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Besa (Albanian Culture)
Besa ( Albanian indefinite form: ) is an Albanian cultural precept, usually translated as "pledge of honor", "solemn faith" or "solemn oath", that means "to keep the promise" and "word of honor", regarded as something sacred and inviolable. ''Besa'' is of prime importance as a cornerstone of personal and social conduct in the Albanian traditional customary law ('' Kanun''), which has directed all the aspects of Albanian tribal society. The Albanian adjective ''besnik'', derived from besa, means "faithful", "trustworthy", i.e. one who keeps his ''word''. Besnik for men and Besa for women continue to be popular names among Albanians. Etymology The Albanian word ''besa'' is an Indo-European cognate and shares similarities with the Classical Latin word ''fides''. In Late Antiquity and the Medieval period, Latin ''fides'' took on the Christian meaning of 'faith' or '(religious) belief,' a sense that persists in modern Romance languages and was borrowed into Albanian as '' feja''. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Albanian Language
Albanian (Endonym and exonym, endonym: , , or ) is an Indo-European languages, Indo-European language and the only surviving representative of the Albanoid, Albanoid branch, which belongs to the Paleo-Balkan languages, Paleo-Balkan group. It is the native language of the Albanian people. Standard Albanian is the official language of Albania and Kosovo, and a co-official language in North Macedonia and Montenegro, where it is the primary language of significant Albanian minority communities. Albanian is recognized as a minority language in Italy, Croatia, Romania, and Serbia. It is also spoken in Greece and by the Albanian diaspora, which is generally concentrated in the Americas, Europe and Oceania. Albanian is estimated to have as many as 7.5 million native speakers. Albanian and other Paleo-Balkan languages had their formative core in the Balkans after the Indo-European migrations in the region. Albanian in antiquity is often thought to have been an Illyrian language for ob ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mehmed Ferid Pasha
Mehmed Ferid Pasha () (, ; 1851, Yanya, Ottoman Empire (modern-day Ioannina, Greece) – 1914, Sanremo, Kingdom of Italy) was an Ottoman-Albanian statesman. He served as the Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 15 January 1903 until 22 July 1908, at the time when the Sultan restored the 1876 Constitution following the Young Turk Revolution. Other than Ottoman Turkish he spoke the Albanian, Arabic, French, Italian, and Greek languages.Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ahmet Emin Yalman - Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda Sadr-ı Âzamlık (1876 - 1922) Ankara Üniversitesi, DTCF yayınları, Ankara 1999. Biography Mehmed Ferid Pasha was born in Vlorë in the year 1851, back then it was in the Ottoman Empire, today in Albania. He was descended from the distinguished wealthy landowning Vlora family that had much influence in Southern Albania (up to Preveza) and Central Albania and provided the Ottoman state with senior officials for more than four centuries. His brother Syrja Vlora served as ec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abdul Hamid II
Abdulhamid II or Abdul Hamid II (; ; 21 September 184210 February 1918) was the 34th sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from 1876 to 1909, and the last sultan to exert effective control over the fracturing state. He oversaw a Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire, period of decline with rebellions (particularly in the Balkans), and presided over Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), an unsuccessful war with the Russian Empire (1877–78), the loss of Anglo-Egyptian War, Egypt, Cyprus Convention, Cyprus, Congress of Berlin, Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro, French conquest of Tunisia, Tunisia, and Convention of Constantinople (1881), Thessaly from Ottoman control (1877–1882), followed by a successful Greco-Turkish War (1897), war against Greece in 1897, though Ottoman gains were tempered by subsequent Western European intervention. Elevated to power in the wake of Young Ottomans, Young Ottoman 1876 Ottoman coup d'état, coups, he promulgated the Constitution of the Ottoman Empire, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
League Of Prizren
The League of Prizren (), officially the League for the Defense of the Rights of the Albanian Nation (), was an Albanian political organization that was officially founded on June 10, 1878 in the old town of Prizren in the Kosovo Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire. It was suppressed in April 1881. The Treaties of San Stefano and Berlin assigned areas inhabited by Albanians to other states. The inability of the Porte to protect the interests of a region that was 70 percent Muslim and largely loyal forced Albanian leaders to organize their own defence and to consider the creation of an autonomous administration, as Serbia and the other Danubian Principalities had enjoyed before their independence. The league was established at a meeting of 47 Ottoman beys. The initial position of the league was presented in the document known as Kararname. With that document, Albanian leaders emphasized their intention to establish autonomy within the Ottoman Empire by supporting the Porte and " ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prizren
Prizren ( sq-definite, Prizreni, ; sr-cyr, Призрен) is the second List of cities and towns in Kosovo, most populous city and Municipalities of Kosovo, municipality of Kosovo and seat of the eponymous municipality and District of Prizren, district. It is located on the banks of the Prizren Bistrica, Prizren River between the foothills of the Sharr Mountains in southern Kosovo. Prizren experiences a continental climate with some mediterranean climate, mediterranean influences. Prizren is constitutionally designated as the historical capital of the country. Archaeological excavations in Prizren Fortress indicate that its fortress area has seen habitation and use since the Bronze Age. Prizren has been traditionally identified with the settlement of Theranda in Roman Dardania (Roman province), Dardania, although other locations have been suggested in recent research. In late antiquity it was part of the defensive fortification system in western Dardania and the fort was recons ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Great Eastern Crisis
The Great Eastern Crisis of 1875–1878 began in the Ottoman Empire's Rumelia, administrative territories in the Balkan Peninsula in 1875, with the outbreak of several uprisings and wars that resulted in the intervention of international powers, and was ended with the Treaty of Berlin (1878), Treaty of Berlin in July 1878. The war is referred to differently in various languages of the peoples involved in it due to differing sociocultural backgrounds. In Serbo-Croatian and Turkish language, Turkish, the war is likewise referred to as ''Velika istočna kriza'' ("Great Eastern Crisis") and ''Şark Buhranı'' ("Eastern Crisis") respectively. However, the occasionally used Turkish name ''Ramazan Kararnamesi'' ("Decree of Ramadan") refers specifically to the sovereign default declared on 30 October 1875 in historiography while ''93 Harbi'' ("War of 93") refers to the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), Russo-Turkish War (the year 1293 of the Islamic Rumi calendar corresponding to the year ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Late Ottoman Period
The Late Ottoman period (c. 1750 - 1918) is the archaeologically and historically defined periodisation of areas under the control of the Ottoman Empire and its dependencies, primarily in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus and the Balkans. Accordingly, the spatial extent of the area covered by the definition was dynamic, getting smaller as time went on. This period is also distinct for the sources recording its history. As an analytical construct, it overlaps with the later stages of the Ottoman Empire, from about 1750 until its dissolution following the end of the First World War. This period was characterized with increased foreign, primarily European, intervention, outside invasions, the Tanzimat reforms, social modernization, economic globalization, improvements in communications and transportation infrastructure Infrastructure is the set of facilities and systems that serve a country, city, or other area, and encompasses the services and facilities necessary for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Markos Botsaris
Markos Botsaris (; 1790 – 21 August 1823) was a Souliot chieftain, general of the Greek revolutionary army and hero of the Greek War of Independence.Brigands with a Cause, Brigandage and Irredentism in Modern Greece 1821–1912, by John S. Koliopoulos, Clarendon Press, Oxford. 1987. p. 53. He played a key role in relieving the First Siege of Missolonghi in 1822–1823 and was awarded the title of General of Western Greece by the revolutionary Greek government. He was killed during the Battle of Karpenisi and was buried in Missolonghi with full honors. Botsaris is among the most revered national heroes in Greece. Family and early life (1790–1820) Markos was born in 1790 in Souli, the fifth child of Kitsos Botsaris from his first marriage with Chrysoula, one of the daughters of Papazotos Yotis, the priest of Variades, a village of Lakka (Tsarkovista). The Souliotes spoke Albanian originally, but during the eighteenth century they learnt to also use Greek via comm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gospel Of Matthew
The Gospel of Matthew is the first book of the New Testament of the Bible and one of the three synoptic Gospels. It tells the story of who the author believes is Israel's messiah (Christ (title), Christ), Jesus, resurrection of Jesus, his resurrection, and his Great Commission, mission to the world. Matthew wishes to emphasize that the Jewish Christianity, Jewish tradition should not be lost in a church that was increasingly becoming gentile. The gospel reflects the struggles and conflicts between the evangelist's community and the other Jews, particularly with its sharp criticism of the scribes, chief priests and Pharisees with the position that the Kingdom of God (Christianity), Kingdom of Heaven has been taken away from them and given instead to the church. Scholars find numerous problems with the traditional attribution to the Matthew the Apostle, Apostle Matthew, though it is possible the gospel incorporates a source written by the disciple. The predominant scholarly view ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gjon Buzuku
Gjon Buzuku ( – ) was an Albanian Catholic priest and a prominent Old Albanian author, who wrote the first known printed book in Albanian. Commonly referred to as the ''Missal'', this book is considered an important monument of Albanian studies, being the oldest source for studying the Albanian language. Life Very little that is known about Gjon Buzuku comes from the last page of his book, where he mentions being the son of a certain Bdek (Benedict) Buzuku. In the same text he also informs about his service as a priest in a church not far away from where the printers workshop was located. Most scholars agree that this was in Venice. From March 20, 1554, to January 5, 1555, he wrote a translation of the Catholic missal into the Gheg dialect of Albanian. He published it as a book of 220 pages. The Apostolic Library in the Vatican holds the only known copy of the book. It is missing the frontispiece and the first 16 sheets, which explains why the title and year of publicat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Missal
A missal is a liturgical book containing instructions and texts necessary for the celebration of Mass throughout the liturgical year. Versions differ across liturgical tradition, period, and purpose, with some missals intended to enable a priest to celebrate Mass publicly and others for private and lay use. The texts of the most common Eucharistic liturgy in the world, the Catholic Church's Mass of Paul VI of the Roman Rite, are contained in the 1970 edition of the Roman Missal. Missals have also been published for earlier forms of the Roman Rite and other Latin liturgical rites. Other liturgical books typically contain the Eucharistic liturgies of other ritual traditions, but missals exist for the Byzantine Rites, Eastern Orthodox Western Rites, Lutheran and Anglican liturgies. History Before the compilation of such books, several books were used when celebrating Mass. These included the gradual (texts mainly from the Psalms, with musical notes added), the evangelary or g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ardian Vehbiu
Ardian Vehbiu (born August 22, 1959) is an Albanian author and translator. He was born in Tirana, Albania in 1959 and now resides in New York City. He is the author of 12 non-fiction and fiction, fiction books, as well as of a number of research papers in linguistics and semiotics. He is the winner of the 2009 "Gjergj Fishta" national non-fiction award with "Shqipja totalitare", (2009), as well as the winner of the 2014 "Ardian Klosi" non-fiction award, with "Sende që nxirrte deti", (2013). His writing is featured regularly in the Albanian press and has been translated in Italian language, Italian, English and Romanian language, Romanian. He has also translated several works from Albanian language, Albanian into Italian, as well as from Italian, French language, French and English into Albanian. Bibliography Fiction * ''Ndërhyrjet e zotit Shyti'' (Tiranë: Dudaj, 2016) * ''BOLERO'' (Tiranë: Dudaj, 2015) * ''Gjashtëdhjetë e Gjashtë Rrëfimet e Maks Gjerazit'' (Tiranë: K & ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
