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Gongshi
''Gongshi'' (), also known as scholar's rocks or viewing stones, are naturally occurring or shaped rocks which are traditionally appreciated by Chinese scholars.Metropolitan Museum of Art "The World of Scholars' Rocks Gardens, Studios, and Paintings" retrieved 2012-12-20. The term is related to the Korean '' suseok'' () and the Japanese '' suiseki'' (). Scholars' rocks can be any color, and contrasting colors are not uncommon. The size of the stone can also be quite varied: scholars' rocks can weigh hundreds of pounds or less than one pound. The term also identifies stones which are placed in traditional Chinese gardens. History In the Tang dynasty, a set of four important qualities for the rocks were recognized. They are: thinness (瘦 shòu), openness (透 tòu), perforations (漏 lòu), and wrinkling (皺 zhòu). Gongshi influenced the development of Korean '' suseok'' and Japanese '' suiseki''. Sources There are three main Chinese sources for these stones. * Lingbi st ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Korean Stone Art
''Suseok'' (), also called viewing stones or scholar's stones, is the Korean term for rocks resembling natural landscapes. retrieved 2013-2-7. The term also refers to the art of stone appreciation. The stone may be hand-carved or naturally occurring, with natural stones being of greater value. Such stones are similar to Chinese '''' () and Japanese '' suiseki'' ().Brokaw, Charles. (2011) ''The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Limestone
Limestone is a type of carbonate rock, carbonate sedimentary rock which is the main source of the material Lime (material), lime. It is composed mostly of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different Polymorphism (materials science), crystal forms of calcium carbonate . Limestone forms when these minerals Precipitation (chemistry), precipitate out of water containing dissolved calcium. This can take place through both biological and nonbiological processes, though biological processes, such as the accumulation of corals and shells in the sea, have likely been more important for the last 540 million years. Limestone often contains fossils which provide scientists with information on ancient environments and on the evolution of life. About 20% to 25% of sedimentary rock is carbonate rock, and most of this is limestone. The remaining carbonate rock is mostly Dolomite (rock), dolomite, a closely related rock, which contains a high percentage of the mineral Dolomite (mine ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Suiseki
In traditional Japanese culture, ("水" means Water and "石" is Stone, suiseki means water stone in Japanese) are small, naturally-occurring stones which are appreciated for their beauty and power to evoke a natural scene or object. ''Suiseki'' is said to have originated from the fourteenth-century Chinese interest in stone appreciation; a suiseki stone is said to have been displayed by Japanese Emperor Go-Daigo (1288–1339).Cousins, Craig. (2006) ''Bonsai Master Class,'' p. 244https://www.gov-online.go.jp/eng/publicity/book/hlj/html/202110/202110_06_en.html ''Suiseki'' is tightly intertwined with the Japanese art of bonsai, and it is said that they the twin pillars of the traditional appreciation of the vastness and essence of nature in Culture of Japan, Japanese culture. ''Suiseki'' and bonsai are frequently displayed together in a ''tokonoma''. History Chinese scholar's rocks called ''gongshi'' influenced the development of ''suiseki'' in Japan. The history of ''suisek ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dissolution Pitting
Dissolution may refer to: Arts and entertainment * ''Dissolution'', a 2002 novel by Richard Lee Byers in the War of the Spider Queen series * ''Dissolution'' (Sansom novel), by C. J. Sansom, 2003 * ''Dissolution'' (Binge novel), by Nicholas Binge, 2025 * ''Dissolution'' (Olivia Block album), 2016 * ''Dissolution'' (The Pineapple Thief album), 2018 * "Dissolution", a 2001 TV episode of ''Spaced'' Politics and law * Dissolution (politics), when a state or institution ceases to exist ** Dissolution of parliament *** Dissolution of the Parliament of the United Kingdom * Dissolution (law), any of several events that terminate a legal entity such as a marriage, adoption, corporation, or union * Dissolution of the Monasteries, in England, Wales and Ireland 1536–1541 Other uses * Dissolution (chemistry) Solvations describes the interaction of a solvent with dissolved molecules. Both ionized and uncharged molecules interact strongly with a solvent, and the strength and nature ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Speleogenesis
Speleogenesis is the origin and development of caves, the primary process that determines essential features of the hydrogeology of karst and guides its evolution. It often deals with the development of caves through limestone, caused by the presence of water with carbon dioxide dissolved within it, producing carbonic acid which permits the dissociation of the calcium carbonate in the limestone. Limestone The majority of limestone caves are formed by calcium carbonate dissolution by the solvent action of meteoric waters circulating through the rock. In the presence of carbon dioxide saturated water, calcium carbonate reacts to form the soluble calcium bicarbonate. :CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O → Ca(HCO3)2 As meteoric waters precipitate they dissolve atmospheric carbon dioxide to form a dilute carbonic acid solution, which builds up in permeable fissures, bedding planes, joints, and faults within limestone rocks. The exposed limestone then reacts to become calcium bicarbonate whi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bedrock
In geology, bedrock is solid rock that lies under loose material ( regolith) within the crust of Earth or another terrestrial planet. Definition Bedrock is the solid rock that underlies looser surface material. An exposed portion of bedrock is often called an outcrop. The various kinds of broken and weathered rock material, such as soil and subsoil, that may overlie the bedrock are known as regolith. Engineering geology The surface of the bedrock beneath the soil cover (regolith) is also known as ''rockhead'' in engineering geology, and its identification by digging, drilling or geophysical methods is an important task in most civil engineering projects. Superficial deposits can be very thick, such that the bedrock lies hundreds of meters below the surface. Weathering of bedrock Exposed bedrock experiences weathering, which may be physical or chemical, and which alters the structure of the rock to leave it susceptible to erosion. Bedrock may also experience subsur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karst Topography
Karst () is a topography formed from the dissolution of soluble carbonate rocks such as limestone and Dolomite (rock), dolomite. It is characterized by features like poljes above and drainage systems with sinkholes and caves underground. There is some evidence that karst may occur in more weathering-resistant rocks such as quartzite given the right conditions. Subterranean drainage may limit surface water, with few to no rivers or lakes. In regions where the dissolved bedrock is covered (perhaps by debris) or confined by one or more superimposed non-soluble rock strata, distinctive karst features may occur only at subsurface levels and can be totally missing above ground. The study of ''paleokarst'' (buried karst in the stratigraphic column) is important in petroleum geology because as much as 50% of the world's Oil and gas reserves and resource quantification, hydrocarbon reserves are hosted in carbonate rock, and much of this is found in porous karst systems. Etymology ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guilin Scenic Area
The scenic area of Guilin is a general term for tourism resources within Guilin, including numerous attractions. Guilin's landscape has long been renowned for its "green hills, clear water, fantastic caves, and beautiful mountains". The region's natural scenery is characterized by its mountains, rivers, karst caves, historic sites and Petroglyph, stone carvings. On June 24, 2014, Guilin, along with Shibing County, Shibing in Guizhou, Mount Jinfo in Chongqing and Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County, Huanjiang in Guangxi, was inscribed on the World Heritage Site, World Heritage List as part of the South China Karst at the 38th World Heritage Conference. Mountains The topography of Guilin is characterized by its karst limestone formations, with mountains predominantly composed of green stone and covered by evergreen vegetation. These mountains are noted for their distinctive and unusual shapes, integral to the region's natural heritage. Key mountain attractions in Guilin include ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gong Shi
Gong Shi () was a policy in ancient China during the reigns of emperors Emperor Dezong of Tang, Dezong () and Emperor Shunzong of Tang, Shunzong () of the Tang dynasty in which the emperor would send Eunuchs in China, eunuchs to civilian markets to purchase goods by force at very low prices. This system was abolished by Reformists led by Wang Shuwen () under the rule of Emperor Shunzong. History Researches published by City University of Hong Kong and Fudan University show that the earliest record of Gong Shi can be traced back to 707, according to two biographic sketches of Emperor Zhongzong of Tang, Emperor Zhongzong (). At first, the Gong Shi was merely certain kind of imperial entertainment, until the period of the Emperor Xuanzong of Tang, Emperor Xuanzong (), when the entertainment tended to become a commercial practice adopted to serve the need of the palace. Before the ''Zhenyuan'' () period of the reign of Emperor Dezong, if the palace required supplies, then the off ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
South China Karst
The South China Karst (), a UNESCO World Heritage Site since June 2007, spans the provinces of Chongqing, Guangxi, Guizhou, and Yunnan. It is noted for its karst features and landscapes as well as rich biodiversity. The site comprises seven clusters Phase I: Libo County, Libo Karst, Shilin (Stone Forest), Shilin Karst, and Wulong Karst inscribed in 2007, and Phase II: Guilin Karst, Shibing Karst, Mount Jinfo, Jinfoshan Karst, and Huanjiang Karst inscribed in 2014. UNESCO describes the South China Karst as "unrivalled in terms of the diversity of its karst features and landscapes". The huge karst area of South China is about 550,000 km2 in extent. The karst terrain displays a geomorphic transition as the terrain gradually descends about 2000 meters over 700 kilometers from the western Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau (averaging 2100 meters elevation) to the eastern Guangxi Basin (averaging 110 meters elevation). The region is recognized as the world’s type area for karst landform developme ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karst
Karst () is a topography formed from the dissolution of soluble carbonate rocks such as limestone and Dolomite (rock), dolomite. It is characterized by features like poljes above and drainage systems with sinkholes and caves underground. There is some evidence that karst may occur in more weathering-resistant rocks such as quartzite given the right conditions. Subterranean drainage may limit surface water, with few to no rivers or lakes. In regions where the dissolved bedrock is covered (perhaps by debris) or confined by one or more superimposed non-soluble rock strata, distinctive karst features may occur only at subsurface levels and can be totally missing above ground. The study of ''paleokarst'' (buried karst in the stratigraphic column) is important in petroleum geology because as much as 50% of the world's Oil and gas reserves and resource quantification, hydrocarbon reserves are hosted in carbonate rock, and much of this is found in porous karst systems. Etymology ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
