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Z With Stroke
Ƶ (minuscule: ƶ), called Z with stroke, is a letter of the Latin alphabet derived from Z, with the addition of a stroke through the center. Use in alphabets Ƶ was used in a range of alphabets developed within the Soviet Union during the 1920s and 1930s. Soviet authorities sought a policy of Latinisation in the Soviet Union, replacing or developing scripts for minority languages within the USSR. Latin letters were chosen as the basis for these scripts in part to avoid the overt Russification that a Cyrillic writing system would represent, and to include both consonants and vowels in the written forms, unlike the Arabic abjad that was already in use for some of these languages. One such Soviet Latin-script writing system was the Jaꞑalif alphabet, also known as the New Turkic Alphabet. Ƶ is used in writing Tatar, Bashkir, and Karachay-Balkar in Jaꞑalif. This letter represents a voiced postalveolar fricative ( IPA: ) in these languages. Modern Latin-based scripts for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yi Script
The Yi scripts (; ) are two scripts used to write the Yi languages; Classical Yi (an ideogram script), and the later Yi syllabary. The script is historically known in Chinese as ''Cuan Wen'' () or ''Wei Shu'' () and various other names (), among them "tadpole writing" (). This is to be distinguished from romanized Yi (彝文羅馬拼音 ''Yíwén Luómǎ pīnyīn'') which was a system (or systems) invented by missionaries and intermittently used afterwards by some government institutions (and still used outside Sichuan province for non-Nuosu Yi languages, but adapted from the standard Han Pinyin system and used to romanize another syllabary based on a subset of simplified Han ideograms). There was also the alphasyllabary (or abugida) devised by Sam Pollard (missionary), Sam Pollard, the Pollard script for the Miao language spoken in Yunnan province, which he adapted for the Nasu language as well. Present day traditional Yi writing can be sub-divided into five main varieties (Hu� ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bashkir Language
Bashkir ( , ) or Bashkort (, ) is a Turkic languages, Turkic language belonging to the Kipchak languages, Kipchak branch. It is official language#Political alternatives, co-official with Russian language, Russian in Bashkortostan. Bashkir has approximately 750,000 native speakers. It has two dialect groups: Southern and Eastern. Bashkir has native speakers in Russia, as well as in Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Estonia and other neighboring post-Soviet states, and among the Bashkirs, Bashkir diaspora. Speakers Speakers of Bashkir mostly live in the republic of Bashkortostan (a republic within the Russian Federation). Many speakers also live in Tatarstan, Chelyabinsk Oblast, Chelyabinsk, Orenburg Oblast, Orenburg, Tyumen Oblast, Tyumen, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Sverdlovsk and Kurgan Oblasts and other regions of Russia. Minor Bashkir groups also live in Kazakhstan and the United States. In a recent local media report in Bashkortostan, it was reported that some officials of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Unifon
Unifon is a Latin script, Latin-based phonemic orthography for American English designed in the mid-1950s by John R. Malone, a Chicago economist and newspaper equipment consultant. It was developed into a teaching aid to help children acquire reading and writing skills. Like the pronunciation respelling for English, pronunciation key in a dictionary, Unifon attempts to match each of the sounds of spoken English with a single symbol, though not all sounds are distinguished, for example, reduced vowels in other America dialects that don't occur in Chicago. The method was tested in Chicago, Indianapolis and elsewhere during the 1960s and 1970s, but no statistical analysis of the outcome was ever published in an academic journal. Interest by educators has been limited, but a community of enthusiasts continues to publicize the scheme and advocate for its adoption. Alphabet The Unifon alphabet contains 40 glyphs, intended to represent the 40 "most important sounds" of the English la ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karelian Alphabet
The Karelian language is spoken in Russia, mostly in the Karelian Republic and in a small region just north of Tver, though most residents there were expelled in 1939. Karelian has seen numerous proposed and adopted alphabets over the centuries, both Latin and Cyrillic. In 2007, the current standardized Karelian alphabet was introduced and is used to write all varieties of Karelian, including Tver Karelian which adopted it in 2017. History Middle Ages The oldest known document in Karelian, or in any Finnic language, is the Birch bark letter no. 292, found in 1957 and believed to be either an invocation against lightning, or an oath. Until the 19th century it is believed that Karelian was only written down by individuals; it was not taught in schools. 19th and early 20th centuries In the 19th century a few books were published in Karelian using Cyrillic, the first known one was ''A Translation of some Prayers and a Shortened Catechism'' into North Karelian and Olonets (Aunus) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chechen Language
Chechen ( , ; , , ) is a Northeast Caucasian languages, Northeast Caucasian language spoken by approximately 1.8 million people, mostly in the Chechnya, Chechen Republic and by Chechens, members of the Chechen diaspora throughout Russia and the rest of Europe, Jordan, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Ukraine, Central Asia (mainly Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan) and Georgia (country), Georgia. History Before the Caucasian War, Russian conquest, most writings in Chechnya consisted of Islamic texts and clan histories, written usually in Arabic but sometimes also in Chechen using Arabic script. The Chechen literary language was created after the October Revolution, and the Latin script began to be used instead of Arabic for Chechen writing in the mid-1920s. The Cyrillic script was adopted in 1938. Almost the entire library of Chechen medieval writing in Arabic and Georgian script about the land of Chechnya and its people was destroyed by Soviet authorities in 1944, leaving the modern Chechens and mo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mongolian Latin Alphabet
The Mongolian Latin script ( Mongolian Cyrillic: , ; Mongolian Latin: ; Traditional Mongolian script: ; ) was officially adopted in Mongolia in 1931. In 1939, a second version of the Latin alphabet was introduced but not widely used, and was replaced by the Cyrillic script in 1941. History In the 1930s, under the influence of latinisation in the Soviet Union, alphabets based on Latin letters were developed for the Mongolian language. These alphabets were rarely used. Latinate scripts appeared occasionally in the Ynen newspaper, and the title pages or covers of books were sometimes written in a Mongolian Latin script, even though the rest of the book was not. On 1 February 1941, Mongolia officially switched to a modified Latin alphabet, which was successfully used for some time to print books and newspapers. However, two months later, on 25 March, this decision was canceled. According to official explanations, the adopted writing system was not well thought out: it did not ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mongolian Language
Mongolian is the Prestige (sociolinguistics), principal language of the Mongolic languages, Mongolic language family that originated in the Mongolian Plateau. It is spoken by ethnic Mongols and other closely related Mongolic peoples who are native to modern Mongolia and surrounding parts of East Asia, East, Central Asia, Central and North Asia. Mongolian is the official language of Mongolia and Inner Mongolia and a recognized language of Xinjiang and Qinghai. The number of speakers across all its dialects may be 5–6 million, including the vast majority of the residents of Mongolia and many of the Mongols in China, ethnic Mongol residents of the Inner Mongolia of China. In Mongolia, Khalkha Mongolian is predominant, and is currently written in both Cyrillic script, Cyrillic and the traditional Mongolian script. In Inner Mongolia, it is dialectally more diverse and written in the traditional Mongolian script. However, Mongols in both countries often use the Latin script for conve ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russian Far East
The Russian Far East ( rus, Дальний Восток России, p=ˈdalʲnʲɪj vɐˈstok rɐˈsʲiɪ) is a region in North Asia. It is the easternmost part of Russia and the Asia, Asian continent, and is coextensive with the Far Eastern Federal District, which encompasses the area between Lake Baikal and the Pacific Ocean. The area's largest city is Khabarovsk, followed by Vladivostok. The region shares land borders with the countries of Mongolia, China, and North Korea to its south, as well as maritime boundary, maritime boundaries with Japan to its southeast, and with the United States along the Bering Strait to its northeast. Although the Russian Far East is often considered as a part of Siberia abroad, it has been historically categorized separately from Siberia in Russian regional schemes (and previously during the history of the Soviet Union, Soviet era when it was called the Soviet Far East). Terminology In Russia, the region is usually referred to as simply th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aleut Language
Aleut ( ) or is the language spoken by the Aleut living in the Aleutian Islands, Pribilof Islands, Commander Islands, and the Alaska Peninsula (in Aleut , the origin of the state name Alaska). Aleut is the sole language in the Aleut branch of the Eskimo–Aleut languages, Eskimo–Aleut language family. The Aleut language consists of three dialects, including (Eastern Aleut), / (Atka Aleut), and / (Western Aleut, now extinct). Various sources estimate there are fewer than 100 to 150 remaining active Aleut speakers. Because of this, Eastern and Atkan Aleut are classified as "critically endangered and extinct" and have an Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (EGIDS) rating of 7. The task of revitalizing Aleut has largely been left to local government and community organizations. The overwhelming majority of schools in the historically Aleut-speaking regions lack any language/culture courses in their curriculum, and those that do fail to produce fluent or even profi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kola Peninsula
The Kola Peninsula (; ) is a peninsula in the extreme northwest of Russia, and one of the largest peninsulas of Europe. Constituting the bulk of the territory of Murmansk Oblast, it lies almost completely inside the Arctic Circle and is bordered by the Barents Sea to the north and by the White Sea to the east and southeast. The city of Murmansk, the most populous settlement on the peninsula, has a population of roughly 270,000 residents. While humans had already settled in the north of the peninsula in the 7th–5th millennium BC, the rest of its territory remained uninhabited until the 3rd millennium BC, when various peoples started to arrive from the south. By the 1st millennium CE only the Sami people remained. This changed in the 12th century, when Russian Pomors discovered the peninsula's rich resources of game and fish. Soon after, the Pomors were followed by the tribute collectors from the Novgorod Republic, and the peninsula gradually became a part of the Novgorodian la ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kildin Sámi
Kildin Sámi, also spelt as Kildin Saami is a Sámi languages, Sámi language spoken on the Kola Peninsula of northwestern Russia by the Sámi people, Kildin Sámi, who have historically inhabited the peninsula. The Sámi languages closest to Kildin are Ter Sámi language, Ter Sámi and Akkala Sámi language, Akkala Sámi, in Soviet tradition sometimes considered to be dialects of Kildin Sámi. From a strictly geographical point of view, only Kildin and Ter, spoken on the Peninsula, could be regarded as Kola Sámi. It is the largest of the Eastern Sámi languages by number of speakers. However, unlike its close relatives Skolt Sámi language, Skolt Sámi or Inari Sámi language, Inari Sámi Kildin is today only used actively by very few people. Geographic distribution Originally, Kildin Sámi was spoken in clustered areas of the mainland and coastal parts of the Kola Peninsula. Nowadays, Kildin Sámi speakers can be found in rural and urban areas, including the administrativ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Unified Northern Alphabet
The Unified Northern Alphabet (UNA) () was a set of Latin alphabets created during the Latinisation in the Soviet Union for the Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East, "small" languages of northern Russia and used for about five years during the 1930s. Systematic work on the development of writing in the languages of the peoples of the North began in 1926, when the Northern Faculty (known as Institute of the Peoples of the North, the Institute of the Peoples of the North (IPN) since 1930) of the was established. Alphabets were initially planned for Chukchi language, Chukchi, Even language, Even, Evenki language, Evenki, Nivkh language, Gilyak, Itelmen language, Itelmen, Ket language, Ket, Koryak language, Koryak, Mansi language, Mansi, Nanai language, Nanai, Nenets languages, Nenets, Kildin Sámi language, Kildin Sámi, Selkup language, Selkup, Siberian Yupik language, Siberian Yupik and Udege language, Udihe. Alphabet Alphabet of 1932:Я. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
