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Variable Length Unsigned Integer
A variable-length quantity (VLQ) is a universal code that uses an arbitrary number of binary octets (eight- bit bytes) to represent an arbitrarily large integer. A VLQ is essentially a base-128 representation of an unsigned integer with the addition of the eighth bit to mark continuation of bytes. VLQ is identical to LEB128 except in endianness. See the example below. Applications and history Base-128 compression is known by many namesVB (Variable Byte), VByte, Varint, VInt, EncInt etc.Jianguo Wang; Chunbin Lin; Yannis Papakonstantinou; Steven Swanson"An Experimental Study of Bitmap Compression vs. Inverted List Compression". 2017. . A variable-length quantity (VLQ) was defined for use in the standard MIDI file formatMIDI File Format: Variable Quantities ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Universal Code (data Compression)
In data compression, a universal code for integers is a prefix code that maps the positive integers onto binary codewords, with the additional property that whatever the true probability distribution on integers, as long as the distribution is monotonic (i.e., ''p''(''i'') ≥ ''p''(''i'' + 1) for all positive ''i''), the expected lengths of the codewords are within a constant factor of the expected lengths that the optimal code for that probability distribution would have assigned. A universal code is ''asymptotically optimal'' if the ratio between actual and optimal expected lengths is bounded by a function of the information entropy of the code that, in addition to being bounded, approaches 1 as entropy approaches infinity. In general, most prefix codes for integers assign longer codewords to larger integers. Such a code can be used to efficiently communicate a message drawn from a set of possible messages, by simply ordering the set of messages ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
LLVM
LLVM, also called LLVM Core, is a target-independent optimizer and code generator. It can be used to develop a Compiler#Front end, frontend for any programming language and a Compiler#Back end, backend for any instruction set architecture. LLVM is designed around a language-independent specification, language-independent intermediate representation (IR) that serves as a Software portability, portable, high-level assembly language that can be optimizing compiler, optimized with a variety of transformations over multiple passes. The name ''LLVM'' originally stood for ''Low Level Virtual Machine.'' However, the project has since expanded, and the name is no longer an acronym but an orphan initialism. LLVM is written in C++ and is designed for compile-time, Linker (computing), link-time, runtime (program lifecycle phase), runtime, and "idle-time" optimization. Originally implemented for C (programming language), C and C++, the language-agnostic design of LLVM has since spawned a wide ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Radix
In a positional numeral system, the radix (radices) or base is the number of unique digits, including the digit zero, used to represent numbers. For example, for the decimal system (the most common system in use today) the radix is ten, because it uses the ten digits from 0 through 9. In any standard positional numeral system, a number is conventionally written as with ''x'' as the string of digits and ''y'' as its base. For base ten, the subscript is usually assumed and omitted (together with the enclosing parentheses), as it is the most common way to express value. For example, (the decimal system is implied in the latter) and represents the number one hundred, while (100)2 (in the binary system with base 2) represents the number four. Etymology ''Radix'' is a Latin word for "root". ''Root'' can be considered a synonym for ''base,'' in the arithmetical sense. In numeral systems Generally, in a system with radix ''b'' (), a string of digits denotes the number , ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
137 (number)
137 (one hundred [and] thirty-seven) is the natural number following 136 (number), 136 and preceding 138 (number), 138. Mathematics 137 is: * the 33rd prime number; the next is 139 (number), 139, with which it comprises a twin prime, and thus 137 is a Chen prime. * an Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part and a real part of the form 3n - 1. * the fourth Stern prime. * a Pythagorean prime: a prime number of the form 4n+1, where n=34 (137=4\times 34+1) or the sum of two squares 11^+4^ = (121+16). * a combination of three terms 4^+3^-2^ = (64+81-8), cube of 4 + Triangular number T4+T2 on each cube face (along 3 axes) - peaks (single 6th peak as free link) * a strong prime in the sense that it is more than the arithmetic mean of its two neighboring primes. * a strictly non-palindromic number and a primeval number. * a factor of 10001 (the other being 73 (number), 73) and the repdigit 11111111 (= 10001 × 1111). * using two radii to divide a circle according to the golden ratio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Uintvar Coding
A variable-length quantity (VLQ) is a universal code that uses an arbitrary number of binary octets (eight-bit bytes) to represent an arbitrarily large integer. A VLQ is essentially a base-128 representation of an unsigned integer with the addition of the eighth bit to mark continuation of bytes. VLQ is identical to LEB128 except in endianness. See the example below. Applications and history Base-128 compression is known by many namesVB (Variable Byte), VByte, Varint, VInt, EncInt etc.Jianguo Wang; Chunbin Lin; Yannis Papakonstantinou; Steven Swanson"An Experimental Study of Bitmap Compression vs. Inverted List Compression". 2017. . A variable-length quantity (VLQ) was defined for use in the standard MIDI file formatMIDI File Format: Variable Quantities [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bijective Numeration
Bijective numeration is any numeral system in which every non-negative integer can be represented in exactly one way using a finite string of digits. The name refers to the bijection (i.e. one-to-one correspondence) that exists in this case between the set of non-negative integers and the set of finite strings using a finite set of symbols (the "digits"). Most ordinary numeral systems, such as the common decimal system, are not bijective because more than one string of digits can represent the same positive integer. In particular, adding leading zeroes does not change the value represented, so "1", "01" and "001" all represent the number one. Even though only the first is usual, the fact that the others are possible means that the decimal system is not bijective. However, the unary numeral system, with only one digit, ''is'' bijective. A bijective base-''k'' numeration is a bijective positional notation. It uses a string of digits from the set (where ''k'' ≥ 1) to encode ea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Git (software)
Git () is a distributed version control software system, system that tracks versions of computer file, files. It is often used to control source code by Programmer, programmers who are software development, developing software collaboratively. Design goals of Git include speed, data integrity, and support for Distributed computing, distributed, non-linear workflows — thousands of parallel Branching (version control), branches running on different computers. "So I'm writing some scripts to try to track things a whole lot faster." As with most other distributed version control systems, and unlike most client–server systems, Git maintains a local copy of the entire Repository (version control), repository, also known as "repo", with history and version-tracking abilities, independent of Computer network, network access or a central Server (computing), server. A repository is stored on each computer in a standard directory (computing), directory with additional, Hidden f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sign Extension
Sign extension (sometimes abbreviated as sext, particularly in mnemonics) is the operation, in computer arithmetic, of increasing the number of bits of a binary number while preserving the number's sign (positive/negative) and value. This is done by appending digits to the most significant side of the number, following a procedure dependent on the particular signed number representation used. For example, if six bits are used to represent the number "00 1010" (decimal positive 10) and the sign extends operation increases the word length to 16 bits, then the new representation is simply "0000 0000 0000 1010". Thus, both the value and the fact that the value was positive are maintained. If ten bits are used to represent the value "11 1111 0001" (decimal negative 15) using two's complement, and this is sign extended to 16 bits, the new representation is "1111 1111 1111 0001". Thus, by padding the left side with ones, the negative sign and the value of the original number are m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Two's Complement
Two's complement is the most common method of representing signed (positive, negative, and zero) integers on computers, and more generally, fixed point binary values. Two's complement uses the binary digit with the ''greatest'' value as the ''sign'' to indicate whether the binary number is positive or negative; when the most significant bit is ''1'' the number is signed as negative and when the most significant bit is ''0'' the number is signed as positive. As a result, non-negative numbers are represented as themselves: 6 is 0110, zero is 0000, and −6 is 1010 (the result of applying the bitwise NOT operator to 6 and adding 1). However, while the number of binary bits is fixed throughout a computation it is otherwise arbitrary. Unlike the ones' complement scheme, the two's complement scheme has only one representation for zero. Furthermore, arithmetic implementations can be used on signed as well as unsigned integers and differ only in the integer overflow situations. Proce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Signed Integer
In computer science, an integer is a datum of integral data type, a data type that represents some range of mathematical integers. Integral data types may be of different sizes and may or may not be allowed to contain negative values. Integers are commonly represented in a computer as a group of binary digits (bits). The size of the grouping varies so the set of integer sizes available varies between different types of computers. Computer hardware nearly always provides a way to represent a processor register or memory address as an integer. Value and representation The ''value'' of an item with an integral type is the mathematical integer that it corresponds to. Integral types may be ''unsigned'' (capable of representing only non-negative integers) or ''signed'' (capable of representing negative integers as well). An integer value is typically specified in the source code of a program as a sequence of digits optionally prefixed with + or −. Some programming languages allow ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Unreal Engine
Unreal Engine (UE) is a 3D computer graphics game engine developed by Epic Games, first showcased in the 1998 first-person shooter video game '' Unreal''. Initially developed for PC first-person shooters, it has since been used in a variety of genres of games and has been adopted by other industries, most notably the film and television industry. Unreal Engine is written in C++ and features a high degree of portability, supporting a wide range of desktop, mobiles, console, and virtual reality platforms. The latest generation, Unreal Engine 5, was launched in April 2023. Its source code is available on GitHub, and commercial use is granted based on a royalty model, with Epic charging 5% of revenues over US $1 million, which is waived for games published exclusively on the Epic Games Store. Epic has incorporated features in the engine from acquired companies such as Quixel, which is seen as benefiting from '' Fortnite'''s revenue. History First generation Unreal Engine 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Branch (computer Science)
A branch, jump or transfer is an instruction in a computer program that can cause a computer to begin executing a different instruction sequence and thus deviate from its default behavior of executing instructions in order. ''Branch'' (or ''branching'', ''branched'') may also refer to the act of switching execution to a different instruction sequence as a result of executing a branch instruction. Branch instructions are used to implement control flow in program loops and conditionals (i.e., executing a particular sequence of instructions only if certain conditions are satisfied). A branch instruction can be either an ''unconditional branch'', which always results in branching, or a ''conditional branch'', which may or may not cause branching depending on some condition. Also, depending on how it specifies the address of the new instruction sequence (the "target" address), a branch instruction is generally classified as ''direct'', ''indirect'' or ''relative'', meaning that the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
