|
Voges–Proskauer Test
Voges–Proskauer or VP is a test used to detect acetoin in a bacterial broth culture. The test is performed by adding alpha-naphthol and potassium hydroxide to the Voges-Proskauer broth, which is a glucose-phosphate broth that has been inoculated with bacteria. A cherry red color indicates a positive result, while a yellow-brown color indicates a negative result. The test depends on the digestion of glucose to acetylmethylcarbinol. In the presence of oxygen and strong base, the acetylmethylcarbinol is oxidized to diacetyl, which then reacts with guanidine compounds commonly found in the peptone medium of the broth. Alpha-naphthol acts as a color enhancer, but the color change to red can occur without it. Procedure: First, add the alpha-naphthol; then, add the potassium hydroxide. A reversal in the order of the reagents being added may result in a weak-positive or false-negative reaction. VP is one of the four tests of the IMViC series, which tests for evidence of an ent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enterobacter Cloacae
''Enterobacter cloacae'' is a clinically significant Gram-negative, facultatively-anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium. Microbiology In microbiology labs, ''E. cloacae'' is frequently grown at 30 °C on nutrient agar or at 35 °C in tryptic soy broth. It is a rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacterium, is facultatively anaerobic, and bears peritrichous flagella. It is oxidase-negative and catalase-positive. Industrial use ''Enterobacter cloacae'' has been used in a bioreactor-based method for the biodegradation of explosives and in the biological control of plant diseases. ''Enterobacter cloacae'' strain MBB8 isolated from the Gulf of Mannar, India was reported to degrade poly vinyl alcohol (PVA). This was the first report of a PVA degrader from the Enterobacter genus. ''E. cloacae'' was also reported to produce exopolysaccharide (EPS) as high as 18.3g/L. GC-MS analysis of ''E. cloacae'' EPS showed the presence of glucose and mannose in the molar ratio of 1: 1.5e−2. Safet ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
El Tor
El Tor is a particular strain of the bacterium ''Vibrio cholerae'', the causative agent of cholera. Also known as ''V. cholerae'' biotype eltor, it has been the dominant strain in the seventh global cholera pandemic. It is distinguished from the classic strain at a genetic level, although both are in the serogroup O1 and both contain Inaba, Ogawa and Hikojima serotypes. It is also distinguished from classic biotypes by the production of hemolysins. History At the turn of the 20th century, the Ottoman government established six medical stations along the coast of the Sinai Peninsula to cater to pilgrims returning from Mecca. One of them was in El Tor (A' Tur as it is called today). Sick passengers were dropped off in one of the stations for treatment. In 1905, Felix Gotschlich, a German physician at the El Tor station identified vibrios in stool specimen of two pilgrims returning from Mecca. Though the pilgrims failed to show ante or post mortem evidence of cholera, the vibr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Robert Koch Institute
The Robert Koch Institute (RKI) is a German federal government agency and research institute responsible for disease control and prevention. It is located in Berlin and Wernigerode. As an upper federal agency, it is subordinate to the Federal Ministry of Health. It was founded in 1891 and is named for its founding director, the founder of modern bacteriology and Nobel laureate Robert Koch. Tasks The Robert Koch Institute monitors public health. Its core tasks include the detection, prevention and combatting of infectious diseases and non-communicable diseases in Germany. The institute advises the specialist public and government, e.g. on preventing and tackling infectious disease outbreaks such as the COVID-19 pandemic, the swine flu pandemic in 2009 and the EHEC O104:H4 outbreak in 2011. The institute is also in charge of health monitoring and health reporting in Germany, covering non-communicable diseases: in large monitoring studies, RKI monitors the health status of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bacteriologist
A bacteriologist is a microbiologist, or similarly trained professional, in bacteriology -- a subdivision of microbiology that studies bacteria, typically pathogenic ones. Bacteriologists are interested in studying and learning about bacteria, as well as using their skills in clinical settings. This includes investigating properties of bacteria such as morphology, ecology, genetics and biochemistry, phylogenetics, genomics and many other areas related to bacteria like disease diagnostic testing. Alongside human and animal healthcare providers, they may carry out various functions as medical scientists, veterinary scientists, or diagnostic technicians in locations like clinics, blood banks, hospitals, laboratories and animal hospitals. Bacteriologists working in public health or biomedical research help develop vaccines for public use. Bacteriologist specializations * Pathology * Immunology * Cell Biology * Medical Laboratory Science * Biomedical Research * Health Technol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bernhard Proskauer
Bernhard Proskauer (8 January 1851, Ratibor – 24 July 1915, Berlin) was a German chemist and hygienist. He studied chemistry at the University of Berlin, and from 1874 worked as a chemist at the Imperial Health Office in Berlin. In 1885 he was named departmental head of the Institute of Hygiene at the university, attaining the title of professor in 1890. From 1891 he was associated with the Institute of Infectious Diseases, wherein 1901 he was named head of the department of chemistry. In 1907 he was appointed director of the Berlin Municipal Testing Office.Plett – Schmidseder edited by |
Vibrio Parahaemolyticus
''Vibrio parahaemolyticus'' (V. parahaemolyticus) is a curved, rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacterium found in the sea and in estuaries which, when ingested, may cause gastrointestinal illness in humans. ''V. parahaemolyticus'' is oxidase positive, facultatively aerobic, and does not form spores. Like other members of the genus ''Vibrio'', this species is motile, with a single, polar flagellum. Pathogenesis While infection can occur by the fecal-oral route, ingestion of bacteria in raw or undercooked seafood, usually oysters, is the predominant cause of the acute gastroenteritis caused by ''V. parahaemolyticus''. Wound infections also occur, but are less common than seafood-borne disease. The disease mechanism of ''V. parahaemolyticus'' infections has not been fully elucidated. Clinical isolates usually possess a pathogenicity island (PAI) on the second chromosome. The PAI can be acquired by horizontal gene transfer and contains genes for several virulence factors. Two fully ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vibrio Vulnificus
''Vibrio vulnificus'' is a species of Gram-negative, motile, curved rod-shaped (bacillus), pathogenic bacteria of the genus '' Vibrio''. Present in marine environments such as estuaries, brackish ponds, or coastal areas, ''V. vulnificus'' is related to '' ''V. cholerae'''', the causative agent of cholera. At least one strain of ''V. vulnificus'' is bioluminescent. Infection with ''V. vulnificus'' leads to rapidly expanding cellulitis or sepsis. It was first isolated as a source of disease in 1976. Signs and symptoms ''Vibrio vulnificus'' is an extremely virulent bacterium that can cause three types of infections: * Acute gastroenteritis from eating raw or undercooked shellfish: ''V. vulnificus'' causes an infection often incurred after eating seafood, especially raw or undercooked oysters. It does not alter the appearance, taste, or odor of oysters. Symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. * Necrotizing wound infections can occur in injured skin exposed to cont ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vibrio Fluvialis
''Vibrio fluvialis'' is a water-borne bacterium first isolated from patients with severe diarrhoea in Bahrain in the 1970s by A. L. Furniss and his colleagues, and is considered to be an emerging pathogen with the potential to have a significant impact on public health. Upon discovery, this organism was considered to be similar to both ''Vibrio'' and ''Aeromonas'' species, but was ultimately determined to be more closely related to ''Vibrio''. ''V. fluvialis'' can be found in salt waters globally and also has the potential to infect both humans and a variety of crustacean Crustaceans (Crustacea, ) form a large, diverse arthropod taxon which includes such animals as decapods, seed shrimp, branchiopods, fish lice, krill, remipedes, isopods, barnacles, copepods, amphipods and mantis shrimp. The crustacean gro ...s. References Further reading * * * External linksType strain of ''Vibrio fluvialis'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase Vibrion ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vibrio Furnissii
''Vibrio furnissii'' is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium. Its type strain is ATCC 35016 (= CDC B3215). ''V. furnissii'' is aerogenic (gas-producing), and uses L-rhamnose, L-arginine, L-arabinose, maltose, and D-mannitol, but not L-lysine, L-ornithine, or lactose. It has been isolated from patients with gastroenteritis, bacteremia, skin lesions, and sepsis Sepsis, formerly known as septicemia (septicaemia in British English) or blood poisoning, is a life-threatening condition that arises when the body's response to infection causes injury to its own tissues and organs. This initial stage is foll .... References Further reading * * External links *Type strain of ''Vibrio furnissii'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase Vibrionales Bacteria described in 1983 {{gammaproteobacteria-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Salmonella
''Salmonella'' is a genus of rod-shaped (bacillus) Gram-negative bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. The two species of ''Salmonella'' are ''Salmonella enterica'' and '' Salmonella bongori''. ''S. enterica'' is the type species and is further divided into six subspecies that include over 2,600 serotypes. ''Salmonella'' was named after Daniel Elmer Salmon (1850–1914), an American veterinary surgeon. ''Salmonella'' species are non-spore-forming, predominantly motile enterobacteria with cell diameters between about 0.7 and 1.5 μm, lengths from 2 to 5 μm, and peritrichous flagella (all around the cell body, allowing them to move). They are chemotrophs, obtaining their energy from oxidation and reduction reactions, using organic sources. They are also facultative anaerobes, capable of generating ATP with oxygen ("aerobically") when it is available, or using other electron acceptors or fermentation ("anaerobically") when oxygen is not available. ''Salmonella'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Edwardsiella (bacterium)
''Edwardsiella'' is a genus of gram-negative, fermentative bacteria of the family Hafniaceae. It was first discovered in snakes in 1962. Description A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria of the family Hafniaceae, they are occasionally opportunistic pathogens of humans. Species Notable species include: * ''Edwardsiella hoshinae'', a motile species that, isolated from animals and humans, does not produce indole. * ''Edwardsiella ictaluri'', a nonmotile species that does not produce indole, and occurs as a pathogen of catfish. * ''Edwardsiella tarda'', also known as ''Edwardsiella anguillimortifera'', a species which produces indole, is biochemically similar to ''Escherichia coli ''Escherichia coli'' (),Wells, J. C. (2000) Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. Harlow ngland Pearson Education Ltd. also known as ''E. coli'' (), is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus '' Esc ...''. It is usual ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yersinia
''Yersinia'' is a genus of bacteria in the family Yersiniaceae. ''Yersinia'' species are Gram-negative, coccobacilli bacteria, a few micrometers long and fractions of a micrometer in diameter, and are facultative anaerobes. Some members of ''Yersinia'' are pathogenic in humans; in particular, '' Y. pestis'' is the causative agent of the plague. Rodents are the natural reservoirs of ''Yersinia''; less frequently, other mammals serve as the host. Infection may occur either through blood (in the case of ''Y. pestis'') or in an alimentary fashion, occasionally via consumption of food products (especially vegetables, milk-derived products, and meat) contaminated with infected urine or feces. Speculations exist as to whether or not certain ''Yersinia'' can also be spread by protozoonotic mechanisms, since ''Yersinia'' species are known to be facultative intracellular parasites; studies and discussions of the possibility of amoeba-vectored (through the cyst form of the protozoan) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
.jpg "Click for more on -> Salmonella")