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Calamite
''Calamites'' is a genus of extinct arborescent (tree-like) horsetails to which the modern horsetails (genus ''Equisetum'') are closely related. Unlike their herbaceous modern cousins, these plants were medium-sized trees, growing to heights of . They were components of the understories of coal swamps of the Carboniferous Period (around ). Taxonomy A number of organ taxa have been identified as part of a united organism, which has inherited the name ''Calamites'' in popular culture. ''Calamites'' correctly refers only to casts of the stem of Carboniferous/Permian sphenophytes, and as such is a form genus of little taxonomic value. There are two forms of casts, which can give mistaken impressions of the organisms. The most common is an internal cast of the hollow (or pith-filled) void in the centre of the trunk. This can cause some confusion: firstly, a fossil was probably surrounded with 4-5 times its width in (unpreserved) vascular tissue, so the organisms were much wider ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arthropitys
''Arthropitys'' is an extinct genus of calamitacean equisetale. The petrified fossils of ''Arthropitys bistriata'', the type species, can be found in the Leukersdorf Formation, Chemnitz petrified forest, Chemnitz, Germany. The genus existed from the Carboniferous (Bashkirian)C. W. Good. (1975). Pennsylvanian-Age Calamitean Cones, Elater-Bearing Spores, and Associated Vegetative Organs. ''Palaeontographica'' 153:28-99 until the Early Triassic (Olenekian).I. A. Dobruskina. (1982). Triassic Floras of Eurasia. ''Akademia Nauk SSSR, Transactions'' 365:1-196 History The first remains of ''Arthropitys'' were discovered in the early 16th century and were described by Georgius Agricola (1494–1555) in 1546. In the mid-18th century, gemstone prospector David Frenzel (1691–1772) found numerous examples of this wood in the hills in and around Chemnitz. One of Frenzel's 1751 finds is one of the few petrified wood specimens still possessing its roots. Later a collector, the Hilbers ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Calamitaceae
Calamitaceae is an extinct Family (biology), family of Equisetales, equisetalean plants related to the modern horsetails, known from the Carboniferous and Permian periods. Some members of this family like ''Arthropitys'' attained tree-like stature, with heights over , with extensive underground rhizomes. They were largely found in wetland environments. Proposed genera and species of Calamitaceae * ''Annularia''. ** ''A. stellata''. * ''Arthropitys''. * ''Asterophyllites'' (or incorrectly ''Asterophyllum''). * ''Astromyelon''. * ''Calamites''. ** ''C. carinatus''. ** ''C. suckowi''. ** ''C. undulatus''. * ''Calamocarpon''. * ''Calamostachys''. ** ''C. binneyana''. * ''Cingularia''. * ''Mazostachys''. * ''Paleostachya''. References External links Link to information and pictures Equisetales Carboniferous plants Prehistoric plant families Fern families Carboniferous first appearances Carboniferous extinctions {{carboniferous-plant-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Calamitaceae Foliage
Calamitaceae is an extinct family of equisetalean plants related to the modern horsetails, known from the Carboniferous and Permian periods. Some members of this family like '' Arthropitys'' attained tree-like stature, with heights over , with extensive underground rhizomes. They were largely found in wetland environments. Proposed genera and species of Calamitaceae * '' Annularia''. ** ''A. stellata''. * '' Arthropitys''. * '' Asterophyllites'' (or incorrectly ''Asterophyllum''). * '' Astromyelon''. * ''Calamites ''Calamites'' is a genus of Extinction, extinct arborescent (tree-like) horsetails to which the modern horsetails (genus ''Equisetum'') are closely related. Unlike their Herbaceous plant, herbaceous modern cousins, these plants were medium-size ...''. ** ''C. carinatus''. ** ''C. suckowi''. ** ''C. undulatus''. * '' Calamocarpon''. * '' Calamostachys''. ** ''C. binneyana''. * '' Cingularia''. * '' Mazostachys''. * '' Paleostachya''. References External link ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carboniferous
The Carboniferous ( ) is a Geologic time scale, geologic period and System (stratigraphy), system of the Paleozoic era (geology), era that spans 60 million years, from the end of the Devonian Period Ma (million years ago) to the beginning of the Permian Period, Ma. It is the fifth and penultimate period of the Paleozoic era and the fifth period of the Phanerozoic eon (geology), eon. In North America, the Carboniferous is often treated as two separate geological periods, the earlier Mississippian (geology), Mississippian and the later Pennsylvanian (geology), Pennsylvanian. The name ''Carboniferous'' means "coal-bearing", from the Latin ("coal") and ("bear, carry"), and refers to the many coal beds formed globally during that time. The first of the modern "system" names, it was coined by geologists William Conybeare (geologist), William Conybeare and William Phillips (geologist), William Phillips in 1822, based on a study of the British rock succession. Carboniferous is the per ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taphonomic
Taphonomy is the study of how organisms decay and become fossilized or preserved in the paleontological record. The term ''taphonomy'' (from Greek , 'burial' and , 'law') was introduced to paleontology in 1940 by Soviet scientist Ivan Efremov to describe the study of the transition of remains, parts, or products of organisms from the biosphere to the lithosphere. The term taphomorph is used to describe fossil structures that represent poorly-preserved, deteriorated remains of a mixture of taxonomic groups, rather than of a single one. Description Taphonomic phenomena are grouped into two phases: biostratinomy, events that occur between death of the organism and the burial; and diagenesis, events that occur after the burial. Since Efremov's definition, taphonomy has expanded to include the fossilization of organic and inorganic materials through both cultural and environmental influences. Taphonomy is now most widely defined as the study of what happens to objects after they ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sediment
Sediment is a solid material that is transported to a new location where it is deposited. It occurs naturally and, through the processes of weathering and erosion, is broken down and subsequently sediment transport, transported by the action of wind, water, or ice or by the force of gravity acting on the particles. For example, sand and silt can be carried in suspension (chemistry), suspension in river water and on reaching the sea bed deposited by sedimentation; if buried, they may eventually become sandstone and siltstone (sedimentary rocks) through lithification. Sediments are most often transported by water (fluvial, fluvial processes), but also wind (aeolian processes) and glaciers. Beach sands and stream channel, river channel deposits are examples of fluvial transport and deposition (geology), deposition, though sediment also often settles out of slow-moving or standing water in lakes and oceans. Desert sand dunes and loess are examples of aeolian transport and deposition. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fossil
A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved in amber, hair, petrified wood and DNA remnants. The totality of fossils is known as the ''fossil record''. Though the fossil record is incomplete, numerous studies have demonstrated that there is enough information available to give a good understanding of the pattern of diversification of life on Earth. In addition, the record can predict and fill gaps such as the discovery of '' Tiktaalik'' in the arctic of Canada. Paleontology includes the study of fossils: their age, method of formation, and evolutionary significance. Specimens are sometimes considered to be fossils if they are over 10,000 years old. The oldest fossils are around 3.48 billion years to 4.1 billion years old. Early edition, published online before prin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fossil Vegetable Phytolithus Derbyshire
A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved in amber, hair, petrified wood and DNA remnants. The totality of fossils is known as the ''fossil record''. Though the fossil record is incomplete, numerous studies have demonstrated that there is enough information available to give a good understanding of the pattern of diversification of life on Earth. In addition, the record can predict and fill gaps such as the discovery of ''Tiktaalik'' in the arctic of Canada. Paleontology includes the study of fossils: their age, method of formation, and evolutionary significance. Specimens are sometimes considered to be fossils if they are over 10,000 years old. The oldest fossils are around 3.48 billion years to 4.1 billion years old. Early edition, published online before print. The ob ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Museo Civico Di Storia Naturale Di Milano
The Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano (Milan Natural History Museum) is a museum in Milan, Italy. It was founded in 1838 when the naturalist Giuseppe de Cristoforis donated his collections to the city. Its first director was the taxonomist Giorgio Jan. The Museum is located within a 19th-century building in the Giardini Pubblici Indro Montanelli, Indro Montanelli Garden, near the historic city gate of Porta Venezia. The structure was built between 1888 and 1893 in Neo-Romanesque style with Gothic Revival, Gothic elements. The museum is divided into five different permanent sections: Mineralogy (with a large collection of minerals from all over the world); Paleontology (with several fossils of dinosaurs and other prehistoric organisms); Natural History of Man (dedicated to the origins and evolution of humans with a particular attention to the relationship of the latter with the environment); Invertebrate Zoology (dedicated to mollusks, arthropods and entomology); and V ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rhizome
In botany and dendrology, a rhizome ( ) is a modified subterranean plant stem that sends out roots and Shoot (botany), shoots from its Node (botany), nodes. Rhizomes are also called creeping rootstalks or just rootstalks. Rhizomes develop from axillary buds and grow horizontally. The rhizome also retains the ability to allow new shoots to grow upwards. A rhizome is the main stem of the plant that runs typically underground and horizontally to the soil surface. Rhizomes have nodes and internodes and auxiliary buds. Roots do not have nodes and internodes and have a root cap terminating their ends. In general, rhizomes have short internodes, send out roots from the bottom of the nodes, and generate new upward-growing shoots from the top of the nodes. A stolon is similar to a rhizome, but stolon sprouts from an existing stem having long internodes and generating new shoots at the ends, they are often also called runners such as in the strawberry plant. A stem tuber is a thickene ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Calamites Rhizoid
''Calamites'' is a genus of extinct arborescent (tree-like) horsetails to which the modern horsetails (genus ''Equisetum'') are closely related. Unlike their herbaceous modern cousins, these plants were medium-sized trees, growing to heights of . They were components of the understories of coal swamps of the Carboniferous Period (around ). Taxonomy A number of organ taxa have been identified as part of a united organism, which has inherited the name ''Calamites'' in popular culture. ''Calamites'' correctly refers only to casts of the stem of Carboniferous/Permian sphenophytes, and as such is a form genus of little taxonomic value. There are two forms of casts, which can give mistaken impressions of the organisms. The most common is an internal cast of the hollow (or pith-filled) void in the centre of the trunk. This can cause some confusion: firstly, a fossil was probably surrounded with 4-5 times its width in (unpreserved) vascular tissue, so the organisms were much wider ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vascular Cambium
The vascular cambium is the main growth tissue in the stems and roots of many plants exhibiting secondary growth, specifically in dicots such as buttercups and oak trees, gymnosperms such as pine trees, as well as in certain other vascular plants. It produces secondary xylem inwards, towards the pith, and secondary phloem outwards, towards the bark. Generally, more secondary xylem is produced than secondary phloem. In herbaceous plants, it occurs in the vascular bundles which are often arranged like beads on a necklace forming an interrupted ring inside the stem. In woody plants, it forms a cylinder of unspecialized meristem cells, as a continuous ring from which the new tissues are grown. Unlike the xylem and phloem, it does not transport water, minerals or food through the plant. Other names for the vascular cambium are the main cambium, wood cambium, or bifacial cambium. Occurrence Vascular cambia are found in all seed plants except for five angiosperm lineages whi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
