Äijih

In Sámi shamanism, Horagalles, also written Hora Galles and Thora Galles and often equated with Tiermes or ''Aijeke'' (i.e. "grandfather or great grandfather"), is the thunder god. He is depicted as a wooden figure with a nail in the head and with a hammer, or occasionally on shaman drums, two hammers.

Characteristics and functions

Idols of Horagalles are made of wood and have a nail or spike and a piece of flint in the head.Kaarle Krohn, "Lappische Beiträge zur germanischen Mythologie," ''Finnisch-Ugrische Forschungen'' 6 (1906) 155–80
p. 164
He has a hammer called Wetschera, Aijeke Wetschera,Scheffer, cited in Castrén,
p. 50
Johannes Schefferus, ''Lappland'', tr. Henrik Sundin, ed. John Granlund, Bengt Löw, and John Bernström, Acta Lapponica 8, Stockholm: Gebers, 1956, OCLC 468993787
p. 130
or Ajeke veċċera, "grandfather's hammer."Jens Andreas Friis, ''Lappisk Mythologi, Eventyr og Folkesagn'', Christiania: Cammermeyer, 1871
p. 69

Horagalles is the god of the sky, thunder and lightning, the rainbow, weather, oceans, and lakes and rules over human life, health and wellbeing.Friis
p. 68
citing Erich Johann Jessen, ''De norske Finners og Lappers hedenske Religion'' (1765). He punishes "hurtful demons" or "evil spirits" (i.e., trolls) who frequent the rocks and mountains; he destroys them with his lightning, shoots them with his bow, or dashes their brains out with his hammer. The rainbow is his bow, "Aijeke dauge".''The History of Lapland'', 1674 translated ed., facsimile ed. Suecica rediviva 22, Stockholm: Rediviva, 1971,
p. 37

Horagalles depicted on Sámi shaman drums

On Sámi shaman drums Horagalles is occasionally depicted with a sledgehammer in one hand and a cross-hammer in the other, or symbolized by two crossed hammers. He made thunder and lightning with one hammer and withdrew them with the other to prevent harm to the Sámi or their animals.

Name and relationship to other gods

The name ''Horagalles'' does not occur in older dictionaries of Sámi languages, for instance in the mid-19th century. He is often equated with Tiermes; in 1673 Johannes Scheffer, who did not use the name Horagalles, wrote that when Aijeke thundered, he was called Tiermes. There is considerable regional variation in the names; Horagalles (with its various spellings, including Thoragalles) is characteristically southern Sámi, and the rainbow is referred to by a variety of names referring to thunder.

Early scholars noted the similarities between Horagalles and the Norse thunder-god Thor and that some Sámi called him Thoron or simply Thor, and were unsure which had influenced which. But the name Horagalles is now interpreted as a loanword from the Old Norse ''Þórr Karl'', "the Old Man Thor," E. O. G. Turville-Petre, (1964). ''Myth and Religion of the North: The Religion of Ancient Scandinavia'', London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1964, OCLC 3264532
p. 98
"Thor, the Elder," or "Thor fellow,"Jaan Puhvel, ''Comparative Mythology'', Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1987,
p. 204
"Thor Karl" (possibly from Norwegian ''Torrekall''), or Swedish ''Torsmannen'', "the thunder man."

Horagalles' consort is called Ravdna, and the red berries of the rowan tree are sacred to her. The name ''Ravdna'' resembles North Germanic names for the tree, such as Old Norse ''reynir'', and according to the ''Prose Edda'' book ''Skáldskaparmál'', the rowan is called "the salvation of Thor" because Thor once saved himself by clinging to it. It has therefore been theorized that the Norse goddess Sif, Thor's wife, was once conceived of in the form of a rowan to which Thor clung.

Tiermes

Tiermes is a Sámi god of thunder and rain, also called Aijeke or Ajeke and often identified with Horagalles.

Tiermes is god of the sky and thunder and lightning, the rainbow, weather, oceans, and lakes and rules over human life, health, and well-being. He protects people and their animals from "hurtful demons" and "evil spirits" (i.e., trolls). According to the mid-18th century ''Cérémonies et coutumes religieuses de tous les peuples du monde'', "Thiermes or Thoron" is the first in a trinity, of whom the other members are Storjunkare and Baivre or Jumala. He is also called Aijeke, "grandfather" or "great-grandfather"; in 1673 Johannes Scheffer wrote that when Aijeke thundered, he was called Tiermes.

The names of the god vary considerably between regions, with Tiermes and variants being commonly used among northern Sámi and Horagalles and variants among southern Sámi, The word "dierpmis" could be a loanword from a pre-finno-ugric substrate language.

Pajonn

Pajonn is a Sámi god of thunder. Other name and spelling variants include Bajann, Pajǟn and Pajanolmai, found in Finnish as Pajainen, all derived from the word ''pad'd'i'', meaning "above". According to Zacharias Plantin, Pajonn is an alias of Doragass, which in turn is a distorted version of Horagalles.John Balys, "Pajainen", in: ''Götter und Mythen im alten Europa'' ods and myths in ancient Europe Wörterbuch der Mythologie 2, E. Klett, 1973, , pp. 330–31 .

See also

*Buga

References

Further reading

* Axel Olrik. "Nordisk og lappisk gudsdyrkelse." ''Danske Studier'' 1905, pp. 39–63.
* Axel Olrik. "Tordenguden og hans dreng i lappernes myteverden." ''Danske Studier'' 1906, pp. 65–69. {{in lang, da

Sámi gods
Thunder gods
Sky and weather gods