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Trans-Fly–Bulaka River Languages
The Trans-Fly – Bulaka River South-Central Papuan languages form a hypothetical family of Papuan languages. They include many of the languages west of the Fly River in southern Papua New Guinea into southern Indonesian West Papua, plus a pair of languages on the Bulaka River a hundred km further west. The family was posited by Stephen Wurm as a branch of his 1975 Trans–New Guinea proposal. Wurm thought it likely that many of these languages would prove to not actually belong to Trans–New Guinea, but rather to have been heavily influenced by Trans–New Guinea languages. Malcolm Ross (2005) concurred, and removed most of them. Classification None of the families are closely related; indeed, it is difficult to demonstrate a link between any of them. Wurm's 1975 TNG branch included the following eight demonstrated families: * Kiwaian, on the banks and east of the Fly River *'' Waia'', north of the Fly delta * Tirio, on the western bank of the Fly River *Eastern Trans-Fly l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
New Guinea
New Guinea (; Hiri Motu: ''Niu Gini''; id, Papua, or , historically ) is the world's second-largest island with an area of . Located in Oceania in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, the island is separated from Australia by the wide Torres Strait, though both landmasses lie on the same continental shelf. Numerous smaller islands are located to the west and east. The eastern half of the island is the major land mass of the independent state of Papua New Guinea. The western half, known as Western New Guinea, forms a part of Indonesia and is organized as the provinces of Papua, Central Papua, Highland Papua, South Papua, Southwest Papua, and West Papua. The largest cities on the island are Jayapura (capital of Papua, Indonesia) and Port Moresby (capital of Papua New Guinea). Names The island has been known by various names: The name ''Papua'' was used to refer to parts of the island before contact with the West. Its etymology is unclear; one theory states that ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marind Language
Marind is a Papuan language spoken in Malind District, Merauke Regency, Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ... by over ten thousand people. Dialects are Southeast Marind, Gawir, Holifoersch, and Tugeri. Bian Marind (Northwest Marind), also known as Boven-Mbian, is divergent enough to not be mutually intelligible, and has been assigned a separate ISO code. Marind separates the Trans-Fly–Bulaka River languages, which would otherwise occupy a nearly continuous stretch of southern New Guinea. References Further reading * * * * Kriens, Ronald. 2003. Report on the Kumbe river survey south coast of Irian Jaya, Indonesia'. SIL International. Marind–Yaqai languages Languages of Western Province (Papua New Guinea) {{PapuaNewGuinea-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tone (linguistics)
Tone is the use of pitch in language to distinguish lexical or grammatical meaning – that is, to distinguish or to inflect words. All verbal languages use pitch to express emotional and other paralinguistic information and to convey emphasis, contrast and other such features in what is called intonation, but not all languages use tones to distinguish words or their inflections, analogously to consonants and vowels. Languages that have this feature are called tonal languages; the distinctive tone patterns of such a language are sometimes called tonemes, by analogy with ''phoneme''. Tonal languages are common in East and Southeast Asia, Africa, the Americas and the Pacific. Tonal languages are different from pitch-accent languages in that tonal languages can have each syllable with an independent tone whilst pitch-accent languages may have one syllable in a word or morpheme that is more prominent than the others. Mechanics Most languages use pitch as intonation to conv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ipiko Language
Ipiko (Epai, Higa, Ipikoi) is a Papuan language of Papua New Guinea, the most divergent of the Inland Gulf languages. Despite being spoken by only a few hundred people, language use is vigorous. It is spoken in Ipiko () and Pahemuba () villages, with Ipiko village being located in Amipoke ward, Baimuru Rural LLG, Kikori District, Gulf Province A gulf is a large inlet from the ocean into the landmass, typically with a narrower opening than a bay, but that is not observable in all geographic areas so named. The term gulf was traditionally used for large highly-indented navigable bodies .... Bibliography ;Word lists *Chance, Sydney H. 1926. Vocabulary of Ipikoi. ''British New Guinea Annual Report'' 1925–1926: 91–91. *Petterson, Robert. 1999. ''Rumu – English – Hiri-Motu Dictionary''. Palmerston North, New Zealand: International Pacific College. *Z’graggen, John A. 1975. Comparative wordlists of the Gulf District and adjacent Areas. In: Richard Loving (ed.), ''Compara ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marind Languages
Marind may refer to: *Marind people The Marind or Marind-Anim are an ethnic group of New Guinea, residing in the province of South Papua, Indonesia. Geography The Marind-anim live in South Papua, Indonesia. They occupy a vast territory, which is situated on either side of the B ... * Marind languages ** Marind language {{Disambiguation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anim Languages
The Anim or Fly River languages are a language family in south-central New Guinea established by Usher & Suter (2015).Timothy Usher and Edgar Suter (2015) "The Anim Languages of Southern New Guinea". ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 54:110–142 The names of the family derive from the Fly River and from the Proto-Anim word *anim 'people'. Languages The 17 Anim languages belong to the following four subfamilies: * Inland Gulf * Tirio (Lower Fly River) * Boazi (Lake Murray) * Marind (Marind–Yaqai) The moribund Abom language, previously considered a member of the Tirio family, is of uncertain classification, possibly Trans–New Guinea, but does not appear to be Anim. The extinct Karami language Karami is an extinct and unclassified Papuan language of southern Papua New Guinea. It is attested from only a short word list, which include many loans from Foia Foia.Usher, TimothyInland Gulf family ''New Guinea World''. Locations According t ..., attested only in a short word list and pre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gogodala–Suki Languages
The Gogodala–Suki or Suki – Aramia River languages are a small language family of Papua New Guinea, spoken in the region of the Aramia River. The four language are clearly related. Languages The languages are: * Gogodala–Suki family ** '' Suki'' language ** Gogodala (Aramia River) branch: Gogodala, Ari, Waruna Gogodala–Suki languages and respective demographic information listed by Evans (2018) are provided below. : Reconstruction Phonology The reconstructed sound system is,Usher, Timothy. 2020Suki-Aramia River ''NewGuineaWorld''. It's not clear that there was *w or *j distinct from *u and *i. Pronouns Free pronouns and object prefixes are: : : (2sg and 3sg is zero.) Lexicon Proto-Suki–Aramia (i.e., Proto-Gogodala–Suki) lexical reconstructions by Usher (2020) are: : Vocabulary comparison The following basic vocabulary words are from McElhanon & Voorhoeve (1970), Voorhoeve (1970), and Reesink (1976), as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database: : Evolutio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marori Language
Morori (Marori, Moaraeri, Moraori, Morari) is a moribund Papuan language of the Kolopom branch of the Trans–New Guinea family. It is separated from the other Kolopom languages by the intrusive Marind family. All speakers use Papuan Malay Papuan Malay or Irian Malay is a Malay-based creole language spoken in the Indonesian part of New Guinea. It emerged as a contact language among tribes in Indonesian New Guinea (now Papua, Central Papua, Highland Papua, South Papua, and West ... or Indonesian as L2, and many know Marind. A dialect extinct in 1997, Menge, is remembered from ceremonial use. Marori is spoken in Kampung Wasur, which in 2010 had 413 people (98 families) total and 119 Marori people (52 Marori families). Phonology Marori has 22 consonants and 6 vowels, which are: ;Vowels: i, e, æ, a, o, u On the other hand, the majority of Trans-New Guinea languages usually have around 10–15 consonants. Pronouns Pronouns, but little else, connect it to TNG: : ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kolopom Languages
The Kolopom languages are a family of Trans–New Guinea languages in the classifications of Stephen Wurm Stephen Adolphe Wurm ( hu, Wurm István Adolf, ; 19 August 1922 – 24 October 2001) was a Hungarian-born Australian linguist. Early life Wurm was born in Budapest, the second child to the German-speaking Adolphe Wurm and the Hungarian- ... (1975) and of Malcolm Ross (2005). Along with the Mombum languages, they are the languages spoken on Yos Sudarso Island ( Kolopom Island). Languages The Kolopom languages are, * Kimaama (Kimaghama), Riantana * Ndom * Moraori Proto-language Phonemes Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows: : : Pronouns Usher (2020) reconstructs the pronouns as: : Basic vocabulary Some lexical reconstructions by Usher (2020) are: : Cognates Cognates among Kolopom languages listed by Evans (2018): : Vocabulary comparison The following basic vocabulary words are from McElhanon & Voorhoeve (1970) and Voorhoeve (1975 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oriomo Languages
The Eastern Trans-Fly (or Oriomo Plateau) languages are a small independent family of Papuan languages spoken in the Oriomo Plateau to the west of the Fly River in New Guinea. Classification The languages constituted a branch of Stephen Wurm's 1970 Trans-Fly proposal, which he later incorporated into his 1975 expansion of the Trans–New Guinea family as part of a Trans-Fly – Bulaka River branch. They are retained as a family but removed from Trans–New Guinea in the classifications of Malcolm Ross and Timothy Usher. Wurm had concluded that some of his purported Trans-Fly languages were not in the Trans–New Guinea family but rather heavily influenced by Trans–New Guinea languages. Ross (2005) removed the bulk of the languages, including Eastern Trans-Fly, from Wurm's Trans–New Guinea. Timothy Usher links the four languages, which he calls ''Oriomo Plateau'', to the Pahoturi languages and the Tabo language in an expanded Eastern Trans-Fly family. Languages * Meria ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pahoturi River Languages
The Pahoturi languages are a small family of Papuan languages spoken around the Pahoturi (Paho River). This family includes six language varieties including Agöb (Dabu), Em, Ende, Kawam, Idi, and Taeme, which are spoken in the Pahoturi River area south of the Fly River, just west of the Eastern Trans-Fly languages. Ross (2005) tentatively includes them in the proposed Trans-Fly – Bulaka River family. Some Pahoturi River speakers were originally hunter-gatherers, but had recently shifted to becoming gardeners. Classification Wurm (1975) and Ross (2005) suggest that the Pahoturi languages may be related to the Tabo (Waia) language just north of the Fly delta. However, they present no evidence, and the pronouns do not match. Evans (2018) classifies the Pahoturi River languages as an independent language family. Languages The six varieties have traditionally been grouped into the following two language groups: # Agöb (Dabu), Em, Ende, and Kawam # Idi and Taeme Preliminar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
