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Benzothiazole
Benzothiazole, or more specifically 1,3-benzothiazole, is an aromatic heterocyclic compound with the chemical formula . It is colorless, slightly viscous liquid. Although the parent compound, benzothiazole is not widely used, many of its derivatives are found in commercial products or in nature. Firefly luciferin can be considered a derivative of benzothiazole. It has a sulfurous odor and meaty flavor. The three structural isomers of benzothizaole are 1,3-benzothiazole, 1,2-benzothiazole and 2,1-benzothiazole. Structure and reactivity Benzothiazoles consist of a 5-membered 1,3- thiazole ring fused to a benzene ring. The nine atoms of the bicycle and the attached substituents are coplanar. The heterocyclic core of the molecule is readily substituted at the methyne (CH) centre in the thiazole ring. Thiazole is electron-withdrawing. Synthesis and biosynthesis Benzothiazoles are typically prepared by treatment of 2-mercaptoaniline. For example, acid chlorides are effective: :C6 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2-mercaptobenzothiazole
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is an organosulfur compound with the formula . A white solid, it is a reagent in organic synthesis and in the sulfur vulcanization of rubber. Structure The molecule is planar with a C=S double bond, so the name ''mercapto''benzothiazole is a misnomer, a more appropriate name could be benzothiazoline-2-thione. Solution measurements by NMR spectroscopy could not measure the presence of the thiol tautomer that the name implies, instead it exists as a thione/dithiocarbamate and the hydrogen appears on the nitrogen in the solid state, gas-phase, and in solution. Theory indicates that the thione tautomer is about 39 kJ/mol lower in energy than the thiol, and a hydrogen-bonded dimer of the thione has even lower energy. At alkaline pH greater than 7 the deprotonated thiolate form is most abundant. A protonated form could not be observed in the pH range 2-11. Synthesis The compound has been produced by many methods. The industrial route entails the high temperatur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Benzothiazoles
Benzothiazole, or more specifically 1,3-benzothiazole, is an aromatic heterocyclic compound with the chemical formula . It is colorless, slightly viscous liquid. Although the parent compound, benzothiazole is not widely used, many of its derivatives are found in commercial products or in nature. Firefly luciferin can be considered a derivative of benzothiazole. It has a sulfurous odor and meaty flavor. The three structural isomer, structural isomers of benzothizaole are 1,3-benzothiazole, 1,2-benzothiazole and 2,1-benzothiazole. Structure and reactivity Benzothiazoles consist of a 5-membered 1,3-thiazole ring Annulation, fused to a benzene ring. The nine atoms of the bicycle and the attached substituents are coplanar. The heterocyclic core of the molecule is readily substituted at the Methine group, methyne (CH) centre in the thiazole ring. Thiazole is electron-withdrawing. Synthesis and biosynthesis Benzothiazoles are typically prepared by treatment of 2-Aminothiophenol, 2-merc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2-Aminobenzothiazole
2-Aminobenzothiazole is the organic compound with the formula . It is related to the parent benzothiazole, but with an amino group at the unique methyne position on the thiazole ring. As confirmed by X-ray crystallography, it is a planar molecule, which exists as the amine tautomer. 2-Aminobenzothiazoles are often prepared by cyclization of 2-bromo-substituted arylthioureas. : Isothiocyanic acid, which can be generated in situ from sodium thiocyanate, adds to anilines to also afford 2-aminobenzothiazoles. Many other methods are available. Diazotization of 2-aminobenzothiazoles gives diazonium salts. These salts undergo azo coupling with aniline Aniline (From , meaning ' indigo shrub', and ''-ine'' indicating a derived substance) is an organic compound with the formula . Consisting of a phenyl group () attached to an amino group (), aniline is the simplest aromatic amine. It is an in ...s. In this way some are prepared some useful dyes such as Basic Blue 54. Referen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sulfur Vulcanization
Sulfur vulcanization is a chemical process for converting natural rubber or related polymers into materials of varying hardness, elasticity, and mechanical durability by heating them with sulfur or sulfur-containing compounds. Sulfur forms cross-linking bridges between sections of polymer chains which affects the mechanical properties. Many products are made with vulcanized rubber, including tires, shoe soles, hoses, and conveyor belts. The term is derived from Vulcan (mythology), Vulcan, the Roman god of fire. The main polymers subjected to sulfur vulcanization are polyisoprene (natural rubber, NR), polybutadiene rubber (BR) and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), and ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber (EPDM rubber). All of these materials contain allyl, alkene groups adjacent to methylene groups. Other specialty rubbers may also be vulcanized, such as nitrile rubber (NBR) and butyl rubber (IIR). Vulcanization, in common with the curing of other thermosetting polymers, is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thiazole
Thiazole (), or 1,3-thiazole, is a 5-membered heterocyclic compound that contains both sulfur and nitrogen. The term 'thiazole' also refers to a large family of derivatives. Thiazole itself is a pale yellow liquid with a pyridine-like odor and the molecular formula C3H3NS. The thiazole ring is notable as a component of the vitamin thiamine (B1). Molecular and electronic structure Thiazoles are members of the azoles, heterocycles that include imidazoles and oxazoles. Thiazole can also be considered a functional group when part of a larger molecule. Being planar thiazoles are characterized by significant pi-electron delocalization and have some degree of aromaticity, more so than the corresponding oxazoles. This aromaticity is evidenced by the 1H NMR chemical shift of the ring protons, which absorb between 7.27 and 8.77 ppm, indicating a strong diamagnetic ring current. The calculated pi-electron density marks C5 as the primary site for electrophilic substitution, and C2-H ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thioflavin
Thioflavins are fluorescent dyes that are available as at least two compounds, namely Thioflavin T and Thioflavin S. Both are used for histology staining and biophysical studies of protein aggregation. In particular, these dyes have been used since 1989 to investigate amyloid formation. They are also used in biophysical studies of the electrophysiology of bacteria. Thioflavins are corrosive, irritant, and acutely toxic, causing serious eye damage. Thioflavin T has been used in research into Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. Thioflavin T Thioflavin T (Basic Yellow 1, Methylene yellow, CI 49005, or ThT) is a benzothiazole salt obtained by the methylation of dehydrothiotoluidine with methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. The dye is widely used to visualize and quantify the presence of misfolded protein aggregates called amyloid, both ''in vitro'' and ''in vivo'' (e.g., plaques composed of amyloid beta found in the brains of Alzheimer's disease pat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pramipexole
Pramipexole, sold under the brand Mirapex among others, is a medication used to treat Parkinson's disease and restless legs syndrome. In Parkinson's disease it may be used alone or together with levodopa. It is taken by mouth. Pramipexole is a dopamine agonist of the non-ergoline class. Pramipexole was approved for medical use in the United States in 1997 and was first manufactured by Pharmacia and Upjohn. It is available as a generic medication. In 2022, it was the 193rd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 2million prescriptions. Medical uses Pramipexole is used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and restless legs syndrome. Safety in pregnancy and breastfeeding is unknown. A 2008 meta-analysis found that pramipexole was more effective than ropinirole in the treatment of restless legs syndrome. It is occasionally prescribed off-label for depression. Its effectiveness as an antidepressant may be a product of its strong partial ag ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Firefly Luciferin
Firefly luciferin (also known as beetle luciferin) is the luciferin, precursor of the light-emitting compound, used for the firefly ( Lampyridae), railroad worm ( Phengodidae), starworm ( Rhagophthalmidae), and click-beetle ( Pyrophorini) bioluminescent systems. It is the substrate of firefly luciferase ( EC 1.13.12.7), which is responsible for the characteristic light emission of many firefly and other insect species in the visible spectra ranging from 530 until 630 nm. As with other luciferins, oxygen is essential for the luminescence mechanism, which involves the decomposition of a cyclic peroxide to produce excited-state molecules capable of emitting light as they relax to the ground state. Additionally, it has been found that adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and magnesium are required for light emission. History Much of the early work on the chemistry of the firefly luminescence was done in the lab of William D. McElroy at Johns Hopkins University. The luciferin was first is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2-Aminothiophenol
2-Aminothiophenol is an organosulfur compound with the formula C6H4(SH)(NH2). It is a colorless oily solid, although impure samples can be deeply colored. It is soluble in organic solvents and in basic water. 2-Aminothiophenol is a precursor to benzothiazoles, some of which are bioactive or are commercial dyes. Isomers of aminothiophenols include 3-aminothiophenol and 4-aminothiophenol. 2-Aminothiophenol can prepared in two steps, starting with the reaction of aniline with carbon disulfide followed by hydrolysis of the resulting mercaptobenzothiazole.Chedekel, Miles R.; Sharp, Dale E.; Jeffery, Gary A. "Synthesis of o-Aminothiophenols" Synthetic Communications 1980, volume 10, pp. 167-73. It can also obtained by zinc reduction of 2-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride. Applications 2-Aminothiophenol is used in the synthesis of the following list of agents: # DDD-016BTM 1086# Thioproperazine #Cinanserin Cinanserin (INN) is a 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptor antagonist which was disc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Riluzole
Riluzole is a medication used to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and other motor neuron diseases. Riluzole delays the onset of ventilator-dependence or tracheostomy in some people and may increase survival by two to three months. Riluzole is available in tablet and liquid form. Medical uses Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Riluzole was approved in the United States for the treatment of ALS by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1995. A Cochrane Library review states a 9% gain in the probability of surviving one year. Contraindications Contraindications for riluzole include: known prior hypersensitivity to riluzole or any of the excipients inside the preparations, liver disease, pregnancy or lactation. Adverse effects * Very common (>10% frequency): nausea; weakness; decreased lung function * Common (1–10% frequency): headache; dizziness; drowsiness; vomiting; abdominal pain; increased aminotransferases * Uncommon (0.1–1% frequency): pancreatitis; inter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Structural Isomer
In chemistry, a structural isomer (or constitutional isomer in the IUPAC nomenclature) of a compound is a compound that contains the same number and type of atoms, but with a different connectivity (i.e. arrangement of bonds) between them. The term metamer was formerly used for the same concept. For example, butanol , methyl propyl ether , and diethyl ether have the same molecular formula but are three distinct structural isomers. The concept applies also to polyatomic ions with the same total charge. A classical example is the cyanate ion and the fulminate ion . It is also extended to ionic compounds, so that (for example) ammonium cyanate and urea are considered structural isomers,William F. Bynum, E. Janet Browne, Roy Porter (2014)''Dictionary of the History of Science'' page 218. and so are methylammonium formate and ammonium acetate . Structural isomerism is the most radical type of isomerism. It is opposed to stereoisomerism, in which the atoms and bon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biodegradation
Biodegradation is the breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi. It is generally assumed to be a natural process, which differentiates it from composting. Composting is a human-driven process in which biodegradation occurs under a specific set of circumstances. The process of biodegradation is threefold: first an object undergoes biodeterioration, which is the mechanical weakening of its structure; then follows biofragmentation, which is the breakdown of materials by microorganisms; and finally assimilation, which is the incorporation of the old material into new cells. In practice, almost all chemical compounds and materials are subject to biodegradation, the key element being time. Things like vegetables may degrade within days, while glass and some plastics take many millennia to decompose. A standard for biodegradability used by the European Union is that greater than 90% of the original material must be converted into , water and minerals b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
