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Tenso
A ''tenso'' (; french: tençon) is a style of troubadour song. It takes the form of a debate in which each voice defends a position; common topics relate to love or ethics. Usually, the tenso is written by two different poets, but several examples exist in which one of the parties is imaginary, including God ( Peire de Vic), the poet's horse ( Gui de Cavalhon) or his cloak ( Bertran Carbonel). Closely related, and sometimes overlapping, genres include: * the '' partimen'', in which more than two voices discuss a subject * the '' cobla esparsa'' or ''cobla exchange'', a tenso of two stanzas only * the ''contenson'', where the matter is eventually judged by a third party. Notable examples * Marcabru and Uc Catola''Amics Marchabrun, car digam'' possibly the earliest known example. * Cercamon and Guilhalmi''Car vei finir a tot dia'' another candidate for the earliest known example. * Raimbaut d'Aurenga and Giraut de Bornelh''Ara·m platz, Giraut de Borneill'' where major exponents o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Troubadour
A troubadour (, ; oc, trobador ) was a composer and performer of Old Occitan lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages (1100–1350). Since the word ''troubadour'' is etymologically masculine, a female troubadour is usually called a '' trobairitz''. The troubadour school or tradition began in the late 11th century in Occitania, but it subsequently spread to the Italian and Iberian Peninsulas. Under the influence of the troubadours, related movements sprang up throughout Europe: the Minnesang in Germany, '' trovadorismo'' in Galicia and Portugal, and that of the trouvères in northern France. Dante Alighieri in his '' De vulgari eloquentia'' defined the troubadour lyric as ''fictio rethorica musicaque poita'': rhetorical, musical, and poetical fiction. After the "classical" period around the turn of the 13th century and a mid-century resurgence, the art of the troubadours declined in the 14th century and around the time of the Black Death (1348) it died out. The texts of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gui De Cavalhon
Gui de Cavalhon, Cavaillo, or Gavaillo (fl. 1200–1229) was a Provençal nobleman: a diplomat, warrior, and man of letters. He was probably also the Guionet who composed ''tensos'' and ''partimens'' with Cadenet, Raimbaut de Vaqueiras, Mainart Ros, Pomairol, and a certain Guillem. Knight and nobleman Gui was born at Cavaillon in the Valclusa, though there is no evidence of him residing there. He is first encountered at the court of Alfonso II of Provence in 1200–07. In 1204 he was present at the marriage of Alfonso's elder brother, Peter II of Aragon, and Maria of Montpellier. Beginning in 1209 he was in the service of Raymond VI of Toulouse fighting the Albigensian Crusade. In 1215 he accompanied Raymond to the Fourth Lateran Council. In 1216–17 he was fighting in Provence, where he was a counsellor of Raymond Berengar IV.Egan, 43 n1. In 1220 he was besieged in ''Castel-Nou'', now Castèlnòu d'Arri (Castelnaudary), by Amaury de Montfort. He later entered the Templar Or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Partimen
The ''partimen'' (; ca, partiment ; also known as ''partia'' or ''joc partit'') is a cognate form of the French jeu-parti (plural ''jeux-partis''). It is a genre of Occitan lyric poetry composed between two troubadours, a subgenre of the ''tenso'' or ''cobla'' exchange in which one poet presents a dilemma A dilemma ( grc-gre, δίλημμα "double proposition") is a problem offering two possibilities, neither of which is unambiguously acceptable or preferable. The possibilities are termed the ''horns'' of the dilemma, a clichéd usage, but disti ... in the form of a question and the two debate the answer, each taking up a different side. Of the nearly 200 surviving Occitan debate songs, 120 are ''partimens'' and 75 are open ''tensos''. The ''partimen'' was especially popular in poetic contests. See also Torneyamen. References Further reading * Alfred Jeanroy, ''Les origines de la poésie lyrique en France au Moyen-Age'' (Paris, 1899, 3/1925) *Alfred Jeanroy: ''La poésie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trobar Clus
''Trobar clus'' (), or closed form, was a complex and obscure style of poetry used by troubadours for their more discerning audiences, and it was only truly appreciated by an elite few. It was developed extensively by Marcabru and Arnaut Daniel, but by 1200 its inaccessibility had led to its disappearance. Among the imitators of Marcabru were Alegret and Marcoat, who claimed himself to write ''vers contradizentz'' (contradictory verses), indicative of the incomprehensibility of the ''trobar clus'' style. Below is a sample of the style from Marcoat's '' sirventes'' ''Mentre m'obri eis huisel'', wherein the poet himself remarks on his ''moz clus'' (closed words): :''Mon ''serventes'' no val plus, :''que faitz es de bos moz clus'' :''apren lo, Domeing Sarena.''Chambers, 91. Among the late twelfth-century practitionars of ''trobar clus'' was Peire d'Alvernhe, an imitator of Marcabru, while Raimbaut d'Aurenga of the '' trobar ric'' style was influenced by Marcoat. The only trobairit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Galician-Portuguese Lyric
In the Middle Ages, the Galician-Portuguese lyric, also known as ''trovadorismo'' in Portugal and ''trobadorismo'' in Galicia, was a lyric poetic school or movement. All told, there are around 1680 texts in the so-called secular lyric or ''lírica profana'' (see Cantigas de Santa Maria for the religious lyric). At the time Galician-Portuguese was the language used in nearly all of Iberia for lyric (as opposed to epic) poetry. From this language derives both modern Galician and Portuguese. The school, which was influenced to some extent (mainly in certain formal aspects) by the Occitan troubadours, is first documented at the end of the twelfth century and lasted until the middle of the fourteenth, with its zenith coming in the middle of the thirteenth century, centered on the person of Alfonso X, ''The Wise King''. It is the earliest known poetic movement in Galicia or Portugal and represents not only the beginnings of but one of the high points of poetic history in both countr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Old French
Old French (, , ; Modern French: ) was the language spoken in most of the northern half of France from approximately the 8th to the 14th centuries. Rather than a unified language, Old French was a linkage of Romance dialects, mutually intelligible yet diverse, spoken in the northern half of France. These dialects came to be collectively known as the , contrasting with the in the south of France. The mid-14th century witnessed the emergence of Middle French, the language of the French Renaissance in the Île de France region; this dialect was a predecessor to Modern French. Other dialects of Old French evolved themselves into modern forms ( Poitevin-Saintongeais, Gallo, Norman, Picard, Walloon, etc.), each with its own linguistic features and history. The region where Old French was spoken natively roughly extended to the northern half of the Kingdom of France and its vassals (including parts of the Angevin Empire, which during the 12th century remained under Anglo-No ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Italian Literature
Italian literature is written in the Italian language, particularly within Italy. It may also refer to literature written by Italians or in other languages spoken in Italy, often languages that are closely related to modern Italian, including regional varieties and vernacular dialects. Italian literature begins in the 12th century, when in different regions of the peninsula the Italian vernacular started to be used in a literary manner. The '' Ritmo laurenziano'' is the first extant document of Italian literature. An early example of Italian literature is the tradition of vernacular lyric poetry performed in Occitan, which reached Italy by the end of the 12th century. In 1230, the Sicilian School became notable for being the first style in standard Italian. Dante Alighieri, one of the greatest of Italian poets, is notable for being the author of ''La Divina Commedia'' (''The Divine Comedy'', 1308–1320). Renaissance humanism developed during the 14th and the beginning of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Montan (troubadour)
Montan (fl. c. 1250) was a Provençal troubadour whose real name, as well as any biographical detail, is unknown: his sobriquet means "the mounter", which is sexually suggestive, evidenced in his piece , which is considered the most obscene ever produced by a troubadour. Other than this, three pieces are extant, a single stanza in a tenso with Sordello and two coblas esparsas. Montan is also mentioned in a poem by Ramon de Rosselló Raimon de Rusillon ( ca, Ramon de Rosselló) was a minor Catalan troubadour who wrote in Old Occitan. Only one of his Occitan compositions survives, and in only one manuscript. His sole ''cobla esparsa'' is insignificant literarily, but it mentions ..., a sign that his peculiar nickname was customarily used in his time. References External links Complete works en, oc {{authority control 13th-century French troubadours People from Provence ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genoese Dialect
Genoese, locally called or , is the main Ligurian dialect, spoken in and around the Italian city of Genoa, the capital of Liguria, in Northern Italy. A majority of remaining speakers of Genoese are elderly. Several associations are dedicated to keeping the dialect alive, examples of which are in Genoa and in Chiavari. Written literature has been produced in Genoese since the 13th century, and the orthography has evolved in-step with the language. There are currently two spelling systems in common use, with varying degrees of standardisation. One, proposed in 2008 by the cultural association ''A Compagna'', attempts to closely match in writing the pronunciation of the now-extinct variant of Genoese which used to be spoken in the ''Portoria'' neighbourhood of Genoa. Another spelling system was proposed by a group of writers, journalists and academics by standardising the traditional orthography of 19th- and 20th-century Genoese newspapers. This is the spelling used, amongst ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genoa
Genoa ( ; it, Genova ; lij, Zêna ). is the capital of the Regions of Italy, Italian region of Liguria and the List of cities in Italy, sixth-largest city in Italy. In 2015, 594,733 people lived within the city's administrative limits. As of the 2011 Italian census, the Province of Genoa, which in 2015 became the Metropolitan City of Genoa, had 855,834 resident persons. Over 1.5 million people live in the wider metropolitan area stretching along the Italian Riviera. On the Gulf of Genoa in the Ligurian Sea, Genoa has historically been one of the most important ports on the Mediterranean Sea, Mediterranean: it is currently the busiest in Italy and in the Mediterranean Sea and twelfth-busiest in the European Union. Genoa was the capital of Republic of Genoa, one of the most powerful maritime republics for over seven centuries, from the 11th century to 1797. Particularly from the 12th century to the 15th century, the city played a leading role in the commercial trade in Euro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Raimbaut De Vaqueiras
__NOTOC__ Raimbaut de Vaqueiras or Vaqueyras (fl. 1180 – 1207) was a Provençal troubadour and, later in his life, knight. His life was spent mainly in Italian courtsAmelia E. Van Vleck, ''The Lyric Texts'' p. 33, in ''Handbook of the Troubadours'' (1995), edited by F. R. P. Akehurst and Judith M. Davis. until 1203, when he joined the Fourth Crusade. His writings, particularly the so-called ''Epic Letter'', form an important commentary on the politics of the Latin Empire in its earliest years. Vaqueiras's works include a multilingual poem, ''Eras quan vey verdeyar'' where he used French, Italian, Galician-Portuguese and Gascon, together with his own Provençal. Vaqueiras was from Vacqueyras, near Orange. He spent most of his career as court poet and close friend of Boniface I of Montferrat, with whom he served in battle against the communes of Asti and Alessandria. Vaqueiras claimed he earned a knighthood through protecting Boniface with his shield in battle at Messina ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trobar Leu
The ''trobar leu'' (), or light style of poetry, was the most popular style used by the troubadour A troubadour (, ; oc, trobador ) was a composer and performer of Old Occitan lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages (1100–1350). Since the word ''troubadour'' is etymologically masculine, a female troubadour is usually called a '' trobai ...s. Its accessibility gave it a wide audience. See also *'' Trobar ric'' *'' Trobar clus'' Occitan literature Western medieval lyric forms {{Poetry-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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