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Treaty Of San Germano
The Treaty of San Germano was signed on 23 July 1230 at San Germano, present-day Cassino, ending the War of the Keys that had begun in 1228. The parties were Pope Gregory IX and Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick II, king of Sicily and Holy Roman emperor. On 28 August at Ceprano, the peace was finalized with the readmission of the excommunicated Frederick into the church. The negotiations for the treaty, initiated by Frederick, began in November 1229. The Lombard League, an ally of Gregory, objected to the process. The intercession of major German princes, especially Duke Leopold VI of Austria and Grand Master Hermann von Salza, was necessary to move things forward. The most important negotiator on the papal side was Cardinal Thomas of Capua, although Gregory's actual representative at the signing was Guala de Roniis. In territorial terms, the treaty essentially restored the ''status quo ante bellum''. Frederick recognized the Papal State and Gregory recognized Frederick ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Herzog Leopold VI
(; feminine ; masculine plural ; feminine plural ) is a German nobility, German hereditary title held by one who rules a territorial duchy, exercises feudalism, feudal authority over an estate (land), estate called a duchy, or possesses a right by law or tradition to be referred to by the ducal title. The word is usually translated by the English ''duke'' and the Latin ''dux''. Generally, a ranks below a king and above a ('count'). Whether the title is deemed higher or lower than titles translated into English as ''prince'' () is dependent upon the language, country, and era in which the titles coexisted. History is not related to (), but is derived from the Middle High German meaning 'army' and meaning 'to move' or 'to pull' (related to the modern English verb ''wikt:tug#English, tug''), a military leader (compare to Slavic voivode). and are roots of the modern German words and of the same meanings (also: , 'to go into battle'). It may have originated from the Prot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kingdom Of Sicily
The Kingdom of Sicily (; ; ) was a state that existed in Sicily and the southern Italian peninsula, Italian Peninsula as well as, for a time, in Kingdom of Africa, Northern Africa, from its founding by Roger II of Sicily in 1130 until 1816. It was a successor state of the County of Sicily, which had been founded in 1071 during the Norman conquest of southern Italy, Norman conquest of the southern peninsula. The island was divided into Three valli of Sicily, three regions: Val di Mazara, Val Demone and Val di Noto. After a brief rule by Charles of Anjou, a revolt in 1282 known as the Sicilian Vespers threw off Capetian House of Anjou, Angevin rule in the island of Sicily. The Angevins managed to maintain control in the mainland part of the kingdom, which became a separate entity also styled ''Kingdom of Sicily'', although it is retroactively referred to as the Kingdom of Naples. Sicily (officially known as the Kingdom of Trinacria between 1282 and 1442) at the other hand, remained a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gaeta
Gaeta (; ; Southern Latian dialect, Southern Laziale: ''Gaieta'') is a seaside resort in the province of Latina in Lazio, Italy. Set on a promontory stretching towards the Gulf of Gaeta, it is from Rome and from Naples. The city has played a conspicuous part in military history; its walls date to Ancient Rome, Roman times and were extended and strengthened in the 15th century, especially throughout the history of the Kingdom of Naples (later the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies). Present-day Gaeta is a fishing port and a renowned seaside resort. NATO has a naval base here. In 2025, it received the Blue Flag beach, blue and green flags from Foundation for Environmental Education, FEE for the twelfth consecutive year. It is one of the I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy"). History Ancient times Ancient Caieta was situated on the slopes of the Torre di Orlando, a promontory overlooking the Mediterranean Sea. It was inhabited by the Oscan language ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Papal States
The Papal States ( ; ; ), officially the State of the Church, were a conglomeration of territories on the Italian peninsula under the direct sovereign rule of the pope from 756 to 1870. They were among the major states of Italy from the 8th century until the unification of Italy, which took place between 1859 and 1870, culminated in their demise. The state was legally established in the 8th century when Pepin the Short, king of the Franks, gave Pope Stephen II, as a temporal sovereign, lands formerly held by Arian Christian Lombards, adding them to lands and other real estate formerly acquired and held by the bishops of Rome as landlords from the time of Constantine onward. This donation came about as part of a process whereby the popes began to turn away from the Byzantine emperors as their foremost temporal guardians for reasons such as increased imperial taxes, disagreement with respect to iconoclasm, and failure of the emperors, or their exarchs in Italy, to pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rainald Of Urslingen
Rainald of Urslingen was the son of Conrad of Urslingen and Duke of Spoleto from 1223 to 1230. Rainald was initially appointed by the Papacy to oppose Dipold, Count of Acerra, and in 1228 he was granted sweeping powers, which he did not hesitate to use, as imperial vicar in the March of Ancona. In that year, he invaded the March and granted privileges to Osimo, San Ginesio, Ripatransone, and Recanati. This action sparked the War of the Keys The War of the Keys (1228–1230) was the first military conflict between Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, and the Papacy. Fighting took place in Central Italy, central and southern Italy. The Papacy made strong gains at first, securing the Pap .... Sources *Jordan, E. ''Les origines de la domination Angevine en Italie''. Paris, 1909. Dukes of Spoleto Court of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor 12th-century births 1230 deaths Year of birth unknown Imperial vicars {{Germany-noble-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kingdom Of Germany
The Kingdom of Germany or German Kingdom ( 'kingdom of the Germans', 'German kingdom', "kingdom of Germany", ) was the mostly Germanic language-speaking East Frankish kingdom, which was formed by the Treaty of Verdun in 843. The king was elected, initially by the rulers of the stem duchies, who generally chose one of their own. After 962, when Otto I was crowned emperor, East Francia formed the bulk of the Holy Roman Empire, which also included the Kingdom of Italy and, after 1032, the Kingdom of Burgundy. Like medieval England and medieval France, medieval Germany consolidated from a conglomerate of smaller tribes, nations or polities by the High Middle Ages. The term ('king of the Germans') first came into use in Italy around the year 1000. It was popularized by the chancery of Pope Gregory VII during the Investiture Controversy (late 11th century), perhaps as a polemical tool against Emperor Henry IV. In the 12th century, in order to stress the imperial and transna ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marinus (archbishop Of Bari)
Marino Filangieri (died 6 July 1251) was an Italo-Norman nobleman who served as the archbishop of Bari in the Kingdom of Sicily from 21 December 1226 until his death. Marino was a son of Giordano Filangieri, lord of Nocera in the Kingdom of Sicily. His elder brothers were Richard Filangieri, Giordano the younger, Lothair, and Henry. His brothers were all high-ranking officials in Sicily under king of Sicily and Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, and in the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, which was governed by Frederick on behalf of his infant son Conrad. Marino became a canon in the archdiocese of Salerno, then studied law at the University of Bologna, where he received the degree of ''magister''. In 1224 he published a gloss of the Apparatus of Ugolinus, a commentary on the Roman Corpus Iuris Civilis. He was appointed as archbishop of Bari by Pope Honorius III in 1226. The appointment of Marino and other bishops in the Kingdom of Sicily offended Frederick, who believed he had the ri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lando Da Anagni
Lando (died 1248 or 1249) was the archbishop of Reggio in Calabria from 1218 to 1232, and archbishop of Messina from 1232 until his death. Early life Lando was born into an aristocratic family in Anagni, although very little is known about family. However his origins in Anagni were probably a benefit for his later career, as the cardinals Ugolino of Ostia (the future Pope Gregory IX) and Rinaldo of Ostia (later Pope Alexander IV) were also from Anagni. Nothing is known of Lando's early life, but he must have become a member of clergy of the papal court in Rome, through the influence of his colleagues Ugolino and Rinaldo. Episcopal career In 1218 he was named archbishop of Reggio by Pope Honorius III. Lando's diocese in Reggio was part of the Kingdom of Sicily, ruled by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor. At the time of Lando's appointment in 1218, Frederick was away in Germany asserting his rights to the Kingdom of Germany and the Holy Roman Empire. When Frederick returned to Sic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Teutonic Order
The Teutonic Order is a religious order (Catholic), Catholic religious institution founded as a military order (religious society), military society in Acre, Israel, Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem. The Order of Brothers of the German House of Saint Mary in Jerusalem was formed to aid Christians on their pilgrimages to the Holy Land and to establish hospitals. Its members have commonly been known as the Teutonic Knights, having historically served as a crusades, crusading military order for supporting Catholic rule in the Holy Land and the Northern Crusades during the Middle Ages, as well as supplying military protection for Catholics in Eastern Europe. Purely religious since 1810, the Teutonic Order still confers limited honorary knighthoods. The Bailiwick of Utrecht of the Teutonic Order, a Protestant order of chivalry, chivalric order, is descended from the same medieval military order and also continues to award knighthoods and perform charitable work. Name The name of the Or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Halgren Of Abbeville
John Halgren of Abbeville ( – 28 September 1237) was a French scholastic theologian and cleric. He served successively as a university professor, priest, prior, archbishop, cardinal, apostolic legate and diplomat. John was born around 1180 in Abbeville, the son of Gui d'Abbeville and Ide de Boubers. His father's name is sometimes given as Girard or Guillaume. He may have entered the Abbey of Cluny. He studied at the University of Paris alongside the future Pope Gregory IX. He earned a master of theology degree. He was teaching theology there in 1217.. He was a follower of Peter the Chanter and Stephen Langton. He was a canon and dean of the chapter of Amiens Cathedral from 27 October 1218 until April 1225. Continuing his engagement with the cathedral beyond 1225, he ounded the cathedral's first chapel in 1233 and dedicated to the Conversion of Saint Paul. He had also served as the prior of and the cantor of Saint-Vulfran d'Abbeville before 1217. John became archbishop of Besa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Excommunication
Excommunication is an institutional act of religious censure used to deprive, suspend, or limit membership in a religious community or to restrict certain rights within it, in particular those of being in Koinonia, communion with other members of the congregation, and of receiving the sacraments. It is practiced by all of the ancient churches (such as the Catholic Church, Oriental Orthodoxy, Oriental Orthodox churches and the Eastern Orthodoxy, Eastern Orthodox churches) as well as by other Christian denominations; however, it is also used more generally to refer to similar types of institutional religious exclusionary practices and shunning among other religious groups. The Amish have also been known to excommunicate members that were either seen or known for breaking rules, or questioning the church, a practice known as shunning. Jehovah's Witnesses use the term disfellowship to refer to their form of excommunication. The word ''excommunication'' means putting a specific indiv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Giovanni Colonna (died 1245)
Giovanni Colonna (died 28 January 1245) was a Cardinal (Catholicism), cardinal of the Catholic Church. Giovanni was a member of the Rome, Roman noble family of Colonna family, Colonna. His father was Oddone di Pietro Colonna, a member of the entourage of the Emperor Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor, Henry VI in 1195.Tommaso di Carpegna Falconieri (2005)"Giovanni Colonna" in '. Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. His brothers were Landolfo, Oddone and Giordano. His date of birth is unknown. His first appearance in the surviving record is from 1203. He bore the title ''magister'', but nothing is known of his education. He acquired a benefice in England sometime before becoming a cardinal. He later added more, being on good terms with Kings John, King of England, John and Henry III of England, Henry III. Colonna was made the cardinal deacon of Santi Giovanni e Paolo al Celio in May 1206 by Pope Innocent III. He was not prominent under Innocent III and worked mostly in the Roman cu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
