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Vatanym Tatarstan
(; ''Our Homeland Tatarstan'') is the main Tatar language newspaper, published in Kazan. The paper first published in March 1918 as (, ''Labour'') by the Kazan Muslim Commissariat with and as its first editors. At first, the daily paper did not contain pictures and used the İske imlâ Arabic-based orthography, switching in 1920 to the Yaña imlâ orthography when it became (, ''Tatarstan News''). From 1929 to 1939, as part of Soviet latinization efforts, the newspaper was published as in the Yañalif orthography. In February 2022, it changed names to become (). Throughout its history, Vatanym Tatarstan focused on the social, political, and cultural issues in Tatarstan, and many influential Tatar journalists worked at the paper over the years, including Fatix Ämirxan, Musa Cälil, Äxmät İsxaq Äxmät İsxaq (1905–1991) was a Soviet Tatar poet, translator and journalist. Biography Äxmät İsxaq was born in Kazan. He received his professional education at ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kazan
Kazan; , IPA: Help:IPA/Tatar, [qɑzan] is the largest city and capital city, capital of Tatarstan, Russia. The city lies at the confluence of the Volga and the Kazanka (river), Kazanka Rivers, covering an area of , with a population of over 1.3 million residents, and up to nearly 2 million residents in the greater Kazan metropolitan area, metropolitan area. Kazan is the List of cities and towns in Russia by population, fifth-largest city in Russia, being the Volga#Biggest cities on the shores of the Volga, most populous city on the Volga, as well as within the Volga Federal District. Historically, Kazan was the capital of the Khanate of Kazan, and was Siege of Kazan, conquered by Ivan the Terrible in the 16th century, at which point the city became a part of the Tsardom of Russia. The city was seized (and largely destroyed) during Pugachev's Rebellion (1773–1775), but was later rebuilt during the reign of Catherine the Great. In the following centuries, Kazan grew to become a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tatarstan
Tatarstan, officially the Republic of Tatarstan, sometimes also called Tataria, is a Republics of Russia, republic of Russia located in Eastern Europe. It is a part of the Volga Federal District; and its capital city, capital and largest city is Kazan, an important cultural centre in Russia. The region's main source of wealth is Petroleum, oil with a strong Petrochemical industry, petrochemical industry. The republic borders the Oblasts of Russia, oblasts of Kirov Oblast, Kirov, Ulyanovsk Oblast, Ulyanovsk, Samara Oblast, Samara and Orenburg Oblast, Orenburg, as well as the republics of Mari El, Udmurtia, Chuvashia and Bashkortostan. The area of the republic is , occupying 0.4% of the total surface of the country. As of the Russian Census (2021), 2021 Census, the population of Tatarstan was 4,004,809. Tatarstan has strong cultural, linguistic and ethnic ties with its eastern neighbour, Bashkortostan, which is also a republic of Russia. The official languages of the republ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tatar Language
Tatar ( ; or ) is a Turkic languages, Turkic language spoken by the Volga Tatars mainly located in modern Tatarstan (European Russia), as well as Siberia. It should not be confused with Crimean Tatar language, Crimean Tatar or Siberian Tatar language, Siberian Tatar, which are closely related but belong to different subgroups of the Kipchak languages. Geographic distribution The Tatar language is spoken in Russia by about 5.3 million people, and also by communities in Azerbaijan, China, Finland, Georgia (country), Georgia, Israel, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Turkey, Ukraine, the United States, Uzbekistan, and several other countries. Globally, there are more than 7 million speakers of Tatar. Tatar is also the mother tongue for several thousand Mari people, Mari, a Finnic peoples, Finnic people; Mordva's Qaratay group also speak a variant of Kazan Tatar. In the Russian Census (2010), 2010 census, 69% of Russian Tatars claimed at least some knowledge of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
İske Imlâ Alphabet
İske imlâ (İske imlâ: , , , "Old Orthography") is a variant of the Arabic script, used for the Tatar language before 1920, as well as for the Old Tatar language. This alphabet can be referred to as "old" only to contrast it with Yaña imlâ. Additional characters that could not be found in Arabic and Persian alphabet, Persian were borrowed from the Chagatai language. The final alphabet was reformed by Qayum Nasiri in the 1870s. In 1920, it was replaced by the Yaña imlâ (which was not an Abjad, but derived from the same source). This alphabet is currently used by Chinese Tatars, who speak an archaic variant of the Tatar language. Description ] Use of the Arabic script for Tatar was linked to Pan Islam and anti-Sovietism, with the old traditional class promoting Arabic script in opposition to the Soviets. Based on the standard Arabic alphabet, İske imlâ reflected all vowels in the beginning and end of a word and back vowels in the middle of a word with letters, but ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yaña Imlâ Alphabet
Yaña imlâ (Yaña imlâ: , , , lit. "New orthography") was a modified variant of Arabic script that was in use for the Tatar language between 1920 and 1927. The orthographical reform modified İske imlâ, abolishing excess Arabic letters, adding letters for short vowels e, ı, ö, o. Yaña imlâ made use of "Arabic Letter Low Alef" to indicate vowel harmony. Arguably, Yaña imlâ had as its goal the accommodation of the alphabet to the actual Tatar pronunciation. There were some projects that were to simplify Yaña imlâ too. The unique ''separated Arabic'' was invented (so as to use typewriters). Separated Arabic was even incorporated in the early flag of Tatar ASSR, though it was not in real use. As early as in 1924 the first projects of Latin script were introduced and in 1928 alphabet was switched to the Latin Yañalif alphabet. Vowels In Tatar Arabic alphabet, 10 vowels are defined. These occur in pairs, front and back vowels. Similar to other Turkic languages, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Latinisation In The Soviet Union
Latinisation or latinization ( ) was a campaign in the Soviet Union to adopt the Latin script during the 1920s and 1930s. Latinisation aimed to replace Cyrillic and traditional writing systems for all languages of the Soviet Union with Latin or Latin-based systems, or introduce them for languages that did not have a writing system. Latinisation began to slow in the Soviet Union during the 1930s and a Cyrillisation campaign was launched instead. Latinization had effectively ended by the 1940s. Most of these Latin alphabets are defunct and several (especially for languages in the Caucasus) contain multiple letters that do not have Unicode support as of 2023. History Background Since at least 1700, some intellectuals in the Russian Empire had sought to Latinise the Russian language, written in Cyrillic script, in their desire for closer relations with the West. The early 20th century, the Bolsheviks had four goals: to break with Tsarism, to spread socialism to the whol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yañalif
The New Turkic Alphabet or Yañalif ( Tatar: jaꞑa əlifba/yaña älifba → jaꞑalif/yañalif, , Cyrillic: Яңалиф, "new alphabet"), is the first Latin alphabet used during the latinisation in the Soviet Union in the 1930s for the Turkic languages. It replaced the Arabic script-based alphabets like Yaña imlâ used for Tatar in 1928, and was replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet in 1938–1940. After their respective independence in 1991, several former Soviet states in Central Asia switched back to Latin script, with slight modifications to the original Yañalif. There are 33 letters in Yañalif, nine of which are vowels. The apostrophe (') is used for the glottal stop (həmzə or hämzä) and is sometimes considered a letter for the purposes of alphabetic sorting. Other characters may also be used in spelling foreign names. The lowercase form of the letter B is ʙ (small caps B), to prevent confusion with Ь ь (I with bowl). Letter No. 33, similar to Zhuang Ƅ, is not ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Musa Cälil
Musa Cälil (, ; ; – 25 August 1944) was a Soviet Tatar poet and resistance fighter during World War II. He is the only poet of the Soviet Union awarded simultaneously the Hero of the Soviet Union award for his resistance fighting and the Lenin Prize for having written ''The Moabit Notebooks''; both awards were bestowed upon him posthumously.Mussa Jalil. Selected poems. Poetry of Truth and Passion. Rafael Mustafin, translated by Lydia Kmetyuk. Moscow, Progress Publishers, 1981 Biography Early life Musa Cälil was born in Mustafino, a village in Orenburg Governorate, to a family of junk dealers. He graduated from in Orenburg. His first published works were revolutionary verses. The Turkic '' aruz wezni'' poetic rhythm is seen in Cälil's early works, which is attributed to '' Gisyanism'' (; гыйсъянизм), a romantic poetic style celebrating revolution that was often found in young Tatar poetry of the 1920s. In 1919, he joined the underground Komsomol cell in Orenb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Äxmät İsxaq
Äxmät İsxaq (1905–1991) was a Soviet Tatar poet, translator and journalist. Biography Äxmät İsxaq was born in Kazan. He received his professional education at the Möxämmädiä madrasa and the Tatar State University of Humanities and Education, Tatar Pedagogical Institute in Kazan, before starting work in the editorial office of the Tatar Regional Committee of Komsomol. In 1925, he was sent to Moscow to study at the Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography, State Film School, but he soon joined the editorial office of the Tatar language, Tatar-language newspaper (Эшче; The Worker) where he met the Tatar writers Musa Cälil and . In 1928, he returned to Kazan and began working for other Tatar-language publications, including the newspaper ''Vatanym Tatarstan, Qızıl Tatarstan'' (Кызыл Татарстан; Red Tatarstan) and the satirical magazine ' (Чаян; Scorpion). In 1939, he became head of the Tatar ASSR branch of the Union of Soviet Writers, a position ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ISO 216
ISO 216 is an international standard for paper sizes, used around the world except in North America and parts of Latin America. The standard defines the "A", "B" and "C" series of paper sizes, which includes the A4, the most commonly available paper size worldwide. Two supplementary standards, ISO 217 and ISO 269, define related paper sizes; the ISO 269 "C" series is commonly listed alongside the A and B sizes. All ISO 216, ISO 217 and ISO 269 paper sizes (except some envelopes) have the same aspect ratio, , within rounding to millimetres. This ratio has the unique property that when cut or folded in half widthways, the halves also have the same aspect ratio. Each ISO paper size is one half of the area of the next larger size in the same series. Dimensions of A, B and C series History The oldest known mention of the advantages of basing a paper size on an aspect ratio of \sqrt is found in a letter written on 25 October 1786 by the German scientist Georg Christoph ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
