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Tonyukuk Inscriptions
The Tonyukuk inscriptions (), also called the Bain Tsokto inscriptions are Turkic inscriptions of the 8th century located in Nalaikh, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. They are one of the oldest written attestations of the Turkic language family, predating the Orkhon inscriptions (Khöshöö Tsaidam monuments) by several years. Geography The inscriptions are in Tuul River valley at (in Nalaikh, Ulaanbaatar). They are often confused with, or considered as a part of, the Orkhon inscriptions (Khöshöö Tsaidam inscriptions), although the Orkhon inscriptions are actually located about to the west of Bain Tsokto. History Bain Tsokto inscriptions are about Tonyukuk, the counselor of four Turkic khagans which are Ilterish Khagan, Kapaghan Khagan, Inel Khagan and Bilge Khagan of the Second Turkic Khaganate. He died in the 720s. Unlike the two other Orkhon inscriptions which were erected after the hero had died, Bain Tsokto inscriptions were erected by Tonyukuk himself around the year 716. (H ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nalaikh
Nalaikh ( ) is one of nine districts of Ulaanbaatar. It has an area of 68,700 hectares and a population of 39,579 in 2022 (26,529 in 2005). A former coal-mining town, it is subdivided into 8 subdistricts, incorporating Shokhoi, Arjanchivlan, the Terelj holiday center, and other residential areas, as well as a former Soviet military cantonment, including an airfield. Nalaikh is linked to Ulaanbaatar by a 43-kilometer narrow-gauge railway A narrow-gauge railway (narrow-gauge railroad in the US) is a railway with a track gauge (distance between the rails) narrower than . Most narrow-gauge railways are between and . Since narrow-gauge railways are usually built with tighter cur ... line, built in July 1938. The line had three stations (Nalaikh; Amgalan, a Ulaanbaatar suburb; and Kombinat, the city's industrial combine) and operated 14 steam locomotives, 16 passenger carriages, 70 goods wagons, 10 platform wagons, and nine fuel tank wagons. Nalaikh now has a broad-gauge branc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tonyukuk Inscription
The Tonyukuk inscriptions (), also called the Bain Tsokto inscriptions are Turkic inscriptions of the 8th century located in Nalaikh, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. They are one of the oldest written attestations of the Turkic language family, predating the Orkhon inscriptions (Khöshöö Tsaidam monuments) by several years. Geography The inscriptions are in Tuul River valley at (in Nalaikh, Ulaanbaatar). They are often confused with, or considered as a part of, the Orkhon inscriptions (Khöshöö Tsaidam inscriptions), although the Orkhon inscriptions are actually located about to the west of Bain Tsokto. History Bain Tsokto inscriptions are about Tonyukuk, the counselor of four Turkic khagans which are Ilterish Khagan, Kapaghan Khagan, Inel Khagan and Bilge Khagan of the Second Turkic Khaganate. He died in the 720s. Unlike the two other Orkhon inscriptions which were erected after the hero had died, Bain Tsokto inscriptions were erected by Tonyukuk himself around the year 716. (Hi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Göktürks
The Göktürks (; ), also known as Türks, Celestial Turks or Blue Turks, were a Turkic people in medieval Inner Asia. The Göktürks, under the leadership of Bumin Qaghan (d. 552) and his sons, succeeded the Rouran Khaganate as the main power in the region and established the First Turkic Khaganate, one of several nomadic dynasties that would shape the future geolocation, culture, and dominant beliefs of Turkic peoples. Etymology Origin As an ethnonym, the etymology of ''Turk'' is still unknown. It is generally believed that the name ''Türk'' may have come from Old Turkic migration-term , which means 'created, born'. As a word in Turkic languages, ''Turk'' may mean "strong, strength, ripe" or "flourishing, in full strength". It may also mean ripe as for a fruit or "in the prime of life, young, and vigorous" for a person. The name ''Gök-türk'' emerged from the Modern Turkish reading of the word ''Kök'' as ''Gök'' with assumption of equivalence to "sky" in Moder ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sir-Kıvchak
Sir-Kıvchak were a Turkic people whose existence is controversial and who were proposed to be precursors to the Kipchaks who settled in East Europe in the 10th century. Name The ''Sir'' appeared as ''Xinli'' 薪犁 ( OC: *''siŋ-ri(:)l'') in Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian but were not referred to again until the 7th century as '' Xue'' 薛 ( MC: *''siᴇt̚''). In the Bain Tsokto inscriptions of 720s erected by Tonyukuk, the name ''Türük'' " Turks" is mostly accompanied by the name ''(E)Sir'' (Old Turkic script: 𐰾𐰃𐰼).Muharrem Ergin:''Orhun Abideleri'', Boğaziçi Yayınları, İstanbul, 1980, p.33, p.52 According to S.G.Klyashtorny and T.İ. Sultanov this shows the importance of Sir element in the Second Turkic Khaganate (681-744) S.G.Klyahtorny-T.İ.Sultanov:''Türkün Üçbin Yılı'', (translation by Ahsen Batur),Selenge Yayınları, İstanbul, p.127-129 This opinion is possibly supported by the fact that in the Khöshöö Tsaidam Monuments erected in 7 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khitan People
The Khitan people (Khitan small script: ; ) were a historical Eurasian nomads, nomadic people from Northeast Asia who, from the 4th century, inhabited an area corresponding to parts of modern Mongolia, Northeast China and the Russian Far East. As a people descended from the proto-Mongols through the Xianbei, Khitans spoke the now-extinct Khitan language, a Para-Mongolic languages, Para-Mongolic language related to the Mongolic languages. The Khitan people founded and led the Liao dynasty (916–1125), which dominated a vast area of Siberia, Mongolia and Northern China. The Khitans of the Liao dynasty used two independent writing systems for their language: Khitan small script and Khitan large script. After the fall of the Liao dynasty in 1125 following the Jin dynasty (1115–1234)#Rise of the Jin and fall of the Liao, Jurchen invasion, many Khitans followed Yelü Dashi's group westward to establish the Qara Khitai or Western Liao dynasty, in Central Asia, which lasted nearly a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ilterish Qaghan
Ilterish Qaghan (, zh, 頡跌利施可汗/颉跌利施可汗 ''Xiédiēlìshīkěhàn''; personal name: Ashina Qutlugh, 阿史那骨篤祿/阿史那骨笃禄, ''āshǐnà gǔdǔlù'', a-shih-na ku-tu-lu, d. 691) was the founder of the Second Turkic Khaganate (reigning 682–691). Early life Little is known surrounding Ilterish Qaghan's early life. He was a distant relative of Illig Qaghan who ruled as the final qaghan of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate. According to the Old Book of Tang, his father served as a chief under the leadership of Sheli Yuanying, the military governor of Yunzhong - a subdivision of the Chanyu Protectorate. The source specifically notes his hereditary title as that of Tutunchuo (Old Turkic: ''Tudun Çor''). However, this is contradicted in the Chinese text inscribed on the stele dedicated to Kul Tigin, in which it is stated that Ilterish Qaghan's father bore the title of ''Guduolu xiejin'', the Chinese rendering of Old Turkic ''qutlugh irkin''. This pot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Temir Kapig
The Iron Gate (; in Orkhon and Tonyukuk inscriptions; ''Darband'', ), is a defile between Balkh and Samarkand. It breaks up the mountains which extend from the Hisar range south towards the Amu Darya. In ancient times it was used as the passage between Bactria and Sogdia and was likely of great importance to any power in the region. Its name comes from the belief that an actual gate, reinforced with Iron, stood in the defile. It is located to west from Boysun, Surxondaryo Region. Although its exact location is debatable, it is usually considered to be the pass on the road from Samarkand (Uzbekistan) to Balkh (Afghanistan) and close to Qarshi city. According to historian Lev Gumilev its present name is "Buzgala". In the Orkhon Inscriptions Medieval Turks controlled the Silk Road during the Göktürk Empire. It was an important source of revenue. Temir Kapig was a strategically important point to control the Silk Road. Orkhon inscriptions (also known as Khöshöö Tsaidam mo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Turkestan
Turkestan,; ; ; ; also spelled Turkistan, is a historical region in Central Asia corresponding to the regions of Transoxiana and East Turkestan (Xinjiang). The region is located in the northwest of modern day China and to the northwest of its borders, and extends directly to the east of the Caspian Sea. Turkestan is primarily inhabited by Turkic peoples, as well as Russian and Tajik-Persian minorities. Turkestan is subdivided into Afghan Turkestan, Russian Turkestan, and East Turkistan (the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in China). Throughout history, the region has been exposed to the invasion of several different groups and kingdoms, including the Huns, Hepthalites, Bactrians, Sogdians also for a short period of time the Imperial China, Arab Caliphate, Hellenistic Macedonian Empire, as well as Achaemenid Empire, various Turkic forces and the Mongol Empire. The Qara Khitai also briefly controlled the majority of Turkestan's land. Overview Known as Turan to the Pe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Bolchu
The Battle of Bolchu was a critical battle in the Turkic Khaganate history in 711. Background In the 7th century, the First Turkic Khaganate was divided into two rival states. Both states were subsequently defeated and annexed by the Tang dynasty. However, both sections of the empire soon gained their independence. The eastern part was called Second Turkic Khaganate and the western part Turgesh (or more loosely Onoq, the ten tribes which were dominated by the Turgesh). According to old Turkic traditions, the eastern sections were considered as the main khaganate and the western sections were considered as the vassals of the eastern section. Thus Turgesh leaders were apprehensive of the Kutluk Khaganate and they sought alliances (like Yenisei Kirghiz and Tang dynasty) against the growing power of the east. Early moves Turgesh khagan Suoge (also called Soko) had given his brother Zhenu ''ülüş'' (fief). His brother however asked for more and fled to Kutluk Khaganate.Gümiliev, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yenisei Kirghiz
The Yenisei Kyrgyz () were an ancient Turkic people who dwelled along the upper Yenisei River in the southern portion of the Minusinsk Depression from the 3rd century BCE to the 13th century CE. The heart of their homeland was the forested Tannu-Ola mountain range (known in ancient times as the Lao or Kogmen mountains), in modern-day Tuva, just north of Mongolia. The Sayan Mountains were also included in their territory at different times. The Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate existed from 538 to 1219 CE; in 840, it took over the leadership of the Turkic Khaganate from the Uyghurs, expanding the state from the Yenisei territories into Central Asia and the Tarim Basin. History The Yenisei Kyrgyz correlated with the and may perhaps be correlated to the Tashtyk culture. Their endonym was variously transcribed in Chinese historical texts as ''Jiegu'' (結骨), ''Hegu'' (紇骨), ''Hegusi'' (紇扢斯), ''Hejiasi'' (紇戛斯), ''Hugu'' (護骨), ''Qigu'' (契骨), ''Juwu'' (居勿), an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Onoq
The Western Turkic Khaganate () or Onoq Khaganate () was a Turkic khaganate in Eurasia, formed as a result of the wars in the beginning of the 7th century (593–603 CE) after the split of the First Turkic Khaganate (founded in the 6th century on the Mongolian Plateau by the Ashina clan), into a western and an eastern Khaganate. The whole confederation was called ''Onoq'', meaning "ten arrows". According to a Chinese source, the Western Turks were organized into ten divisions. The khaganate's capitals were Navekat (summer capital) and Suyab (principal capital), both situated in the Chui River valley of Kyrgyzstan, to the east of Bishkek. Tong Yabgu's summer capital was near Tashkent and his winter capital Suyab. The Eastern Turkic Khaganate was subjugated by the Tang dynasty in 657 and continued as its vassal, until it finally collapsed in 742. To the west, the breakup of the Western Turkic Khaganate led to the rise of the Turkic Khazar Khaganate (–969). History The firs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
