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ULK1
ULK1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''ULK1'' gene. Unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase (ULK1/2) are two similar isoforms of an enzyme that in humans are encoded by the ''ULK1/2'' genes. ">/sup> ">/sup> It is specifically a kinase that is involved with autophagy, particularly in response to amino acid withdrawal. Not many studies have been done comparing the two isoforms, but some differences have been recorded. Function Ulk1/2 is an important protein in autophagy for mammalian cells, and is homologous to ATG1 in yeast. It is part of the ULK1-complex, which is needed in early steps of autophagosome biogenesis. The ULK1 complex also consists of the FAK family kinase interacting protein of 200 kDa (FIP200 or RB1CC1) and the HORMA (Hop/Rev7/Mad2) domain-containing proteins ATG13 and ATG101. ULK1, specifically, appears to be the most essential for autophagy and is activated under conditions of nutrient deprivation by several upstream signals which is followed b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Atg1
AuTophaGy related 1 (Atg1) is a 101.7kDa serine/threonine kinase in ''S.cerevisiae'', encoded by the gene ATG1. It is essential for the initial building of the autophagosome and Cvt vesicles. In a non-kinase role it is - through complex formation with Atg13 and Atg17 - directly controlled by the TOR kinase, a sensor for nutrient availability. Introduction Atg1 can associate with a number of other proteins of the Atg family to form a complex that functions in autophagosome or Cvt vesicle formation. The initiation of autophagy involves the building of the pre-autophagosomal structure (PAS). Most Atg proteins accumulate at the PAS and generate either Cvt vesicles under normal growing conditions or autophagosomes under starvation. To date, there are 31 ATG genes, which can be classified into several different groups according to their functions at the different steps of the pathway. 17 of these genes only work in the Cvt pathway. Structure The Atg1 gene lies on chromosome VII of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Autophagy
Autophagy (or autophagocytosis; from the Ancient Greek , , meaning "self-devouring" and , , meaning "hollow") is the natural, conserved degradation of the cell that removes unnecessary or dysfunctional components through a lysosome-dependent regulated mechanism. It allows the orderly degradation and recycling of cellular components. Although initially characterized as a primordial degradation pathway induced to protect against starvation, it has become increasingly clear that autophagy also plays a major role in the homeostasis of non-starved cells. Defects in autophagy have been linked to various human diseases, including neurodegeneration and cancer, and interest in modulating autophagy as a potential treatment for these diseases has grown rapidly. Four forms of autophagy have been identified: macroautophagy, microautophagy, chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), and crinophagy. In macroautophagy (the most thoroughly researched form of autophagy), cytoplasmic components (like ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SDCBP
Syntenin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SDCBP'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene was initially identified as a molecule linking syndecan-mediated signaling to the cytoskeleton. The syntenin protein contains tandemly repeated PDZ domains that bind the cytoplasmic, C-terminal domains of a variety of transmembrane proteins. This protein may also affect cytoskeletal-membrane organization, cell adhesion, protein trafficking, and the activation of transcription factors. The protein is primarily localized to membrane-associated adherens junctions and focal adhesions but is also found at the endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. Interactions SDCBP has been shown to interact with: * EFNB1, * GRIK1, * GRIK2, * Interleukin 5 receptor alpha subunit, * Merlin, * RAB5A, * SOX4, * TRAF6, * ULK1. and * ERICH2 Glutamate Rich Protein 2 is a protein in huma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SYNGAP1
Synaptic Ras GTPase-activating protein 1, also known as synaptic Ras-GAP 1 or SYNGAP1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SYNGAP1'' gene. SYNGAP1 is a ras GTPase-activating protein that is critical for the development of cognition and proper synapse function. Mutations in humans can cause intellectual disability, epilepsy, autism and sensory processing deficits. Function SynGAP1 is a complex protein with several functions that may be regulated temporally via complex isoforms. A well-documented function of SynGAP1 involves NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic plasticity and membrane insertion of AMPA receptors through the suppression of upstream signaling pathways. However, SynGAP1 has also been shown to function cooperatively with Unc51.1 in axon formation. One way SynGAP1 affects these processes is through the MAP kinase signaling pathway by attenuation of Ras signalling. However, alternative splicing and multiple translational start sites have been shown to caus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GABARAP
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GABARAP'' gene. Function Gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptors ABA(A) receptorsare ligand-gated chloride channels that mediate inhibitory neurotransmission. This gene encodes GABA(A) receptor-associated protein, which is highly positively charged in its N-terminus and shares sequence similarity with light chain-3 of microtubule-associated proteins 1A and 1B. This protein clusters neurotransmitter receptors by mediating interaction with the cytoskeleton. Moreover, GABARAP has an important function in autophagosome mediated autophagy, since it is crucial for autophagosome formation and sequestration of cytosolic cargo into double-membrane vesicles, leading to subsequent degradation after fusion with lysosomes. In addition, GABARAP can mediate selective autophagy because it binds to so-called autophagic receptors (e.g. p62, NBr1), which bind and recruit specific cargo. Interactions ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GABARAPL2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein-like 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GABARAPL2'' gene. Interactions GABARAPL2 has been shown to interact with ULK1 ULK1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''ULK1'' gene. Unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase (ULK1/2) are two similar isoforms of an enzyme that in humans are encoded by the ''ULK1/2'' genes. ">/sup> ">/sup> It is specifically a ki ..., ATG4B, and FAM134B. References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * {{gene-16-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MTORC1
mTORC1, also known as mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 or mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1, is a protein complex that functions as a nutrient/energy/redox sensor and controls protein synthesis. mTOR Complex 1 (mTORC1) is composed of the mTOR protein complex, regulatory-associated protein of mTOR (commonly known as raptor), mammalian lethal with SEC13 protein 8 (MLST8), PRAS40 and DEPTOR. This complex embodies the classic functions of mTOR, namely as a nutrient/energy/redox sensor and controller of protein synthesis. The activity of this complex is regulated by rapamycin, insulin, growth factors, phosphatidic acid, certain amino acids and their derivatives (e.g., -leucine and β-hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid), mechanical stimuli, and oxidative stress. Recently it has been also demonstrated that cellular bicarbonate metabolism can be regulated by mTORC1 signaling. The role of mTORC1 is to activate translation of proteins. In order for cells to grow and prolife ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sequestosome 1
Sequestosome-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SQSTM1'' gene. Also known as the ubiquitin-binding protein p62, it is an autophagosome cargo protein that targets other proteins that bind to it for selective autophagy. By interacting with GATA4 and targeting it for degradation, it can inhibit GATA-4 associated senescence and senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Model organisms Model organisms have been used in the study of SQSTM1 function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called ''Sqstm1tm1a(KOMP)Wtsi'' was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program — a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists. Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Twenty two tests were carried out on homozygous mutant mice and one significant abnormality was observed: females had abnormal complete blood count paramet ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
BECN1
Beclin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''BECN1'' gene. Beclin-1 is a mammalian ortholog of the yeast autophagy-related gene 6 (Atg6) and BEC-1 in the C. elegans nematode. This protein interacts with either BCL-2 or PI3k class III, playing a critical role in the regulation of both autophagy and cell death. Role in disease Beclin-1 plays an important role in tumorigenesis, and neurodegeneration, being implicated in the autophagic programmed cell death. Ovarian cancer with upregulated autophagy has a less aggressive behavior and is more responsive to chemotherapy. Schizophrenia is associated with low levels of Beclin-1 in the hippocampus of those affected, which causes diminished autophagy which in turn results in increased neuronal cell death.* Interactions BECN1 has been shown to interact with: * Bcl-2 * BCL2L2 * GOPC * MAP1LC3A * Rubicon * UVRAG Modulators ;Trehalose: Trehalose reduces p62/Beclin-1 ratio and increases autophagy Autophagy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
