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Viola Sororia
''Viola sororia'' ( ), known commonly as the common blue violet, is a short-stemmed herbaceous Perennial plant, perennial plant native to eastern North America. It is known by a number of common names, including common meadow violet, purple violet, woolly blue violet, hooded violet, and wood violet. This perennial plant is distributed in the eastern half of the United States, Canada, and a part of eastern Mexico. Its native habitats are rich, moist woods, and swamps located in the eastern half of the United States and Canada. Its cultivar 'Albiflora' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. Self-seeding freely in lawns and gardens, it can be considered a weed by some. Cleistogamous seed heads may also appear on short stems in late summer and early autumn. Description ''Viola sororia'' is a short-stemmed, herbaceous perennial plant that grows in well-drained and shady habitats. This wide violet has glossy, heart-shaped leaves and are topped with pu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Viola Cucullata
''Viola cucullata'', the hooded blue violet, marsh blue violet or purple violet, is a species of the genus ''Viola'' native to eastern North America, from Newfoundland west to Ontario and Minnesota, and south to Georgia. It is a recipient of the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. Description The purple violet is a low-growing perennial herbaceous plant up to tall. The leaves form a basal cluster; they are simple, up to broad, with an crenate-serrate margin and a long petiole. The flowers are violet, dark blue and occasionally white. with five petals. The fruit is a capsule long, which splits into three sections at maturity to release the numerous small seeds. Its habitats include wet meadows, prairies, and fields. File:Viola cucullata Flower1.JPG, A white purple violet. File:Viola cucullata 15-p.bot-viola.cucu-03.jpg, A closeup of a purple violet flower. Symbolism The purple violet is the provincial flower of New Brunswick. The purple violet is the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Elaiosome
Elaiosomes ( ''élaion'' "oil" + ''sóma'' "body") are fleshy structures that are attached to the seeds of many plant species. The elaiosome is rich in lipids and proteins, and may be variously shaped. Many plants have elaiosomes that attract ants, which take the seed to their nest and feed the elaiosome to their larvae. After the larvae have consumed the elaiosome, the ants take the seed to their waste disposal area, which is rich in nutrients from the ant frass and dead bodies, where the seeds Germination, germinate. This type of seed dispersal is termed myrmecochory from the Greek "ant" (myrmex) and "circular dance" (khoreíā). This type of Symbiosis, symbiotic relationship appears to be Mutualism (biology), mutualistic, more specifically dispersive mutualism according to Ricklefs, R.E. (2001), as the plant benefits because its seeds are dispersed to favorable germination sites, and also because it is planted (carried underground) by the ants. Elaiosomes develop in various ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Myrmecochory
Myrmecochory ( (sometimes myrmechory); from ("ant") and ''khoreíā'' ("circular dance") is seed dispersal by ants, an ecologically significant Myrmecophily, ant–plant Biological interaction, interaction with worldwide distribution. Most myrmecochorous plants produce seeds with elaiosomes, a term encompassing various external appendages or "food bodies" rich in lipids, amino acids, or other nutrients that are attractive to ants. The seed with its attached elaiosome is collectively known as a Diaspore (botany), diaspore. Seed dispersal by ants is typically accomplished when foraging workers carry diaspores back to the ant colony, after which the elaiosome is removed or fed directly to ant larvae. Once the elaiosome is consumed, the seed is usually discarded in an underground midden or ejected from the nest. Although diaspores are seldom distributed far from the parent plant, myrmecochores also benefit from this predominantly Mutualism (biology), mutualistic interaction thro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cleistogamy
Cleistogamy is a type of automatic self-pollination of certain plants that can propagate by using non-opening, self-pollinating flowers. Especially well known in peanuts, peas, and pansies, this behavior is most widespread in the grass family. However, the largest genus of cleistogamous plants is ''Viola''. Cleistogamy is promoted in the tomato plant by a modification of floral structures. This modification includes formation of a stigma enclosing floral structure. The more common opposite of cleistogamy, or "closed marriage", is called chasmogamy, or "open marriage". Virtually all plants that produce cleistogamous flowers also produce chasmogamous ones.Meeuse, Bastiaan and Sean Morris. 1984. The sex life of flowers. New York, NY: Facts on File Publishers. pp 110-111. The principal advantage of cleistogamy is that it requires fewer plant resources to produce seeds than does chasmogamy, because development of petals, nectar and large amounts of pollen is not required. This e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Andrena
''Andrena'' is a genus of bees in the family Andrenidae. With over 1,500 species, it is one of the largest genera of animals. It is a strongly Monophyly, monophyletic group that is difficult to split into more manageable divisions; currently, ''Andrena'' is organized into 104 subgenera. It is nearly worldwide in distribution, with the notable exceptions of Oceania and South America. Bees in this genus are commonly known as mining bees due to their ground-nesting lifestyle. Morphology ''Andrena'' are generally medium-sized bees; body length ranges between 8 and 17 mm with males being smaller and more slender than females. Most are black with white to tan hair, and their wings have either two or three submarginal cells. They carry pollen mainly on femoral Scopa (biology), scopal hairs, but many ''Andrena'' have an additional propodeal Pollen basket, corbicula for carrying some pollen on their thorax.C. D. Michener (2007) ''The Bees of the World'', 2nd Edition, Johns Hopki ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Halictidae
Halictidae is the second-largest family of bees (clade Anthophila) with nearly 4,500 species. They are commonly called sweat bees (especially the smaller species), as they are often attracted to perspiration. Halictid species are an extremely diverse group that can vary greatly in appearance. These bees occur all over the world and are found on every continent except Antarctica. Usually dark-colored (frequently brown or black) and often metallic, halictids are found in various sizes, colors and patterns. Several species are all or partly green and a few are red, purple, or blue. A number of them have yellow markings, especially the males, which commonly have yellow faces, a pattern widespread among the various families of bees. The family is one of many with short tongues and is best distinguished by the arcuate (strongly curved) basal vein found on the wing. Females in this family tend to be larger than the males. They are the group for which the term 'eusocial' was first coined b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mason Bee
Mason bee is a name now commonly used for species of bees in the genus ''Osmia'', of the family Megachilidae. Mason bees are named for their habit of using mud or other "masonry" products in constructing their nests, which are made in naturally occurring gaps such as between cracks in stones or other small dark cavities. When available, some species preferentially use hollow stems or holes in wood made by wood-boring insects. Species of the genus include the orchard mason bee '' O. lignaria'', the blueberry bee '' O. ribifloris'', the hornfaced bee '' O. cornifrons'', and the red mason bee '' O. bicornis''. The former two are native to the Americas, the third to eastern Asia, and the latter to the European continent, although ''O. lignaria'' and ''O. cornifrons'' have been moved from their native ranges for commercial purposes. Over 300 species are found across the Northern Hemisphere. Most occur in temperate habitats within the Palearctic and Nearctic realms, and are active from ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Euptoieta Claudia
''Euptoieta claudia'', the variegated fritillary, is a North America, North and South American butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. Even though the variegated fritillary has some very different characteristics from the ''Speyeria'' fritillaries, it is still closely related to them. Some of the differences are: variegated fritillaries have two or three broods per year vs. one per year in ''Speyeria''; they are nomadic vs. sedentary; and they use a wide range of host plants vs. just Viola (plant), violets. And because of their use of passionflowers as a host plant, variegated fritillaries also have Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic links to the Heliconiinae, heliconians. Their flight is low and swift, but even when resting or nectaring, this species is extremely difficult to approach, and, because of this, its genus name was taken from the Greek word ''euptoietos'' meaning "easily scared".Rich Cech and Guy Tudor (2005). ''The Butterflies of the East Coast''. Princeton University Press, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Speyeria Cybele
''Speyeria'', commonly known as greater fritillaries, is a genus of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae commonly found in North America, Europe, and Asia. Some authors used to consider this taxon a subgenus of ''Argynnis'', but it has been reestablished as a separate genus in 2017. Species The genus has 3 species in Eurasia (these were formerly known as genus ''Mesoacidalia'', now a synonym of ''Speyeria''): *''Speyeria aglaja'' (Linnaeus, 1758) – Dark green fritillary *''Speyeria alexandra'' (Ménétriés, 1832) *''Speyeria clara'' (Blanchard, [1844]) and 16 species in North America: *''Speyeria diana'' (Cramer, [1777]) – Diana fritillary *''Speyeria cybele'' (Fabricius, 1775) – great spangled fritillary *''Speyeria aphrodite'' (Fabricius, 1787) – Aphrodite fritillary *''Speyeria idalia'' (Drury, [1773]) – regal fritillary *''Speyeria nokomis'' (Edwards, 1862) – Nokomis fritillary *''Speyeria edwardsii'' (Reakirt, 1866) – Edward's fritillary *''Speyeria coron ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Argynnini
Argynnini is a Tribe (biology), tribe of butterfly, butterflies in the subfamily Heliconiinae, containing some of the fritillaries. This group has roughly 100 species worldwide and roughly 30 in North America. Systematics This group has also been classified as subtribe Argynnina of the Heliconiini, or even as a distinct subfamily Argynninae in the Nymphalidae. Genera Following studies of molecular phylogeny, genus delimitation has been unstable in recent years. Several earlier genera are now junior synonyms of ''Argynnis'' (''Argyreus'', ''Argyronome'', ''Damora'' and others, but ''Speyeria'' and ''Fabriciana'' have been split off again). Similarly, ''Boloria'' now includes ''Clossiana'' and ''Proclossiana'', and ''Issoria'' includes ''Kuekenthaliella''. * ''Euptoieta'' Doubleday, 1848 * ''Pardopsis'' Trimen, 1887 (uncertain placement, possibly in Acraeini, although more recent analysis places the genus in Argynnini) * ''Yramea'' Reuss, 1920 * ''Boloria'' Moore, 1900 (now inclu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Interfertile
In biology, a hybrid is the offspring resulting from combining the qualities of two organisms of different varieties, subspecies, species or genera through sexual reproduction. Generally, it means that each cell has genetic material from two different organisms, whereas an individual where some cells are derived from a different organism is called a chimera. Hybrids are not always intermediates between their parents such as in blending inheritance (a now discredited theory in modern genetics by particulate inheritance), but can show hybrid vigor, sometimes growing larger or taller than either parent. The concept of a hybrid is interpreted differently in animal and plant breeding, where there is interest in the individual parentage. In genetics, attention is focused on the numbers of chromosomes. In taxonomy, a key question is how closely related the parent species are. Species are reproductively isolated by strong barriers to hybridization, which include genetic and morphological ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
