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Xing An (eunuch)
Xing An (; ; 1389–1459), a native of Đại Việt (present-day northern Vietnam), was a Ming dynasty eunuch. He was born in 1389 and arrived in China from Đại Việt in 1407. In 1426, he was appointed as Personel Eunuch Attendant () and Chief Steward (), responsible for managing the treasury. In 1436, when Emperor Yingzong ascended the throne, he and the eunuch Jin Ying were both favored and trusted. In the autumn of 1449, Emperor Yingzong was captured by the Oirats during the Tumu Crisis. Zhu Qiyu, Prince of Cheng, requested that he and Jin Ying to gather the court officials to discuss state affairs. Reader-in-waiting Xu Cheng suggested moving south, but was rebuked by Xing An, who said, "Anyone who dares to suggest relocation will be executed". Xing An then went to inform Empress Dowager Sun and advised Prince of Cheng to appoint Yu Qian to prepare for war and defense. In 1450, the leader of the Oirats, Esen, besieged the capital and reached the Deshengmen. The Jin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jin Ying (eunuch)
Jin Ying (; 1394–1456) was a Ming dynasty eunuch, who served as Eunuch Director of the Directorate of Ceremonial () during the reign of the Xuande Emperor. During the reign of the Xuande Emperor, he served as Eunuch Director of the Directorate of Ceremonial, and was a trusted confidant. In 1432, he and Fan Hong were both granted a pardon from death. When Emperor Yingzong ascended the throne, he and Xing An were both favored and trusted. However, as Wang Zhen gained more power, he gradually lost his influence. In 1449, there was a drought in the summer and Emperor Yingzong ordered him to oversee the Ministry of Justice. He sat in the middle with the ministers ranked below him on both sides, and they would review cases every six years. In the autumn, Emperor Yingzong was captured by the Mongols during the Tumu Crisis, and Zhu Qiyu, Prince of Cheng, requested that he and Xing An to gather the court officials to discuss state affairs. However, when Reader-in-waiting Xu Chen sugge ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Empress Sun
Empress Xiaogongzhang (孝恭章皇后; 1399 – 26 September 1462), of the Sun clan, was a Chinese empress consort of the Ming dynasty, married to the fifth Ming emperor, the Xuande Emperor. She was mother of Zhu Qizhen, Emperor Yingzong. Early life Empress Sun was born in 1399 in Zouping, Shandong Province. Her personal name is unknown. Her father was Sun Zhong, an assistant magistrate in Yongcheng District. She had five brothers, the eldest of whom was Sun Qizong (1395 – 1480). He and his three brothers held the rank of guard commander, and another brother held the rank of assistant commander in the Embroidered Uniform Guard. Sun was known to be a local beauty. When Crown Princess Zhang (the future Empress Zhang, who also grew up in the Yongcheng District) visited her hometown, she heard about Sun's beauty. Curious about the young girl's beauty, the crown princess brought her to the palace. Here she received praise from the palace women. The Yongle Emperor ordered his ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ming Dynasty Eunuchs
The Ming dynasty, officially the Great Ming, was an imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming was the last imperial dynasty of China ruled by the Han people, the majority ethnic group in China. Although the primary capital of Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng (who established the short-lived Shun dynasty), numerous rump regimes ruled by remnants of the Ming imperial family, collectively called the Southern Ming, survived until 1662. The Ming dynasty's founder, the Hongwu Emperor (1368–1398), attempted to create a society of self-sufficient rural communities ordered in a rigid, immobile system that would guarantee and support a permanent class of soldiers for his dynasty: the empire's standing army exceeded one million troops and the navy's dockyards in Nanjing were the largest in the world. He also took great care breaking the power of the court eunuchs and unrelated magn ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grand Secretariat
The Grand Secretariat, or the Cabinet (), was nominally a coordinating agency but ''de facto'' the highest institution in the imperial government of the Chinese Ming dynasty. It first took shape after the Hongwu Emperor abolished the office of Chancellor (of the Zhongshu Sheng) in 1380 and gradually evolved into an effective coordinating organ superimposed on the Six Ministries. There were altogether six Grand Secretaries (), though the posts were not always filled.Hucker, 29. The most senior one was popularly called Senior Grand Secretary (, ''shǒufǔ''). The Grand Secretaries were nominally ranked as mid-level officials, ranked much lower than the Ministers, heads of the Ministries. However, since they screened documents submitted to the emperor from all governmental agencies, and had the power of drafting suggested rescripts for the emperor, generally known as ''piàonǐ'' () or ''tiáozhǐ'' (), some senior Grand Secretaries were able to dominate the whole government, acting a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wen Tianxiang
Wen Tianxiang (; June 6, 1236 – January 9, 1283), noble title Duke of Xin (), was a Chinese statesman, poet and politician in the last years of the Song dynasty#Southern Song, 1127–1279, Southern Song dynasty. For his resistance to Kublai Khan's Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty, invasion of the Southern Song dynasty, and for his refusal to yield to the Yuan dynasty despite being captured and tortured, he is a popular culture hero symbol of patriotism, righteousness, and resistance against tyranny in China. He is known as one of the 'Three Loyal Princes of the Song' (), alongside Lu Xiufu and Zhang Shijie. Wen Tianxiang is depicted in the Wu Shuang Pu (無雙譜, Table of Peerless Heroes) by Jin Guliang. His continuing symbolic importance was evident in an event that took place in Wen Tianxiang's historical shrine in Haifeng (Haifeng County) in 1908, where Chen Jiongming persuaded over thirty young men from the village to swear secret support for a national revolution.Lesl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deshengmen
Deshengmen () is a city gate that was once part of Beijing's northern city wall. It is one of Beijing's few preserved city gates and now stands as a landmark on the northern 2nd Ring Road. Latimer D. (2014) ''The Improbable Beijing Guidebook'', Sinomaps, Beijing, , p.69 The original gate complex, built in 1437, was composed of three structures – the gatehouse, archery tower, and barbican. The gatehouse proper was demolished in 1921, and the city wall was torn down in 1969. Today only the archery tower and the barbican survives. They overlook the northern city moat, and house an ancient coin exhibition inside. Deshengmen is now a major transportation node in northern Beijing. The gate complex is surrounded by the Deshengmen bridge, a rotary overpass that channels traffic from the 2nd Ring Road to the Badaling Expressway. The street that once passed through the gate is still named in relation to it. South of Deshengmen and inside the old city wall is Deshengmen Inner Str ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Esen Taishi
Esen (; Mongol script: ; ) (1407–1454), was a powerful Oirat taishi and the ''de facto'' ruler of the Northern Yuan dynasty between 12 September 1453 and 1454. He is best known for capturing the Emperor Yingzong of Ming in 1449 in the Battle of Tumu Fortress and briefly reuniting the Mongol tribes. The Four Oirat reached the peak of their power under his rule. Name Esen means "good health" in Mongolian. Taishi is derived from the Chinese title 太師 (tàishī), meaning Grand Preceptor. Among Mongol tribes, this title was used for powerful nobles who were not part of the Genghisid lineage. In Chinese, Esen is rendered as 也先 (Yěxiān) or less commonly as 額森 (Ésēn). Youth and early career Esen was born to his father, Toghan, the Choros taishi who had expanded Oirat territory substantially, with more Mongol tribes acknowledging his supremacy. As an Oirat, Esen himself was not descended from Genghis Khan, which would hamper his claim to the title of great k ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yu Qian
Yu Qian (; 1398–1457), courtesy name Tingyi (廷益), art name Jie'an (節庵), was a Chinese official who served under the Ming dynasty. Under Emperor Yingzong, he worked in the Ministry of War, eventually becoming a vice minister. He distinguished himself in the Tumu Crisis, leading the defense of the imperial capital against the Mongols, and was promoted to the position of Minister of War. For the next eight years, he remained the most influential member of the government of the new Jingtai Emperor. In January 1457, Emperor Yingzong returned to power and Yu Qian was promptly executed. Biography Yu Qian was born in Qiantang County, Hangzhou, Zhejiang. He started his career in the Ming civil service after obtaining the position of a ''jinshi'' (進士; successful candidate) in the imperial examination in 1421. He helped to suppress a rebellion by the prince Zhu Gaoxu in 1426 and earned the favour of the Xuande Emperor (r. 1425–1435), who appointed him as the Grand Coor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jingtai Emperor
The Jingtai Emperor (21 September 1428 – 14 March 1457), also known by his temple name as the Emperor Daizong of Ming and by his posthumous name as the Emperor Jing of Ming, personal name Zhu Qiyu, was the seventh List of emperors of the Ming dynasty, emperor of the Ming dynasty, reigning from 1449 to 1457. He succeeded his elder brother, Emperor Yingzong of Ming, Emperor Yingzong, who had been captured by the Mongols. He was overthrown in a palace coup led by Emperor Yingzong in February 1457 and died a month later. In 1449, Emperor Yingzong, upon the suggestion of eunuch Wang Zhen (eunuch), Wang Zhen, personally led the army to battle against the Mongolian army of Esen Taishi. However, in the Battle of Tumu Fortress, the Ming army was defeated and the emperor was taken captive. This event caused shock and concern throughout the government and the country. In response, the court eventually elevated the emperor's brother, Zhu Qiyu—who had taken charge of government affairs du ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trần Dynasty
The Trần dynasty (Vietnamese language, Vietnamese: Nhà Trần, chữ Nôm: 茹陳; Vietnamese language, Vietnamese: triều Trần, chữ Hán: [wikt:朝]wikt:陳, 朝wikt:陳, 陳), officially Đại Việt (Chữ Hán: 大越), was a List of Vietnamese dynasties, Vietnamese dynasty that ruled from 1225 to 1400. The dynasty was founded when emperor Trần Thái Tông ascended to the throne after his uncle Trần Thủ Độ orchestrated the overthrow of the Lý dynasty. The Trần dynasty defeated three Mongol invasions of Vietnam, Mongol invasions, most notably during the decisive Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288), Battle of Bạch Đằng River in 1288. The final emperor of the dynasty was Trần Thiếu Đế, Thiếu Đế, who was forced to abdicate the throne in 1400, at the age of five years old in favor of his maternal grandfather, Hồ Quý Ly. The Trần improved Chinese gunpowder, enabling them to Nam tiến, expand southward to defeat and vassalize the Champa. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tumu Crisis
The Crisis of the Tumu Fortress, also known as the Tumu Crisis, or the Jisi Incident, was a border conflict between the Oirat Mongols and the Ming dynasty. In July 1449, Esen Taishi, leader of the Oirat Mongols, launched a large-scale, three-pronged invasion of China. Despite having capable generals, Emperor Yingzong of Ming, under the influence of eunuch Wang Zhen who dominated the Ming court at the time, made the decision to personally lead his armies into battle against Esen. On 1 September, the Ming army suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of the much weaker Mongols, and the emperor was captured. This defeat was one of the biggest military failures in the Ming dynasty's three centuries of existence, and it was largely attributed to the poor leadership of the Ming army. Esen, for his part, was not prepared for the scale of his victory or for the capture of the Ming emperor. Initially, he attempted to use the captured emperor to raise a ransom and planned to conquer the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Emperor Yingzong Of Ming
, succession = Emperor of the Ming dynasty , reign-type = First reign , reign = 31 January 1435 – 22 September 1449 , coronation = 7 February 1435 , cor-type = Enthronement , regent = , reg-type = Regents , predecessor = Xuande Emperor , successor = Jingtai Emperor , reign-type1 = Second reign , reign1 = 11 February 1457 – 23 February 1464 , predecessor1 = Jingtai Emperor , successor1 = Chenghua Emperor , succession2 = Emperor Emeritus of the Ming dynasty , reign2 = 22 September 1449 – 11 February 1457 , reign-type2 = Tenure , predecessor2 = , successor2 = , succession3 = Crown Prince of the Ming dynasty , reign3 = 1428–1435 , reign-type3 = Tenure , predecessor3 = Crown Prince Zhu Zhanji , successor3 = Crown Prince Zhu Jianshen , era dates = Zhengtong: 18 January 1436 – 13 January 1450Tianshun: 15 February 1457 – 26 January 1465 , temple name = Yingzong , posthumous ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
