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Ellagitannin
image:Castalagin.svg, 130px, Castalagin is a representative ellagitannin, characterized by coupled gallic acid substituents The ellagitannins are a diverse class of hydrolyzable tannins, a type of polyphenol formed primarily from the oxidative linkage of galloyl groups in 1,2,3,4,6-pentagalloyl glucose. Ellagitannins differ from gallotannins, in that their galloyl groups are linked through C-C bonds, whereas the galloyl groups in gallotannins are linked by depside bonds. Ellagitannins contain various numbers of Hexahydroxydiphenic acid, hexahydroxydiphenoyl units, as well as galloyl units and/or Sanguisorbic acid, sanguisorboyl units bounded to sugar moiety. In order to determine the quantity of every individual unit, the hydrolysis of the extracts with trifluoroacetic acid in methanol/water system is performed. Hexahydroxydiphenic acid, created after hydrolysis, spontaneously lactonized to ellagic acid, and sanguisorbic acid to sanguisorbic acid dilactone, while gallic acid remains ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Urolithin A
Urolithin A is a metabolite compound resulting from the transformation of ellagitannins by the gut bacteria. It belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzo-coumarins or dibenzo-α-pyrones. Its precursors – ellagic acids and ellagitannins – are ubiquitous in nature, including edible plants, such as pomegranates, Strawberry, strawberries, Raspberry, raspberries, walnuts, and others. Urolithin A is not known to be found in any food source. Its bioavailability mostly depends on individual microbiota composition, as only some bacteria are able to convert ellagitannins into urolithins. Chemistry Urolithin A belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzo-coumarins or dibenzo-α-pyrones. These are polycyclic compound, polycyclic aromatic compounds containing a 1-benzopyran moiety with a ketone group at the C2 carbon atom (1-benzopyran-2-one). Biochemistry and metabolism Pomegranate fruits, walnuts, and Raspberry, raspberries are sources of ellagitannins. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pomegranate Ellagitannin
The pomegranate ellagitannins, which include punicalagin isomers, are ellagitannins found in the sarcotestas, rind (peel), bark or heartwood of the pomegranate fruit (''Punica granatum''). Chemistry As the chemistry of punicalagins became known it was found to be not unique to pomegranate. Punicalagins are present in numerous species of the genus ''Terminalia (plant), Terminalia'', species ''Terminalia chebula, chebula'' Retz. ("Fructus Chebulae"), ''Terminalia myriocarpa, myriocarpa'', ''Terminalia catappa, catappa'' and Terminalia citrina, citrina (tropical flowering trees historically used in African traditional medicine for antibiotic and antifungal purposes). They have also been isolated from ''Cistus salvifolius'' (a Mediterranean shrub) and ''Combretum molle'' (an African shrub). Pomegranate fruits natural phenols can be extracted with ethyl acetate and fractionation can afford the ellagitannin punicalagins. Dietary supplementation A few dietary supplements and nutrit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vescalagin
Castalagin is an ellagitannin, a type of hydrolyzable tannin, found in oak and chestnut wood and in the stem barks of ''Terminalia leiocarpa'' and ''Terminalia avicennoides''. Castalagin is the diastereomer of vescalagin in C-1 of the glycosidic chain. Castalagin/ vescalagin are the most abundant ellagitannins in white wine stored in Oak (wine), oak barrels. During Aging of wine, aging of wines, these two compounds were progressively extracted from the wood and were transformed into new derivatives by chemical reactions. Therefore, castalagin/ vescalagin and their derivatives contribute to the color and the taste of wines and spirits stored in oak barrels. Sources Castalagin was first isolated in Fagaceae family woody species : Oak, ''Quercus'' (oak) and ''Chestnut, Castanea'' (chestnut) by Walter Mayer and co-workers (1967). In some chestnut species, such as ''Castanea sativa'', heartwood could contain 63 mg of castalagin/ vescalagin per gram of dry wood. In some Wine, wines, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pomegranate
The pomegranate (''Punica granatum'') is a fruit-bearing deciduous shrub in the family Lythraceae, subfamily Punica, Punicoideae, that grows between tall. Rich in symbolic and mythological associations in many cultures, it is thought to have originated from Afghanistan and Iran before being introduced and exported to other parts of Asia, Africa, and Europe. It was introduced into Spanish America in the late 16th century and into California by New Spain, Spanish settlers in 1769. It is widely cultivated throughout West Asia and the Caucasus region, South Asia, Central Asia, North Africa, north and tropical Africa, the drier parts of Southeast Asia, and the Mediterranean Basin. The fruit is typically in season in the Northern Hemisphere from September to February, and in the Southern Hemisphere from March to May. The pomegranate and its juice are variously used in baking, cooking, juice blends, garnish (food), garnishes, non-alcoholic drinks, and cocktails. Etymology The name ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sanguisorbic Acid
Sanguisorbic acid is a constituent of some ellagitannins. It is constituted by a hexahydroxydiphenic acid unit linked by an O-C bond to a gallic acid. The differences with its isomers, valoneic acid and nonahydroxytriphenic acid, are that the hydroxyl that links the hexahydroxydiphenoyl (HHDP) group to the galloyl group belongs to the galloyl group in valoneic acid, while in nonahydroxytriphenic acid, the hexahydroxydiphenic acid unit is linked by a C-C bond to gallic acid Gallic acid (also known as 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid) is a trihydroxybenzoic acid with the formula C6 H2( OH)3CO2H. It is classified as a phenolic acid. It is found in gallnuts, sumac, witch hazel, tea leaves, oak bark, and other plant .... It is found in 2,3-O-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-4,6-O-sanguisorboyl-(α/β)-glucose, an ellagitannin found in '' Rubus sanctus''. It is also found in lambertianin A, B, C and D, all ellagitannins found in '' Rubus lambertianus''. See also * Valoneic acid R ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polyphenol
Polyphenols () are a large family of naturally occurring phenols. They are abundant in plants and structurally diverse. Polyphenols include phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannic acid, and ellagitannin, some of which have been used historically as dyes and for tanning (leather), tanning garments. Etymology The name derives from the Ancient Greek word (, meaning "many, much") and the word ‘phenol’ which refers to a chemical structure formed by attachment of an aromatic benzenoid (phenyl) ring to a hydroxyl (-OH) group (hence the ''-ol'' suffix). The term "polyphenol" has been in use at least since 1894. Definition Polyphenols are natural products with "one or several hydroxyl groups on aromatic rings", including four principal classes: phenolic acids, flavonoids, stilbenes, and lignans. Flavonoids can be grouped as flavones, flavonols, flavanols, flavanones, isoflavones, proanthocyanidins, and anthocyanins. Particularly abundant flavanoids in foods are catechin (tea, frui ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sanguisorbic Acid
Sanguisorbic acid is a constituent of some ellagitannins. It is constituted by a hexahydroxydiphenic acid unit linked by an O-C bond to a gallic acid. The differences with its isomers, valoneic acid and nonahydroxytriphenic acid, are that the hydroxyl that links the hexahydroxydiphenoyl (HHDP) group to the galloyl group belongs to the galloyl group in valoneic acid, while in nonahydroxytriphenic acid, the hexahydroxydiphenic acid unit is linked by a C-C bond to gallic acid Gallic acid (also known as 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid) is a trihydroxybenzoic acid with the formula C6 H2( OH)3CO2H. It is classified as a phenolic acid. It is found in gallnuts, sumac, witch hazel, tea leaves, oak bark, and other plant .... It is found in 2,3-O-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-4,6-O-sanguisorboyl-(α/β)-glucose, an ellagitannin found in '' Rubus sanctus''. It is also found in lambertianin A, B, C and D, all ellagitannins found in '' Rubus lambertianus''. See also * Valoneic acid R ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Urolithin
Urolithins are microflora metabolites of dietary ellagic acid derivatives, such as ellagitannins. They are produced in the gut, and found in the urine in the form of urolithin B glucuronide after absorption of ellagitannins-containing foods, such as pomegranate. During intestinal metabolism by bacteria, ellagitannins and punicalagins are converted to urolithins, which have unknown biological activity ''in vivo''. Ellagitannins exhibit low bioavailability and are transformed in the gut to ellagic acid and its microbiota metabolites. Urolithins are found in plasma mostly as glucuronides at low concentrations. Urolithins production is dependent on the gut microbiome enterotype. Individuals producing urolithins show a much higher abundance of the '' Clostridium leptum'' group of Firmicutes phylum than ''Bacteroides'' or '' Prevotella''. Known molecules * Urolithin A (3,8-Dihydroxyurolithin) * Urolithin A glucuronide * Urolithin B (3-Hydroxyurolithin) * urolithin B glucuronide ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Punicalagin
Punicalagin (''Pyuni-cala-jen'') is an ellagitannin, a type of phenolic compound. It is found as alpha and beta isomers in pomegranates (''Punica granatum''), '' Terminalia catappa'', '' Terminalia myriocarpa'', and in '' Combretum molle'', the velvet bushwillow, a plant species found in South Africa. These three genera are all Myrtales and the last two are both Combretaceae The Combretaceae, often called the white mangrove family, are a family of flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (). The term angiosperm is derived from the Ancient Greek, G .... Research Punicalagins are water-soluble and hydrolyze into smaller phenolic compounds, such as ellagic acid. There were no toxic effects in rats on a 6% diet of punicalagins for 37 days. In laboratory research, punicalagins had carbonic anhydrase inhibitor activity. See also * Ellagic acid * Punicic acid References {{pomegranate ellagitannin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Punicalin
Punicalin is an ellagitannin. It can be found in '' Punica granatum'' (pomegranate) or in the leaves of '' Terminalia catappa'', a plant used to treat dermatitis and hepatitis. It is also reported in '' Combretum glutinosum'', all three species being Myrtales, the two last being Combretaceae. It is a highly active carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. Chemistry The molecule contains a gallagic acid component linked to a glucose Glucose is a sugar with the Chemical formula#Molecular formula, molecular formula , which is often abbreviated as Glc. It is overall the most abundant monosaccharide, a subcategory of carbohydrates. It is mainly made by plants and most algae d .... References {{pomegranate ellagitannin Pomegranate ellagitannins Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
