Civil War, conflict will end in 1649 with the execution of Charles I of England, King Charles I, the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of the supremacy of Parliament over the king. * 1643: L'incoronazione di Poppea, Claudio Monteverdi, Monterverdi * 1644: The Manchu people, Manchu conquer China ending the Ming dynasty. The subsequent Qing dynasty rules until 1912. * 1644–1674: The Char Bouba war, Mauritanian Thirty-Year War. * 1645–1669: Ottoman war with Republic of Venice, Venice. The Ottomans invade Crete and capture Canea. * 1647–1652: The Great Plague of Seville. * 1648: The Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years' War and marks the ends of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire as major European powers. Europe map 1648

* 1648–1653: Fronde civil war in France. * 1648–1657: The Khmelnytsky Uprising – a Cossack rebellion in Ukraine which turned into a Ukrainian war of liberation from Poland. * 1648–1667: The Deluge (Polish history), The Deluge wars leave Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in ruins. * 1648–1669: The Ottoman Empire, Ottomans capture Crete from the Republic of Venice, Venetians after the Siege of Candia. * 1649: Charles I of England, King Charles I is executed for high treason, the first and only English king to be subjected to legal proceedings in a High Court of Justice and put to death. * 1649–1653: The Cromwellian conquest of Ireland.

1651–1700

*1651: English Civil War ends with the Parliamentarian victory at the Battle of Worcester. * 1656–1661: Mehmed Köprülü is Grand Vizier. * 1655–1661: The Northern Wars cement Swedish Empire, Sweden's rise as a Rise of Sweden as a Great Power, Great Power. * 1657 : Sambhaji, the second King of Maratha Empire and eldest son of King Shivaji was born at Purandar Fort on 14 May. * 1658: After his father Shah Jahan completes the Taj Mahal, his son Aurangzeb deposes him as ruler of the Mughal Empire. * 1659: King Shivaji killed Adil Shahi dynasty, Adil Shahi dynasty's general Afzal Khan (general), Afzal Khan at Pratapgad Fort, Pratapgad fort on 9 November. * 1660: The Commonwealth of England ends and the monarchy is brought back during the English Restoration. * 1660: The Royal Society is founded. * 1660: The Bruneian Civil War begins * 1661: The reign of the Kangxi Emperor of China begins. * 1663: Ottoman–Habsburg wars, Ottoman war against Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867), Habsburg Hungary. * 1664: The Battle of Saint Gotthard (1664), Battle of St. Gotthard: count Raimondo Montecuccoli defeats the Ottomans. The Peace of Vasvar – intended to keep the peace for 20 years. * 1665: Maratha Empire, Maratha King Shivaji signed the Treaty of Purandar (1665), Treaty of Purandar with Mughal general Jai Singh I after Battle of Purandar. * 1665: Robert Hooke discovers cells using a microscope. * 1665: Portuguese Empire, Portugal defeats the Kongo Empire at the Battle of Mbwila. * 1665–1667: The Second Anglo-Dutch War fought between England and the Dutch Republic, United Provinces. * 1666: The Great Fire of London. * 1660s in archaeology, 1666: Shivaji visited Aurangzeb at Agra Fort and forced him into house arrest. Shivaji later escaped and returned to the Maratha Kingdom, Maratha kingdom. * 1667: The Raid on the Medway during the Second Anglo-Dutch War. * 1667–1668: The War of Devolution: France invades the Netherlands. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668), Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668) brings this to a halt. * 1667–1699: The Great Turkish War halts the Ottoman Empire's expansion into Europe. * 1672–1673: Ottoman campaign to help the Ukrainian Cossacks. John Sobieski defeats the Ottomans at the second battle of Khotyn (1673). * 1672–1674: The Third Anglo-Dutch War fought between England and the Dutch Republic, United Provinces * 1672–1676: Polish–Ottoman War (1672–1676), Polish–Ottoman War. 1680 van der Meulen Louis XIV bei Lobith anagoria

1680 van der Meulen Louis XIV bei Lobith anagoria

* 1672–1678: Franco-Dutch War. * 1673: The Bruneian Civil War ends with Muhyiddin of Brunei, Muhiyiddin winning the war. * 1674: Shivaji founded the Maratha Empire and crowned himself as first Chhatrapati, Chatrapati of the empire. * 1676–1681: Russia and the Ottoman Empire commence the Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681), Russo-Turkish Wars. * 1678: The Treaty of Nijmegen ends various interconnected wars among France, the Dutch Republic, Spain, Brandenburg, Sweden, Denmark, the Prince-Bishopric of Münster, and the Holy Roman Empire. Lasalle au Mississippi

* 1680: The Pueblo Revolt drives the Spanish out of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, New Mexico until 1692. * 1680: Prince Sambhaji crowned himself as the second ''Chhatrapati, Chatrapati'' of Maratha Empire 20 July. *1682: French explorer René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, Robert La Salle claims all the land east of the Mississippi River. * 1683: China conquers the Kingdom of Tungning and annexes Taiwan. * 1683: The Ottoman Empire is defeated in the second Battle of Vienna, Siege of Vienna. * 1683–1699: The Great Turkish War leads to the conquest of most of Ottoman Hungary by the Habsburgs. * 1687: Isaac Newton publishes ''Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica''. * 1688: The Siege of Derry, the first major event in the Williamite War in Ireland. * 1688: Siamese revolution of 1688 ousted French influence and virtually severed all ties with the West until the 19th century. * 1688–1689: The Glorious Revolution starts with the Dutch Republic invading England, England becomes a constitutional monarchy. * 1688–1691: Williamite War in Ireland, The War of the Two Kings in Ireland. * 1688–1697: The Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg), Grand Alliance sought to stop French expansion during the Nine Years' War. * 1689: The Battle of Killiecrankie is fought between Jacobitism, Jacobite and Williamite forces in Highland Perthshire. * 1689: The Karposh's rebellion, Karposh rebellion is crushed in present-day North Macedonia, Skopje is retaken by the Ottoman Turks. Karposh is killed, and the rebels are defeated. Atlas Van der Hagen-KW1049B10 050-De belegering van Wenen door de Turken in 1683

Atlas Van der Hagen-KW1049B10 050-De belegering van Wenen door de Turken in 1683

* 1689: Bill of Rights 1689, Bill of Rights gains royal consent. * 1689: John Locke publishes ''Two Treatises of Government'' and ''A Letter Concerning Toleration.'' * 1690: The Battle of the Boyne in Ireland. * 1692: Port Royal in Jamaica is struck by an earthquake and a tsunami. Approximately 2,000 people die and 2,300 are injured. * 1692–1694: Famine in France kills two million. * 1693: College of William & Mary is founded in Williamsburg, Virginia, by a royal charter. * 1694: The Bank of England is established. * 1695: The Mughal Empire nearly bans the East India Company in response to pirate Henry Every's capture of the trading ship ''Ganj-i-Sawai''. * 1696–1697: List of famines, Famine in Finland wipes out almost one-third of the population.Karen J. Cullen (2010). "
Famine in Scotland: The 'Ill Years' of the 1690s
'". Edinburgh University Press. p. 20. * 1697–1699: Grand Embassy of Peter the Great to Western Europe. * 1699: Thomas Savery demonstrates his first steam engine to the Royal Society.

Gallery

File:Albrecht Wallenstein.jpeg, Catholic general Albrecht von Wallenstein (1583–1634), Commander-in-chief, supreme commander of the armies of the Imperial Army of the Holy Roman Emperor, Imperial Army during the Thirty Years' War, Thirty Years War File:Jan Pieterszoon Coen.jpg, Jan Pieterszoon Coen (1587–1629), the founder of Jakarta, Batavia, was an officer of the

(VOC), holding two terms as its Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies File:René Descartes i samtal med Sveriges drottning, Kristina.jpg,

(1596–1650) with Queen Christina of Sweden (1626–1689) File:Cardinal Mazarin by Pierre Mignard (Musée Condé).jpg, Cardinal Mazarin (1602–1661), who served as the Chief minister of France, chief minister to the kings of France Louis XIII and

File:Aurangzeb-portrait.jpg, Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb (1618–1707), who ruled over almost the entire Indian subcontinent for a period of 49 years File:Shivaji British Museum.jpg, Chhatrapati Shivaji (1630–1680) founder of Maratha Empire is widely regarded as one of the greatest Hindu rulers File:Portrait of the Kangxi Emperor in Court Dress.jpg, Kangxi Emperor (1661–1722) one of the most influential emperors of the Qing dynasty File:Tokugawa Ieyasu2.JPG, ''Shōgun'' Tokugawa Ieyasu was the founder of Japan's final shogunate, which lasted well into the 19th century

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

Major changes in philosophy and science take place, often characterized as the

. * Banknotes reintroduced in Europe. * Ice cream. * Tea and Coffeehouse, coffee become popular in Europe. * Banking, Central Banking in France and Finance, modern Finance by Scottish economist John Law (economist), John Law. * Minarets, Jamé Mosque of Isfahan, Isfahan, Persia (Iran), are built. * 1604: Supernova SN 1604 is observed in the Milky Way. * 1605:

starts investigating Kepler's laws of planetary motion, elliptical orbits of planets. * 1605: Johann Carolus of Germany publishes the 'Relation', the first newspaper. * 1608: Refracting telescopes first appear. Dutch spectacle-maker Hans Lippershey tries to obtain a patent on one, spreading word of the invention. * 1610: The Orion Nebula is identified by Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc of France. * 1610:

and Simon Marius observe Jupiter's Galilean moons. * 1611: King James Version, King James Bible or 'Authorized Version' first published. * 1612: The first flintlock musket likely created for Louis XIII of France by gunsmith Marin Bourgeois. * 1614: John Napier introduces the

to simplify calculations. * 1616: Niccolò Zucchi describes experiments with a bronze parabolic reflector, parabolic mirror trying to make a reflecting telescope. * 1620: Cornelis Drebbel, funded by James I of England, builds the first 'submarine' made of wood and greased leather. * 1623: The third English dictionary, ''English Dictionarie'', is published by Henry Cockeram, listing difficult words with definitions. * 1628: William Harvey publishes and elucidates his earlier discovery of the Systemic circulation, circulatory system. * 1637: Dutch Bible published. * 1637: Teatro San Cassiano, the first public opera house, opened in Venice. * 1637: Pierre de Fermat formulates his so-called Fermat's Last Theorem, Last Theorem, unsolved until 1995. * 1637: Although Chinese naval mines were earlier described in the 14th century ''Huolongjing'', the ''Tian Gong Kai Wu'' book of Ming dynasty scholar Song Yingxing describes naval mines wrapped in a lacquer bag and ignited by an ambusher pulling a rip cord on the nearby shore that triggers a steel-wheel flint mechanism. * 1642: Blaise Pascal invents the mechanical calculator called Pascal's calculator. * 1642: Mezzotint engraving introduces grey tones to printed images. * 1643: Evangelista Torricelli of Italy invents the mercury barometer. * 1645: Giacomo Torelli of Venice, Italy invents the first rotating stage. * 1651: Giovanni Battista Riccioli, Giovanni Riccioli renames the Lunar mare, lunar maria. * 1656: Christiaan Huygens describes the true shape of the rings of Saturn. * 1657: Christiaan Huygens develops the first functional pendulum clock based on the learnings of

. * 1659: Christiaan Huygens first to observe surface details of Mars. * 1662: Christopher Merret presents first paper on the production of sparkling wine. * 1663: James Gregory (astronomer and mathematician), James Gregory publishes designs for a reflecting telescope. * 1669: The first known operational reflecting telescope is built by Isaac Newton. * 1676: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek discovers Bacteria. * 1676: First measurement of the speed of light. * 1679: Binary numeral system, Binary system developed by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. * 1684: Calculus independently developed by both Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Sir Isaac Newton and used to formulate classical mechanics.

References

External links

Vistorica
Timelines of 17th century events, science, culture and persons {{Authority control 17th century, 2nd millennium Centuries Early modern period

Events

1601–1650

1651–1700

Gallery

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

References

Further reading

Focus on Europe

External links