|
Vittorio Foa
Vittorio Foa (18 September 1910 – 20 October 2008) was an Italian politician, trade unionist, journalist, and writer. Early life and education Foa was born in Turin in 1910 into a middle-class Jewish family. He attended Liceo Classico Massimo d'Azeglio in Turin for his sixth form/senior high school studies. In 1931, Foa graduated in law from the University of Turin and worked in a bank. Political career Anti-fascism and post-war years In 1933, Foa joined Giustizia e Libertà, an anti-fascist political movement. He was arrested by the OVRA in May 1935 and was condemned to 15 years in prison. He shared his cell with Ernesto Rossi, Massimo Mila, and Riccardo Bauer. Prior to his arrest, he had collaborated on the weekly magazine of the same name and on the magazine ''Quaderni di GL'', which was published in Paris. Foa was released in August 1943, embracing the liberal political thought of Benedetto Croce. He joined the Italian resistance movement and entered the Action ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Senate Of The Republic (Italy)
The Senate of the Republic (), or simply the Senate ( ), is the upper house of the bicameral Italian Parliament, the lower house being the Chamber of Deputies (Italy), Chamber of Deputies. The two houses together form a perfect bicameral system, meaning they perform identical functions, but do so separately. Pursuant to the Articles 57, 58, and 59 of the Constitution of Italy, Italian Constitution, the Senate has 200 elective members, of which 196 are elected from Italian constituencies, and 4 from Italian citizens living abroad. Furthermore, a small number (currently 5) serve as Senators for life in Italy, senators for life (''senatori a vita''), either appointed or ''ex officio''. It was established in its current form on 8 May 1948, but previously existed during the Kingdom of Italy as ''Senato del Regno'' (Senate of the Kingdom of Italy, Senate of the Kingdom), itself a continuation of the ''Senato Subalpino'' (Subalpine Senate) of Sardinia established on 8 May 1848. Memb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Liceo Classico Massimo D'Azeglio
Liceo Classico Massimo d'Azeglio is a public sixth form college/senior high school (''liceo classico'') in Turin, Italy. It is named after the politician Massimo d'Azeglio. History It was established as the Collegio di Porta Nuova in 1831 and became the Regio Collegio Monviso in 1860. It was renamed to its current name in 1882. In the early 20th century, several of the teachers were anti-fascist figures, including Augusto Monti and . David Ward, the author of "Primo Levi's Turin", wrote that Liceo d'Azeglio was "one of Turin's most prestigious schools".Ward, David. "Primo Levi's Turin." In: Gordon, Robert S.C. (editor). ''The Cambridge Companion to Primo Levi'' (Cambridge Companions to Literature). Cambridge University Press, 30 July 2007. , 9781139827409. CITED: p11 The school is linked to the founding of Juventus FC as Sport-Club Juventus in late 1897 by pupils of the school; two years later, they were renamed as Foot-Ball Club Juventus. The school held two study days in ho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Emilio Lussu
Emilio Lussu (4 December 1890 – 5 March 1975) was a Sardinian people, Sardinian and Italian writer, anti-fascist intellectual, military officer, Italian resistance movement, partisan, and politician. He is also the author of the novel ''One Year on the High Plateau''. Lussu was elected multiple times to Parliament, serving as a member of the Constituent Assembly of Italy for the constituency of Cagliari and twice as a minister. He founded the Sardinian Action Party and co-founded the Giustizia e Libertà, Justice and Freedom movement. As an anti-fascist, he was assaulted, wounded, and :it:Confino, sent to confinement to Lipari in the Aeolian Islands by the Italian fascist regime as a direct decision of Benito Mussolini. After escaping, with Carlo Rosselli and Fausto Nitti, he spent about fourteen years as a refugee abroad. He served as an officer in World War I, where he received multiple decorations, and participated in the Spanish Civil War as a political leader and in the Ital ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oronzo Reale
Oronzo Reale (24 October 1902 – 14 July 1988) was an Italian politician, who served as justice minister in the 1960s and 1970s. Biography Reale was born in Lecce on 24 October 1902. He received a degree in law. He was a member and the head of the Republican Party. He served as the secretary of the party. In the 1970s he tried the French model to reorganize the party for which he set up a committee. Reale also assumed cabinet posts. On 4 December 1963, he became justice minister of Italy. He was reappointed justice minister to the coalition government led by Prime Minister Aldo Moro on 24 February 1966. His term ended on 24 June 1968. Then Reale served as the minister of finance from 12 December 1968 to 5 August 1969. He was secondly appointed justice minister on 27 March 1970 and served in the post until March 1971. His third and last term as justice minister was from 23 November 1974 to 12 February 1976. During his third term as justice minister, Reale developed a publi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ugo La Malfa
Ugo La Malfa (16 May 1903 – 26 March 1979) was an Italian politician and an important leader of the Italian Republican Party (''Partito Repubblicano Italiano''; PRI). Early years and anti-fascist resistance La Malfa was born in Palermo, Sicily. After completing his secondary schooling, he enrolled in the Ca' Foscari University of Venice in the Department of Diplomatic Sciences with professors Silvio Trentin and Gino Luzzatto. During his years at the university, he had contacts within the republican movement of Treviso and other anti-fascist groups. In 1924, he moved to Rome and participated in the foundation of the Goliardic Union for Freedom. On 14 June 1925, he participated in the first conference of the National Democratic Union, founded by Giovanni Amendola. The movement was later declared illegal under Mussolini's fascist government. In 1926, he graduated with a thesis dealing sharply with human rights. During his military service, he was transferred to Sardinia to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Italian Resistance Movement
The Italian Resistance ( ), or simply ''La'' , consisted of all the Italian resistance groups who fought the occupying forces of Nazi Germany and the fascist collaborationists of the Italian Social Republic during the Second World War in Italy from 1943 to 1945. As a diverse anti-fascist and anti-Nazist movement and organisation, the opposed Nazi Germany and its Fascist puppet state regime, the Italian Social Republic, which the Germans created following the Nazi German invasion and military occupation of Italy by the and the from 8 September 1943 until 25 April 1945. General underground Italian opposition to the Fascist Italian government existed even before World War II, but open and armed resistance followed the German invasion of Italy on 8 September 1943: in Nazi-occupied Italy, the Italian Resistance fighters, known as the ( partisans), fought a ('national liberation war') against the invading German forces; in this context, the anti-fascist of the Italian Resistan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Benedetto Croce
Benedetto Croce, ( , ; 25 February 1866 – 20 November 1952) was an Italian idealist philosopher, historian, and politician who wrote on numerous topics, including philosophy, history, historiography, and aesthetics. A Cultural liberalism, political liberal in most regards, he formulated a distinction between liberalism (as support for civil liberties) and "liberism" (as support for ''laissez-faire'' economics and capitalism). Croce had considerable influence on other Italian intellectuals, from Marxists to Italian fascists, such as Antonio Gramsci and Giovanni Gentile, respectively. He had a long career in the Italian Parliament, joining the Senate of the Kingdom of Italy in 1910, serving through Fascism and the Second World War before being elected to the Constituent Assembly of Italy, Constituent Assembly as a Liberal. In the 1948 Italian general election, 1948 general election he was elected to the Senate of the Republic (Italy), new republican Senate and served there until ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Liberal Political Thought
Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on the rights of the individual, liberty, consent of the governed, political equality, the right to private property, and equality before the law. Liberals espouse various and often mutually conflicting views depending on their understanding of these principles but generally support private property, market economies, individual rights (including civil rights and human rights), liberal democracy, secularism, rule of law, Economic freedom, economic and political freedom, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, and freedom of religion.Generally support: * * * * * * *constitutional government and privacy rights * Liberalism is frequently cited as the dominant ideology of modern history.Wolfe, p. 23. Liberalism became a distinct Political movement, movement in the Age of Enlightenment, gaining popularity among Western world, Western philosophers and economists. Liberalism sought to replace the Norm (so ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Riccardo Bauer
Riccardo Bauer (6 January 1896 – 15 October 1982) was an Italian anti-fascist journalist and political figure. He was one of the early Italians who fought against Benito Mussolini's rule. Due to his activities Bauer was imprisoned for a long time and was freed only after the collapse of the Fascist rule in 1943. Biography Riccardo Bauer was born in Milan on 6 January 1896. His parents were Francesco who was from Bohemia and Giuseppina Cairoli. In 1922 he began to collaborate with '' La Rivoluzione Liberale'', an anti-Fascist magazine by Piero Gobetti. In July 1924 he founded an anti-fascist magazine, ''Il Caffè'', which existed until May 1925. In 1926 Bauer helped Filippo Turati's escape from Milan to Paris due to the oppression of the Fascist rule. The same year Bauer was arrested and was in prison for seven months. Then he was sentenced to two years of confinement first on the island of Ustica and then in Lipari between January and 10 April 1928. Back in Milan, Bauer resume ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Massimo Mila
Massimo Mila (14 August 1910 – 26 December 1988) was an Italian musicologist, music critic, intellectual and anti-fascist. Biography He studied at the Liceo classico Massimo d'Azeglio in Turin, where he was a pupil of Augusto Monti and where he had Cesare Pavese, Leone Ginzburg, Norberto Bobbio and Guido Seborga as fellow students. He also met Giulio Einaudi, to whom he gave Latin lessons, introducing him to the "brotherhood" of D'Azeglio's former students, including Vittorio Foa, Giulio Carlo Argan, Ludovico Geymonat, Franco Antonicelli, and others. He started his career as a music critic in 1928 publishing articles in the magazine '' Il Baretti''. He graduated in literature in 1931 from the University of Turin, aged twenty-one, with a thesis entitled ''Il melodramma di Verdi'', which, thanks to the direct interest of the philosopher Benedetto Croce, would be published two years later by the Laterza publishing house in Bari. He was also an expert mountaineer, and a member ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ernesto Rossi (politician)
Ernesto Rossi (25 August 1897 – 9 February 1967) was an Italian politician, journalist, and anti-fascist activist. His ideas contributed to the Action Party, and subsequently the Radical Party. He was co-author of the Ventotene Manifesto. Born in Caserta, the not yet nineteen-years old Rossi voluntarily enlisted and fought in World War I. After the war, moved by opposition to the socialists' attitude of hostility towards war veterans and their sacrifices and by contempt of the incapable political class of bounding idealists, he approached the nationalists of ''Il Popolo d'Italia'' (directed by Benito Mussolini), a newspaper with which he collaborated from 1919 to 1922. During that time, Rossi met Gaetano Salvemini, a democratic left-interventionist with whom he formed a long-lasting bond of respect and friendship, and he moved definitively and radically further from the positions that were bringing to the Italian fascist Italian fascism (), also called classical fascism ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
OVRA
The OVRA, unofficially known as the Organization for Vigilance and Repression of Anti-Fascism (), was the secret police of the Kingdom of Italy during the reign of King Victor Emmanuel III. It was founded in 1927 under the regime of Italian fascist dictator Benito Mussolini. The OVRA was the Italian precursor of Nazi Germany's secret police. Mussolini's secret police were assigned to stop any anti-fascist activity or sentiment. Approximately 50,000 OVRA agents infiltrated most aspects of domestic life in Italy. The OVRA, headed by Arturo Bocchini, never appeared in any official document, so the official name of the organization still remains unclear. Origin In the aftermath of the attempted assassination of Mussolini by the young Anteo Zamboni, in Bologna on 31 October 1926, a swath of repressive legislation was swiftly enacted by the Italian government. All political parties, associations, and organizations opposed to Fascist Italy were dissolved, and everybody who was pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
