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Turya (Avesta)
Turya or Turanian (Avestan , ) is the ethnonym of a group mentioned in the Avesta, i.e., the collection of sacred texts of Zoroastrianism. In those texts, the Turyas closely interact with the Aryas, i.e. the early Iranians. Their identity is unknown but they are assumed to have been Iranic horse nomads from the Eurasian steppe. Like the ethnonym Iranian, which is derived from Iran, the modern term Turanian is a back formation from the toponym Turan. Both Turan and Iran are in turn back formations from the Old Iranian ethnonyms Turya and Arya, respectively. Turya, or variants thereof, does not appear in any historically attested sources. However, the Turanians appear in later Iranian legends, in particular in the Shahnameh as the enemies of the Iranians. During medieval times, Turkic tribes began to settle in Turan and the name was increasingly applied to them. The modern pan-nationalist movement Turanism also ultimately derives its name from the term. In the Avesta Gatha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Avestan
Avestan ( ) is the liturgical language of Zoroastrianism. It belongs to the Iranian languages, Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages, Indo-European language family and was First language, originally spoken during the Avestan period, Old Iranian period ( – 400 BCE) by the Arya (Iran), Iranians living in the Avestan geography, eastern portion of Greater Iran. After Avestan Language death, became extinct, its religious texts were first transmitted Oral literature, orally until being collected and Sasanian Avesta, put into writing during the Sasanian empire, Sasanian period ( – 500 CE). The Avesta, extant material falls into two Variety (linguistics), groups: Old Avestan ( – 900 BCE) and Younger Avestan ( – 400 BCE). The immediate ancestor of Old Avestan was the Proto-Iranian language, a sister language to the Proto-Indo-Aryan language, with both having developed from the earlier Proto-Indo-Iranian language. As such, Old Avestan is quite close in both grammar and lexi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ahura Mazda
Ahura Mazda (; ; or , ),The former is the New Persian rendering of the Avestan form, while the latter derives from Middle Persian. also known as Horomazes (),, is the only creator deity and Sky deity, god of the sky in the ancient Iranian religion Zoroastrianism. He is the first and most frequently invoked spirit in the ''Yasna''. The literal meaning of the word ''Wikt:Ahura, Ahura'' is "lord", and that of ''Wikt:Mazda, Mazda'' is "wisdom". The first notable invocation of Ahura Mazda occurred during the Achaemenid Empire, Achaemenid period () with the Behistun Inscription of Darius the Great. Until the reign of Artaxerxes II (), Ahura Mazda was worshipped and invoked alone in all extant royal inscriptions. With Artaxerxes II, Ahura Mazda was gathered in a triad with Mithra and Anahita. In the Achaemenid period, there are no known representations of Ahura Mazda at the royal court other than the custom for every emperor to have an empty chariot drawn by white horses to invit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pishdadian Dynasty
The Pishdadian dynasty ( ) is a mythical line of primordial kings featured in Zoroastrian belief and Persian mythology. They are presented in legend as originally rulers of the world but whose realm was eventually limited to ''Ērānshahr'' or Greater Iran. Although there are scattered references to them in the Zoroastrian scriptures—the Avesta—and later Pahlavi literature, it is through the 11th-century Iranian national epic, the ''Shahnameh'', that the canonical form of their legends is known. From the 9th century, Muslim writers, notably Tabari, re-told many of the Pishdadian legends in prose histories and other works. The Pishdadian kings and the stories relating to them have no basis in historical fact, however. According to the ''Shahnameh'', the Pishdadians were the first Iranian peoples, Iranian dynasty, pre-dating the historical Achaemenids, and ruling for a period of over two thousand years. Their progenitor was Keyumars, the first human and the "Zoroastrian Adam". H ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Achaemenid Empire
The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenian Empire, also known as the Persian Empire or First Persian Empire (; , , ), was an Iranian peoples, Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty in 550 BC. Based in modern-day Iran, it was the List of largest empires#Timeline of largest empires to date, largest empire by that point in history, spanning a total of . The empire spanned from the Balkans and ancient Egypt, Egypt in the west, most of West Asia, the majority of Central Asia to the northeast, and the Indus Basin, Indus Valley of South Asia to the southeast. Around the 7th century BC, the region of Persis in the southwestern portion of the Iranian plateau was settled by the Persians. From Persis, Cyrus rose and defeated the Medes, Median Empire as well as Lydia and the Neo-Babylonian Empire, marking the establishment of a new imperial polity under the Achaemenid dynasty. In the modern era, the Achaemenid Empire has been recognised for its imposition of a succ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zamyad Yasht
The Zamyad Yasht also known as the Kayan Yasn is the nineteenth Yasht of the 21 Yasht collection and is dedicated to the veneration of Zam. It belongs to the ''Legendary Yashts'' and, with 97 stanzas, it is the fourth longest in the collection. Name The name of the Yasht is reported in different ways in the sources. While today, the name ''Zamyad Yasht'' is widely used, the early manuscripts F1 and E1 use the name ''Kayan Yasn'', i.e., Yasna of the Kayanians. This situation is caused by the disparate nature of the text, which consists of two different parts, one of which dedicated to the Kayanians. In addition, the origin of ''Zamyad'' itself remains a matter of debate. While the first part is derived from Zam, the divinity of Earth to whom the Yasht is dedicated, the second part is unclear. According to Pirar, it may be a corruption of ''zam yazata'' (Goddess Earth). Humbach and Ichaporia, however, reject this derivation based on the existence of the, otherwise implausible, ph ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Den Yasht
The Den Yasht is the sixteenth Yasht of the 21 Yasht collection. It is named after Daena, the Zoroastrian representation of ''conscience'' or ''religion'', but is actually dedicated to the veneration of Chista, the Zoroastrian divinity representing ''wisdom'' and ''insight''. Name The Den Yasht is named after Daena, a complex Zoroastrian concept, variably translated as ''vision'', ''conscience'' and ''religion''. It's content, however, make it clear that it is dedicated to Chista. It has been speculated that the similarity between the two concepts lead to a partial fusion of both, which may explain the apparent inconsistency. Structure and content The Den Yasht follows the structure established for other Yasht, such that the respective divinity is addressed by prominent people, known from the Zoroastrian tradition. There are however, also strong differences. In most Yashts, it is the legendary heroes from Iran's mythical history, which praise the gods in hope for boons related ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ram Yasht
The Ram Yasht is the fifteenth Yasht of the 21 Yasht collection. It is named after Raman, a minor Zoroastrian deity, but it is actually dedicated to Vayu, the Zoroastrian divinity representing the Wind and Atmosphere. Name Ram is the Middle Persian name of Raman (, ), a minor Zoroastrian divinity whose name translates as ''peace'' or ''tranquility'' and which is celebrated on the 21th day of the month of the Zoroastrian calendar. The content of the Yasht, however, does not mention Raman but is dedicated to Vayu (, ). This is one of the two Zoroastrian divinities representing the wind, with the other one being Vata (, ), with whom Vayu is sometimes fused. The title ''Ram Yasht'' is assumed to be a secondary addition to the text, presumably with the intent to align it with the Zoroastrian calendar. It is not clear what motivated the association between Raman and Vayu, although Kellens speculates that it was due to the close association of Vayu with Vata, whose name day is one ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drvaspa
Drvaspa (''druuāspā'', ''drvāspā'', ''drwāspā'') is the Avestan language name of an "enigmatic" and "strangely discreet". Zoroastrian divinity, whose name literally means "with solid horses" and which she is then nominally the hypostasis of. The word ''drvaspa'' is grammatically feminine. Proceeding from an observation in James Darmesteter's ''Avesta'' (1875), "it has been customary to compare her to the Celtic Epona." In the Avesta Despite the meaning of her name "with solid horses," Drvaspa does not appear in any context referring to horses, and is instead invoked in the company of ''Geush Tashan'' and ''Geush Urvan'', respectively representing the body and soul of cattle. This association occurs in the ''Siroza'', the 30 verses of the 30 days of the Zoroastrian calendar month: the 14th day of the month is dedicated to Geush Urvan ("soul of the kine"), but in the ''Siroza'' verse recited on that day, the three divinities are invoked together and they are together ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aban Yasht
The Aban Yasht is the fifth Yasht of the 21 Yasht collection. It is named after Aban, the Waters, but is actually in praise of Anahita. It belongs to the so called ''Legendary Yashts'' and, with 132 stanzas, it is the third longest in the collection. Overview The Aban Yasht is named after Aban, the personification of the Waters, but its content makes it clear that it is actually addressed to Anahita. Anahita is a goddess of rivers and lakes and, in Zoroastrian practice, she fused with Aban over time. It is the fifth Yasht of the 21 Yasht collection and it is grouped into the ''Legendary Yashts'', due to the lenghty descriptions of Avestan heroes sacrificing to her. Several verses of the Yasht form the Aban Niyayishn, also known as the Ardwi Sur Banu Niyayishn. The Aban Niyayishn is the fourth prayer from the Niyayishn collection, and likewise dedicated to Aban and Anahita. Both, the Aban Yasht and Aban Niyayishn are never recited in the presence of fire but only near bodies of w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Salm And Tur Murder Iraj
Salm may refer to People * Constance de Salm (1767–1845), poet and miscellaneous writer; through her second marriage, she became Princess of Salm-Dyck * Kat Salm, New Zealand geospatial scientist * Salm ibn Ziyad, an Umayyad governor of Khurasan and Sijistan * House of Salm, a European formerly ruling family ** Salm-Reifferscheid-Raitz Geography *Salm (state), a historic principality with territories in present Germany, Belgium and France *partitions of the state ** Salm-Horstmar **Salm-Kyrburg ** Salm-Reifferscheid-Dyck ** Salm-Reifferscheid-Hainsbach **Salm-Reifferscheid-Krautheim ** Salm-Salm * Salm, Germany, a municipality in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany * Salm, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Iran * Salm, West Azerbaijan, Iran * Salm Island, an island in Franz Josef Land, Russia Rivers * Salm (Moselle), in Germany, tributary to the river Moselle * Salm (Amblève), in Belgium, tributary to the river Amblève Other uses *Salm, the IAU-approved proper name of the star T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
