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Tombusviridae Genome
''Tombusviridae'' is a family of single-stranded sense (molecular biology), positive sense RNA plant viruses. The family contains 18 genera in 3 subfamilies. The name is derived from Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV). Genome All viruses in the family have a non-segmented (monopartite) linear genome, with the exception of Dianthoviruses, whose genome is bipartite. The genome is approximately 4.6–4.8kb in length, lacks a 5' cap and a poly(A) tail, and it encodes 4–6 open reading frame, ORFs. The polymerase encodes an stop codon, amber stop codon which is the site of a readthrough event within ORF1, producing two products necessary for replication. There is no helicase encoded by the virus.International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, ICTVFamily - Tombusviridae in: Virus Taxonomy. Ninth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses 2012, pp 1111-1138, 23 November 2011, doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-384684-6.00096-3 Structure The RNA is encapsulated in an icosahe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sense (molecular Biology)
In molecular biology and genetics, the sense of a nucleic acid molecule, particularly of a strand of DNA or RNA, refers to the nature of the roles of the strand and its complement in specifying a sequence of amino acids. Depending on the context, sense may have slightly different meanings. For example, the negative-sense strand of DNA is equivalent to the template strand, whereas the positive-sense strand is the non-template strand whose nucleotide sequence is equivalent to the sequence of the mRNA transcript. DNA sense Because of the complementary nature of base-pairing between nucleic acid polymers, a double-stranded DNA molecule will be composed of two strands with sequences that are reverse complements of each other. To help molecular biologists specifically identify each strand individually, the two strands are usually differentiated as the "sense" strand and the "antisense" strand. An individual strand of DNA is referred to as positive-sense (also positive (+) or simply se ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
RNA Synthesis
Transcription is the process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA for the purpose of gene expression. Some segments of DNA are transcribed into RNA molecules that can encode proteins, called messenger RNA (mRNA). Other segments of DNA are transcribed into RNA molecules called non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Both DNA and RNA are nucleic acids, which use base pairs of nucleotides as a complementary language. During transcription, a DNA sequence is read by an RNA polymerase, which produces a complementary, antiparallel RNA strand called a primary transcript. In virology, the term transcription is used when referring to mRNA synthesis from a viral RNA molecule. The genome of many RNA viruses is composed of negative-sense RNA which acts as a template for positive sense viral messenger RNA - a necessary step in the synthesis of viral proteins needed for viral replication. This process is catalyzed by a viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase. Background A DNA transcription unit encoding ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Betanecrovirus
''Betanecrovirus'' is a genus of viruses, in the family ''Tombusviridae ''Tombusviridae'' is a family of single-stranded positive sense RNA plant viruses. The family contains 18 genera in 3 subfamilies. The name is derived from Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV). Genome All viruses in the family have a non-segmente ...''. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are three species in this genus. Taxonomy The genus contains the following species, listed by scientific name and followed by their common names: * ''Betanecrovirus betae'', Beet black scorch virus * ''Betanecrovirus nicotianae'', Tobacco necrosis virus D * ''Betanecrovirus porri'', Leek white stripe virus Structure Viruses in ''Betanecrovirus'' are non-enveloped, with icosahedral and spherical geometries, and T=3 symmetry. The diameter is around 28 nm in diameter. Genomes are linear, around 4kb in length. Life cycle Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Avenavirus
''Avenavirus'' is a genus of viruses, in the family ''Tombusviridae ''Tombusviridae'' is a family of single-stranded positive sense RNA plant viruses. The family contains 18 genera in 3 subfamilies. The name is derived from Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV). Genome All viruses in the family have a non-segmente ...''. Plants serve as natural hosts. There is only one species in this genus: Oat chlorotic stunt virus (''Avenavirus avenae''). Structure Viruses in ''Avenavirus'' are non-enveloped, with icosahedral and spherical geometries, and T=3 symmetry. The diameter is around 28-34 nm. Genomes are linear, around 4.1kb in length. Life cycle Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded RNA virus transcription, using the premature termination model of subgenomic RNA transcription is the method of transcription. Translation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aureusvirus
''Aureusvirus'' is a genus of viruses, in the family ''Tombusviridae''. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are six species in this genus. Taxonomy The genus contains the following species, listed by scientific name and followed by their common names: * ''Aureusvirus aurei'', Pothos latent virus * ''Aureusvirus cucumis'', Cucumber leaf spot virus * ''Aureusvirus dioscoreae'', Yam spherical virus * ''Aureusvirus sambuci'', Elderberry aureusvirus 1 * ''Aureusvirus sorghi'', Johnsongrass chlorotic stripe mosaic virus * ''Aureusvirus zeae'', Maize white line mosaic virus Maize white line mosaic virus (MWLMV) is a pathogenic plant virus Plant viruses are viruses that have the potential to affect plants. Like all other viruses, plant viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that do not have the molecular ... Structure Viruses in ''Aureusvirus'' are non-enveloped, with icosahedral and Spherical geometries, and T=3 symmetry. The diameter is around 30 nm. Genomes a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alphanecrovirus
''Alphanecrovirus'' is a genus of viruses, in the family ''Tombusviridae''. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are four species in this genus. Taxonomy The genus contains the following species, listed by scientific name and followed by their common names: * ''Alphanecrovirus nicotianae'', Tobacco necrosis virus A Tobacco necrosis virus A (TNV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family ''Tombusviridae''. Hosts and symptoms Tobacco necrosis virus (TNV) can thrive on a handful of viable hosts. These hosts include tobacco, zucchini, cucumbers, carrots, Fre ... * ''Alphanecrovirus oleae'', Olive latent virus 1 * ''Alphanecrovirus solani'', Potato necrosis virus * ''Alphanecrovirus tessellati'', Olive mild mosaic virus Structure Viruses in ''Alphanecrovirus'' are non-enveloped, with icosahedral and spherical geometries, and T=3 symmetry. The diameter is around 28 nm. Genomes are linear, around 4kb in length. Life cycle Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Umbravirus
''Umbravirus'' is a genus of plant viruses assigned to the family ''Tombusviridae''. The genus has 11 species. Transmission may be by aphids or mechanical inoculation. The genome is a linear, Sense (molecular biology)#RNA sense in viruses, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA, 4200–6900 nucleotides in length. Taxonomy The genus contains the following species, listed by scientific name and followed by their common names: * ''Umbravirus arachidis'', Groundnut rosette virus * ''Umbravirus carotae'', Carrot mottle mimic virus * ''Umbravirus ethiopiaense'', Ethiopian tobacco bushy top virus * ''Umbravirus ixeridii'', Ixeridium yellow mottle virus 2 * ''Umbravirus lactucae'', Lettuce speckles mottle virus * ''Umbravirus maculacarotae'', Carrot mottle virus * ''Umbravirus maculae'', Tobacco mottle virus * ''Umbravirus nicotianae'', Tobacco bushy top virus * ''Umbravirus papaveri'', Opium poppy mosaic virus * ''Umbravirus patriniae'', Patrinia mild mottle virus * ''Umbravirus pisi'', Pe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Calvusvirinae
''Umbravirus'' is a genus of plant viruses assigned to the family ''Tombusviridae''. The genus has 11 species. Transmission may be by aphids or mechanical inoculation. The genome is a linear, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA, 4200–6900 nucleotides in length. Taxonomy The genus contains the following species, listed by scientific name and followed by their common names: * ''Umbravirus arachidis'', Groundnut rosette virus * ''Umbravirus carotae'', Carrot mottle mimic virus * ''Umbravirus ethiopiaense'', Ethiopian tobacco bushy top virus * ''Umbravirus ixeridii'', Ixeridium yellow mottle virus 2 * ''Umbravirus lactucae'', Lettuce speckles mottle virus * ''Umbravirus maculacarotae'', Carrot mottle virus * ''Umbravirus maculae'', Tobacco mottle virus * ''Umbravirus nicotianae'', Tobacco bushy top virus * ''Umbravirus papaveri'', Opium poppy mosaic virus * ''Umbravirus patriniae'', Patrinia mild mottle virus ''Patrinia'' is a genus of herbaceous plants in the honeysuckl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GAPDH
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (abbreviated GAPDH) () is an enzyme of about 37kDa that catalyzes the sixth step of glycolysis and thus serves to break down glucose for energy and carbon molecules. In addition to this long established metabolic function, GAPDH has recently been implicated in several non-metabolic processes, including transcription activation, initiation of apoptosis, ER-to-Golgi vesicle shuttling, and fast axonal, or axoplasmic transport. In sperm, a testis-specific isoenzyme GAPDHS is expressed. Structure Under normal cellular conditions, cytoplasmic GAPDH exists primarily as a tetramer. This form is composed of four identical 37-kDa subunits containing a single catalytic thiol group each and critical to the enzyme's catalytic function. Nuclear GAPDH has increased isoelectric point (pI) of pH 8.3–8.7. Of note, the cysteine residue C152 in the enzyme's active site is required for the induction of apoptosis by oxidative stress. Notably, post- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
