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Very-long-chain Fatty Acid
A very-long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) is a fatty acid with 22 or more carbons. Their biosynthesis occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum. VLCFA's can represent up to a few percent of the total fatty acid content of a cell. Unlike most fatty acids, VLCFAs are too long to be metabolized in the mitochondria, in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in plants and must be metabolized in peroxisomes. Certain peroxisomal disorders, such as adrenoleukodystrophy and Zellweger syndrome, can be associated with an accumulation of VLCFAs. Enzymes that produce VLCFAs are the targets of herbicides including pyroxasulfone. Major VLCFAs Some of the more common saturated VLCFAs: lignoceric acid (C24), cerotic acid (C26), montanic acid (C28), melissic acid (C30), lacceroic acid (C32), ghedoic acid (C34), and the odd-chain fatty acid ceroplastic acid (C35). Several monounsaturated VLCFAs are also known: nervonic acid (Δ15-24:1), ximenic acid (Δ17-26:1), and lumequeic acid (Δ21-30:1). See also * ACADV ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fatty Acid
In chemistry, in particular in biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with an aliphatic chain, which is either saturated and unsaturated compounds#Organic chemistry, saturated or unsaturated. Most naturally occurring fatty acids have an Branched chain fatty acids, unbranched chain of an even number of carbon atoms, from 4 to 28. Fatty acids are a major component of the lipids (up to 70% by weight) in some species such as microalgae but in some other organisms are not found in their standalone form, but instead exist as three main classes of esters: triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesteryl esters. In any of these forms, fatty acids are both important diet (nutrition), dietary sources of fuel for animals and important structural components for cell (biology), cells. History The concept of fatty acid (''acide gras'') was introduced in 1813 by Michel Eugène Chevreul, though he initially used some variant terms: ''graisse acide'' and ''acide huileux'' ("acid fat" and "oi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cerotic Acid
Cerotic acid, or hexacosanoic acid, is a 26-carbon long-chain saturated fatty acid with the chemical formula . It is most commonly found in beeswax and carnauba wax. It is a white solid, although impure samples appear yellowish. The name is derived from the Latin word ''cerotus'', which in turn was derived from the Ancient Greek word κηρός (keros), meaning beeswax or honeycomb. Cerotic acid is also a type of very long chain fatty acid that is often associated with the disease adrenoleukodystrophy, which involves the excessive accumulation of unmetabolized fatty acid chains, including cerotic acid, in the peroxisome. See also *List of saturated fatty acids Saturated fatty acids are fatty acids that make up saturated fats. Straight-chain Saturated straight-chain fatty acids: Branched-chain Saturated branched-chain fatty acids: See also *List of unsaturated fatty acids *Carboxylic acid ... * Very long chain fatty acids References Fatty acids Alkanoic aci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SLC27A5
Bile acyl-CoA synthetase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC27A5'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is an isozyme of very long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase ( VLCS). It is capable of activating very long-chain fatty-acids containing 24- and 26-carbons. It is expressed in liver and associated with endoplasmic reticulum but not with peroxisomes. Its primary role is in fatty acid elongation or complex lipid synthesis rather than in degradation. This gene has a mouse ortholog. See also * Solute carrier family The solute carrier (SLC) group of membrane transport proteins include over 400 members organized into 66 families. Most members of the SLC group are located in the cell membrane. The SLC gene nomenclature system was originally proposed by the HUGO ... References Further reading * * * * * * * Solute carrier family Acyl-CoA synthetase {{gene-19-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SLC27A2
Long-chain fatty acid transport protein 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC27A2'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is an isozyme of long-chain fatty-acid-coenzyme A ligase family. Although differing in substrate specificity, subcellular localization, and tissue distribution, all isozymes of this family convert free long-chain fatty acids into fatty acyl-CoA esters, and thereby play a key role in lipid biosynthesis and fatty acid degradation. This isozyme activates long-chain, branched-chain and very long chain fatty acids containing 22 or more carbons to their CoA derivatives. It is expressed primarily in liver and kidney and is present in both endoplasmic reticulum and peroxisomes but not in mitochondria. Its decreased peroxisomal enzyme activity is in part responsible for the biochemical pathology in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. See also * Solute carrier family The solute carrier (SLC) group of membrane transport proteins include over 400 members org ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ACADVL
Very long-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrial (VLCAD) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ACADVL gene. Mutations in the ACADVL are associated with very long-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency. The protein encoded by this gene is targeted to the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it catalyzes the first step of the mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway. This acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase is specific to long-chain and very-long-chain fatty acids. A deficiency in this gene product reduces myocardial fatty acid beta-oxidation and is associated with cardiomyopathy. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. Structure The ACADVL gene contains 20 exons, and is about 5.4 kb long. VLCAD has interesting gene structure in humans, in that is located in a head-to-head structure with the DLG4 gene on Chromosome 17, and that the transcribed regions of these genes overlap. It has been shown that ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lumequeic Acid
Lumequeic acid is a chemical compound with the chemical formula . Its delta notation is Δ21-30:1. This is a monounsaturated fatty acid and very long chain fatty acid with a 30-carbon chain with a ''cis''-configured double bond at the 21st position. The acid has been found in ''Ximenia americana'' (yellowplum). The genus is named after the Spanish priest Francisco Ximénez (1666–1729). Also, the acid has been identified in cured vanilla beans (''Vanilla planifolia'' species). The lumequeic acid is named after lumeque seed of West African ''Ximenia'' species. Synthesis Synthetic method Lumequic acid synthesis involves extending shorter fatty acids by adding carbon units using enzymes or chemical catalysts, leading to the creation of very long-chain fatty acids. Industrial method Industrial-scale production of this compound relies on biotechnological methods, specifically microbial fermentation Fermentation is a type of anaerobic metabolism which harnesses the redox potenti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ximenic Acid
Ximenic acid is a chemical compound with the chemical formula . Its delta notation is Δ17-26:1. This is a monounsaturated fatty acid and very long chain fatty acid A very-long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) is a fatty acid with 22 or more carbons. Their biosynthesis occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum. VLCFA's can represent up to a few percent of the total fatty acid content of a cell. Unlike most fatty acids, V ... with 26 carbon atoms and one double bond found on the 9th carbon atom from the end. The compound has the double bond at the ninth carbon atom; therefore, ximenic acid belongs to the Omega-9 group of acids. Discovery The acid was initially isolated by scientists S. V. Puntambekar and S. Krishna in 1937. The acid has been found in '' Ximenia americana'' (yellowplum). The genus is named after the Spanish priest Francisco Ximénez (1666–1729). The compound was also isolated from '' Tropaeolum speciosum'' and certain fish oil lipids and sponges. Uses The acid is primar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nervonic Acid
Nervonic acid (24:1, n−9) is a fatty acid. It is a monounsaturated analog of lignoceric acid (24:0). It is also known as selacholeic acid and ''cis''-15-tetracosenoic acid. Its name derives from the Latin word ''wikt:nervus, nervus'', meaning nerve or sinew. It exists in nature as an elongation product of oleic acid (18:1 Δ9). Its immediate precursor is erucic acid. Nervonic acid is particularly abundant in the white matter of animal brains and in peripheral nervous tissue where nervonyl sphingolipids are enriched in the myelin sheath of nerve fibers. This acid is among the group of cerebrosides, which are fatty acids of the glycosphingolipids group, which are components of muscles and the nervous system, accounting for approximately 40% of the total fatty acids in sphingolipids. Structure As it is defined as a monounsaturated fatty acid, it has one double bond in the fatty acid chain and all the remaining carbon atoms are single-bonded. It is classified in the sub-group ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ceroplastic Acid
Ceroplastic acid (or pentatriacontanoic acid) is a 35-carbon-long saturated aliphatic carboxylic acid. The name is derived from the Latin word ''cerotus'', which in turn was derived from the Ancient Greek word κηρός (keros), meaning beeswax or honeycomb, combined with "plastic" from the Latin plasticus (meaning of molding, from Greek plastikos, from plassein to mold, form). Applications Like many other carboxylic acids, ceroplastic acid can react with UV curable moiety alcohols to form reactive esters, such as 2-allyloxyethanol. See also *List of saturated fatty acids Saturated fatty acids are fatty acids that make up saturated fats. Straight-chain Saturated straight-chain fatty acids: Branched-chain Saturated branched-chain fatty acids: See also *List of unsaturated fatty acids *Carboxylic acid ... References External linksCeroplastic acidat the ''Nature Lipidomics Gateway'' Fatty acids Alkanoic acids {{OrganicAcid-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Odd-chain Fatty Acid
Odd-chain fatty acids are those fatty acids that contain an odd number of carbon atoms. In addition to being classified according to their saturation or unsaturation, fatty acids are also classified according to their odd or even numbers of constituent carbon atoms. With respect to natural abundance, most fatty acids are even chain, e.g. palmitic (C16) and stearic (C18). In terms of physical properties, odd and even fatty acids are similar, generally being colorless, soluble in alcohols, and often somewhat oily. The odd-chain fatty acids are biosynthesized and metabolized slightly differently from the even-chained relatives. In addition to the usual C12-C22 long chain fatty acids, some very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) are also known. Some of these VLCFAs are also of the odd-chain variety. Metabolism Biosynthesis The most common OCFA are the saturated C15 and C17 derivatives, respectively pentadecylic acid and margaric acid. Even-chained fatty acids are synthesiz ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lacceroic Acid
Lacceroic acid (or dotriacontanoic acid) is a saturated fatty acid. Sources Lacceroic acid can be derived by saponification of lacceryl lacceroate or by oxidation of 1-Dotriacontanol (lacceryl) and purification of the product. It can also be isolated from stick lac wax, from which the name is derived. Derivatives Ethyl lacceroate can be obtained as a crystalline solid (rhombic plates, mp 76 °C) by the action of HCl gas on lacceroic acid in boiling absolute alcohol. See also *List of saturated fatty acids Saturated fatty acids are fatty acids that make up saturated fats. Straight-chain Saturated straight-chain fatty acids: Branched-chain Saturated branched-chain fatty acids: See also *List of unsaturated fatty acids *Carboxylic acid ... References External linksLacceroic acidat the ''Nature Lipidomics Gateway'' Fatty acids Alkanoic acids {{OrganicAcid-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
