|
Sword Verse
The Sword Verse () is the fifth verse of the ninth surah (''at-Tawbah'') of the Quran (also written as 9:5). It is a Quranic verse widely cited by critics of Islam to suggest the faith promotes violence against pagans ( polytheists, mushrikun) by isolating the portion of the verse "kill the polytheists wherever you find them, capture them". The next verse, often excluded from quotes, appears to present a conditional reprieve: Quranic exegetes al-Baydawi and al-Alusi explain that it refers to those pagan Arabs who violated their peace treaties by waging war against Muslims. Text and translations Verse 9:5 Verse 9:1 - 9:7 Giving context to verse 9:5 are the first seven verses of '' Surat at-Tawbah''. Interpretative tradition Islamic scholars and jurists disagreed upon the generality of the application of the verse. Specific ruling Premodern Muslim scholars According to several mainstream Islamic scholars, the verse relates to a specific event in Islamic history ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Chapters In The Quran
The Quran is divided into 114 surahs, and 6,236 (excluding "Bismillah") or 6,349 (including Bismillah") ayahs. Chapters are arranged broadly in descending order of length. For a preliminary discussion about the chronological order of chapters, see Surah. Each surah except the ninth ( At-Tawba) is preceded by a formula known as the '' basmalla'' or '' tasmiah'', which reads ' ("In the name of Allah Allah ( ; , ) is an Arabic term for God, specifically the God in Abrahamic religions, God of Abraham. Outside of the Middle East, it is principally associated with God in Islam, Islam (in which it is also considered the proper name), althoug ..., the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful."). In twenty-nine surahs this is followed by a group of letters called "'' muqaṭṭa'āt''" (lit. "abbreviated" or "shortened"), unique combinations of a few letters whose meaning are unknown. Table of surahs * Makkan surah * Medinan surah * Nöldeke Chronology * Bazargan chronology ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mujahid Ibn Jabr
Abū l-Ḥajjāj Mujāhid ibn Jabr al-Qāriʾ () (642–722 CE) was a Tabi' and one of the major early Islamic scholars. According to some sources, Mujahid wrote a tafsīr of the Qur'an (exegesis/commentary), although it is likely that a written work from his time never existed. The text that is called ''Tafsir Mujahid'' today was first compiled by Ādam ibn Abī Iyās (d. 836–837 CE), and Adam transmits traditions to Mujahid through the intermediary chain of transmission Warqāʾ — Ibn Abī Najīḥ. Adam's collection also does not survive, but rather, Ibn Shādhān's (d. after 1033 CE) recension of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān's recension of Ibrāhīm's recension of Adam’s collection is what survives. Up to seven other versions of traditions attributed to Mujahid survive, some of which vary substantially with the ''Tafsir Mujahid''. Biography His full nickname is often written as "Mujahid bin Jabir, Maula As-Saib bin Abi As-Saib, Al-Makhzumi, Al-Quraysh". The Nisba of al-Makhzu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Suyuti
Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti (; 1445–1505), or al-Suyuti, was an Egyptians, Egyptian Sunni Muslims, Muslim polymath of Persians, Persian descent. Considered the mujtahid and mujaddid of the Islamic 10th century, he was a leading Hadith studies, muhaddith (hadith master), Tafsir, mufassir (Qu'ran exegete), faqīh (jurist), Principles of Islamic jurisprudence, usuli (legal theorist), sufi (mystic), Islamic theology, theologian, Arabic grammar, grammarian, linguist, rhetorician, philologist, lexicographer and historian, who authored works in virtually every Islamic science. For this reason, he was honoured one of the most prestigious and rarest titles: Shaykh al-Islām. He was described as one of the most prolific writers of the Middle Ages and is recognized today as one of the most prolific authors of all Islamic literature. Al-Suyuti wrote approximately one thousand works. His biographical dictionary ''Bughyat al-Wuʻāh fī Ṭabaqāt al-Lughawīyīn wa-al-Nuḥāh'' contains valuab ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muhammad Abduh
Muḥammad ʿAbduh (also spelled Mohammed Abduh; ; 1849 – 11 July 1905) was an Egyptian Islamic scholar, judge, and Grand Mufti of Egypt. He was a central figure of the Arab Nahḍa and Islamic Modernism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He began teaching advanced students esoteric Islamic texts at Al-Azhar University while he was still studying there. From 1877, with the status of ''ʿālim'', he taught logic, theology, ethics, and politics. He was also made a professor of history at '' Dar al-ʿUlūm'' the following year, and of Arabic language and literature at '' Madrasat al-Alsun.'' ʿAbduh was a champion of the press and wrote prolifically in ''Al-Manār'' and '' Al-Ahram''. He was made editor of '' Al-Waqa'i' al-Misriyya'' in 1880. He also authored ''Risālat at-Tawḥīd'' (; "The Theology of Unity") and a commentary on the Quran. He briefly published the pan-Islamist anti-colonial newspaper '' al-ʿUrwa al-Wuthqā'' alongside his teacher and mentor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Naskh (tafsir)
''Naskh'' ( نسخ) is an Arabic word usually translated as " abrogation". In tafsir, or Islamic legal exegesis, ''naskh'' recognizes that one rule might not always be suitable for every situation. In the widely recognized Burton, "Those Are the High-Flying Cranes", ''JSS'', 15, 1970, p. 250. and "classic" form of ''naskh'',Hazimi, Abu Bakr. Al-I'tbar, 5-6. Burton, ''Islamic Theories of Abrogation'', 1990, p. 56. one '' ḥukm'' "ruling" is abrogated to introduce an exception to the general rule, but the text the ''ḥukm'' is based on is not repealed. Burton, "The Exegesis of Q.2:106", ''BSOAS'', 48, 1985, p. 456. Some examples of Islamic rulings based on ''naskh'' include a gradual ban on consumption of alcohol (originally alcohol was not banned, but Muslims were told that the bad outweighed the good in drinking) and a change in the direction of the qibla, the direction that should be faced when praying salat (originally Muslims faced Jerusalem, but this was changed to face the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fakhr Al-Din Al-Razi
Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī () or Fakhruddin Razi () (1149 or 1150 – 1209), often known by the sobriquet Sultan of the Theologians, was an influential Iranian and Muslim polymath, scientist and one of the pioneers of inductive logic. He wrote various works in the fields of medicine, chemistry, physics, astronomy, cosmology, literature, theology, ontology, philosophy, history and jurisprudence. He was one of the earliest proponents and skeptics that came up with the concept of multiverse, and compared it with the astronomical teachings of Quran. A rejector of the geocentric model and the Aristotelian notions of a single universe revolving around a single world, al-Razi argued about the existence of the outer space beyond the known world. Al-Razi was born in Ray, Iran, and died in Herat, Afghanistan.. He left a very rich corpus of philosophical and theological works that reveals influence from the works of Avicenna, Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī and al-Ghazali. Two of his works t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Zamakhshari
Abu al-Qasim Mahmud ibn Umar al-Zamakhshari (; 1074 –1143) was a medieval Muslim scholar of Iranian descent. He travelled to Mecca and settled there for five years and has been known since then as 'Jar Allah' (God's Neighbor). He was a Mu'tazilite theologian, linguist, poet and interpreter of the Quran. He is best known for his book Al-Kashshaf, which interprets and linguistically analyzes Quranic expressions and the use of figurative speech for conveying meaning. This work is a primary source for all major linguists. Biography His full name was Abu Al-Qasim Mahmoud ibn Omar ibn Mohammed ibn Omar Al-Khawarizmi Al-Zamakhshari. He was also referred to as "Fakhr Khawarizm" ("The Pride of Khwarazm") because people travelled to Khwarazm, a large oasis, to learn from him about the Quran and Arabic language. He was born on 18 March 1074 in Zamakhshar, which was a large city of Khwarazm at the time. Life Al-Zamakhshari grew up in Zamakhshar and studied there for a while, then he ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Suddī
Ismāʿīl ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Suddī (died 745) was a popular preacher and Qurʾānic exegete in Kūfa. His nickname ''al-Suddī'' comes from his habit of sitting on the threshold (''sudd'') of the Great Mosque of Kūfa. His status as a traditionist is unclear, since his presence in '' isnād''s is often inauthentic and he was sometimes accused of fabrication. He criticized Abū Bakr and ʿUmar and was accused of having Shīʿī tendencies (''tashayyuʿ''). His reputation rests on his exegesis, which was considered inconsequential by al-Shaʿbī and merely "popular" by Ibrāhīm al-Nakhaʿr, but was cited extensively in al-Ṭabarī's ''Tafsīr''. Al-Suddī relied on Jewish and Christian traditions. His accounts "are to a large extent essentially rewritten Qurʾan, reminiscent of the '' qiṣaṣ al-anbiyāʾ''", the stories about the prophets. He is probably responsible for an account of the episode of the Satanic verses which depicts Muḥammad, unaware of what he has ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ibn Ishaq
Abu Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Ishaq ibn Yasar al-Muttalibi (; – , known simply as Ibn Ishaq, was an 8th-century Muslim historian and hagiographer who collected oral traditions that formed the basis of an important biography of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. His biography is known as the '' Al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah'', and it has mainly survived through several recensions. Life Born in Medina circa A.H. 85 (A.D. 704),Mustafa al-Saqqa, Ibrahim al-Ibyari and Abdu l-Hafidh Shalabi, Tahqiq Kitab Sirah an-Nabawiyyah, Dar Ihya al-Turath, p. 20. ibn Isḥaq's grandfather was Yasār ibn Khiyar (according to some ibn Khabbar, Kuman or Kutan), one of forty Christian or Jewish boys who had been held captive in a monastery at Ayn al-Tamr. After being found in one of Khalid ibn al-Walid's campaigns, Yasār was taken to Medina and enslaved to Qays ibn Makhrama ibn al-Muṭṭalib ibn ʿAbd Manāf ibn Quṣayy. On his conversion to Islam, he was manumitted as " mawlā" (client), thus acquiri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muhammad Ibn Jarir Al-Tabari
Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn Jarīr ibn Yazīd al-Ṭabarī (; 839–923 CE / 224–310 AH), commonly known as al-Ṭabarī (), was a Sunni Islam, Sunni Muslim ulama, scholar, polymath, Islamic history, historian, tafsir, exegete, faqīh, jurist, and aqidah, theologian from Amol, Tabaristan, present-day Iran. Among the most prominent figures of the Islamic Golden Age, al-Tabari is widely known for his historical works and expertise in Quran, Quranic exegesis, and has been described as "an impressively prolific polymath".Lindsay Jones (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of religion'', volume 13, Macmillan Reference USA, 2005, p. 8943 He authored works on a diverse range of subjects, including world history (field), world history, Arabic poetry, poetry, lexicography, Arabic grammar, grammar, Islamic ethics, ethics, Islamic mathematics, mathematics, and Islamic medicine, medicine. Among his most famous and influential works are his Quranic commentary, ''Tafsir al-Tabari'', and historical chronicl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tafsir Furat Kufi
Tafsir Furat Kufi is an exegesis of the Quran by Furat Ibn Furat Ibn Ibrahim al-Kufi (9th and 10th century A.D.) and is one of the oldest Shia Quranic commentaries, basing itself upon hadith. The traditions used by this book are mainly narrated either from Muhammad al-Baqir, Jafar al-Sadiq or Ali's disciples such as `Abd Allah ibn `Abbas, Mujahid and Asbagh Ibn Nubata; although there are some that relate to one of the companions of Muhammad. Historical discussion In Shia Islam it is assumed that the Imams inherited their teachings from Muhammad. The Imams therefore, are considered the first authorities of Qur'anic interpretation. See also *Qur'an The Quran, also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation directly from God ('' Allāh''). It is organized in 114 chapters (, ) which consist of individual verses ('). Besides ... * Qur'anic exegesis (Tafsir) * List of tafsir works References {{Tafsir Shia t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ali Ibn Ibrahim Qomi
Abu al-Hasan Ali Ibn Ibrāhim al-Qummi (Persian: علی بن ابراهیم قمی؛ Arabic: علي بن إبراهيم القمي) was a 10th century Shi'a commentator and jurist of Persian origin. He lived during the time of the eleventh Shi'a Imam Hasan al-Askari. Many traditions in the famous book Al-Kafi were transmitted by him. Ibrāhim’s patronymic was “Abu al-Hasan” but he was also known as “al-Shaykh al-Aqdam”. He spread the “Kufan” traditions (Hadiths) in Qom and collected Hadith from many scholars. He wrote more than 15 books, famously his commentary '' Tafsir al-Qummi''. He is said to have been one of the most important Twelver Imami Quran commentators. His other works include ''Akhbār Al-Qurʾan'', ''Nawadir al-Qurʾan'', ''al-Nasikh wa al-Mansukh'' (Abrogator and Abrogated books), ''al-Sharā'i' '' (Laws or Revealed religions), and ''al-Tawhid wa al-Shirk'' (Monotheism and Polytheism). He died in 919 A.D. Birth, Demise and Family His birthday is unk ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
