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Tildipirosin
Tildipirosin, sold under the brand name Zuprevo, is a macrolide antibiotic used in pigs and cattle. Medical uses In the United States, tildipirosin is indicated for the treatment or control of bovine respiratory disease associated with '' Mannheimia haemolytica'', ''Pasteurella multocida'', and '' Histophilus somni'' in beef and non-lactating dairy cattle. In the European Union, tildipirosin is indicated for the treatment and metaphylaxis of swine respiratory disease associated with '' Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae'', ''P. multocida'', ''Bordetella bronchiseptica ''Bordetella bronchiseptica'' is a small, gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium of the genus ''Bordetella''. It can cause infectious bronchitis in dogs and other animals, but rarely infects humans. Closely related to '' B. pertussis''—the obl ...'', and '' Glaesserella parasuis'' sensitive to tildipirosin; Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is author ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Intramuscular
Intramuscular injection, often abbreviated IM, is the injection of a substance into a muscle. In medicine, it is one of several methods for parenteral administration of medications. Intramuscular injection may be preferred because muscles have larger and more numerous blood vessels than subcutaneous tissue, leading to faster absorption than subcutaneous or intradermal injections. Medication administered via intramuscular injection is not subject to the first-pass metabolism effect which affects oral medications. Common sites for intramuscular injections include the deltoid muscle of the upper arm and the gluteal muscle of the buttock. In infants, the vastus lateralis muscle of the thigh is commonly used. The injection site must be cleaned before administering the injection, and the injection is then administered in a fast, darting motion to decrease the discomfort to the individual. The volume to be injected in the muscle is usually limited to 2–5 milliliters, depending ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bordetella Bronchiseptica
''Bordetella bronchiseptica'' is a small, gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium of the genus ''Bordetella''. It can cause infectious bronchitis in dogs and other animals, but rarely infects humans. Closely related to '' B. pertussis''—the obligate human pathogen that causes pertussis (whooping cough); ''B. bronchiseptica'' can persist in the environment for extended periods. Pathogenesis Humans are not natural carriers of ''B. bronchiseptica'', which typically infects the respiratory tracts of smaller mammals (cats, dogs, rabbits, etc.). People are more likely to be infected by ''B. pertussis'' or '' B. parapertussis''. Unlike ''B. pertussis'', ''B. bronchiseptica'' is generally resistant to macrolide antibiotics. It is also generally resistant to cephalosporins. Some human cases have been successfully treated with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and fluoroquinolones. ''B. bronchiseptica'' does not express pertussis toxin, which is one of the characteristic virulence factors o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cyclic Ketones
In organic chemistry, a ketone is an organic compound with the structure , where R and R' can be a variety of carbon-containing substituents. Ketones contain a carbonyl group (a carbon-oxygen double bond C=O). The simplest ketone is acetone (where R and R' are methyl), with the formula . Many ketones are of great importance in biology and industry. Examples include many sugars (ketoses), many steroids, ''e.g.'', testosterone, and the solvent acetone. Nomenclature and etymology The word ''ketone'' is derived from ''Aketon'', an old German word for ''acetone''. According to the rules of IUPAC nomenclature, ketone names are derived by changing the suffix ''-ane'' of the parent alkane to ''-anone''. Typically, the position of the carbonyl group is denoted by a number, but traditional nonsystematic names are still generally used for the most important ketones, for example acetone and benzophenone. These nonsystematic names are considered retained IUPAC names, although some introdu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lactones
Lactones are cyclic carboxylic esters. They are derived from the corresponding hydroxycarboxylic acids by esterification. They can be saturated or unsaturated. Lactones are formed by lactonization, the intramolecular esterification of the corresponding hydroxycarboxylic acids. Nomenclature Greek prefixes in alphabetical order indicate ring size. Lactones are usually named according to the precursor acid molecule (''aceto'' = 2 carbon atoms, ''propio'' = 3, ''butyro'' = 4, ''valero'' = 5, ''capro'' = 6, etc.), with a ''-lactone'' suffix and a Greek letter prefix that specifies the number of carbon atoms in the heterocycle — that is, the distance between the relevant -OH and the -COOH groups along said backbone. The first carbon atom after the carbon in the -COOH group on the parent compound is labelled α, the second will be labeled β, and so forth. Therefore, the prefixes also indicate the size of the lactone ring: α-lactone = 3-membered ring, β-lactone = 4-membered, γ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dimethylamino Compounds
Dimethylamine is an organic compound with the formula (CH3)2NH. This secondary amine is a colorless, flammable gas with an ammonia-like odor. Dimethylamine is commonly encountered commercially as a solution in water at concentrations up to around 40%. An estimated 270,000 tons were produced in 2005. Structure and synthesis The molecule consists of a nitrogen atom with two methyl substituents and one hydrogen. Dimethylamine is a base (chemistry), weak base and the pKa of the ammonium CH3--CH3 is 10.73, a value above methylamine (10.64) and trimethylamine (9.79). Dimethylamine reacts with acids to form salts, such as dimethylamine hydrochloride, an odorless white solid with a melting point of 171.5 °C. Dimethylamine is produced by catalytic reaction of methanol and ammonia Ammonia is an inorganic chemical compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the chemical formula, formula . A Binary compounds of hydrogen, stable binary hydride and the simplest pnictogen hydride, ammoni ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Piperidines
Piperidine is an organic compound with the molecular formula (CH2)5NH. This heterocyclic compound, heterocyclic amine consists of a six-membered ring containing five methylene bridges (–CH2–) and one amine bridge (–NH–). It is a colorless liquid with an odor described as objectionable, typical of amines. The name comes from the genus name ''Piper (genus), Piper'', which is the Latin word for Black pepper, pepper. Although piperidine is a common organic compound, it is best known as a representative structure element within many pharmaceuticals and alkaloids, such as natural-occurring Solenopsin, solenopsins. Production Piperidine was first reported in 1850 by the Scottish chemist Thomas Anderson (chemist), Thomas Anderson and again, independently, in 1852 by the French chemist Auguste André Thomas Cahours, Auguste Cahours, who named it. Both of them obtained piperidine by reacting piperine with nitric acid. Industrially, piperidine is produced by the hydrogenation of p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Veterinary Drugs
An animal drug (also veterinary drug) refers to a drug intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in animals. Regulation United States The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has the broad mandate under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 321 et seq.) to assure the safety and effectiveness of animal drugs and their use in all animals, including farm animals. The division of the FDA responsible for this is the Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM). The equivalents of the Investigational New Drug and New Drug Application are known as the Investigational New Animal Drug and New Animal Drug Application, respectively. The FDA enumerates veterinary drug approvals in the FDA Green Book. Drugs approved by the FDA for use in veterinary medicine are structurally similar to drugs approved for use in humans, owing to highly conserved physiology across species, and half of drugs approved for animals are separately approved for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glaesserella Parasuis
''Glaesserella parasuis'' (formerly known as ''Haemophilus parasuis'') is a Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the family Pasteurellaceae. It is best known as the causative agent of Glässer's disease in pigs. History and taxonomy Originally described as ''Haemophilus parasuis'' by Biberstein and White in 1969, it was reclassified into the newly created genus ''Glaesserella'' in 2020 based on comprehensive phylogenomic analyses. Morphology ''Glaesserella parasuis'' is a Gram-negative coccobacillus. Cells typically appear as short rods or coccobacilli, often forming pairs or short chains. It is non-motile and non-spore-forming. Growth conditions The bacterium requires enriched media containing NAD (V factor) and exhibits optimal growth under aerobic conditions at 37 °C. Colonies typically appear small, smooth, and translucent on chocolate agar or blood agar supplemented with NAD. Clinical significance ''Glaesserella parasuis'' is the causative agent of Gl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Actinobacillus Pleuropneumoniae
''Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae'' (previously ''Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae''), is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, respiratory pathogen found in pigs. It was first reported in 1957, and was formally declared to be the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia in 1964. It was reclassified in 1983 after DNA studies showed it was more closely related to ''A. lignieresii''. Microbiology ''Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae'' is a nonmotile, Gram-negative, encapsulated coccobacillus bacterium found in the family Pasteurellaceae. It exhibits β-hemolysis activity, thus explaining its growth on chocolate or blood agar, but must be supplemented with NAD ('V factor') to facilitate growth for one of its biological variants (biovar 1). As a facultative anaerobic pathogen, ''A. pleuropneumoniae'' may need CO2 to grow. Depending on the biovar, the bacteria may or may not be positive for urease; both biovars are positive for porphyrin. Porcine pleuropneumonia ''Actinobacillus pleurop ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Subcutaneous Administration
Subcutaneous administration is the insertion of medications beneath the skin either by injection or infusion. A subcutaneous injection is administered as a bolus into the subcutis, the layer of skin directly below the dermis and epidermis, collectively referred to as the cutis. The instruments are usually a hypodermic needle and a syringe. Subcutaneous injections are highly effective in administering medications such as insulin, morphine, diacetylmorphine and goserelin. Subcutaneous administration may be abbreviated as SC, SQ, subcu, sub-Q, SubQ, or subcut. Subcut is the preferred abbreviation to reduce the risk of misunderstanding and potential errors. Subcutaneous tissue has few blood vessels and so drugs injected into it are intended for slow, sustained rates of absorption, often with some amount of depot effect. Compared with other routes of administration, it is slower than intramuscular injections but still faster than intradermal injections. Subcutaneous infusion (as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Histophilus Somni
''Histophilus somni'' is a non-motile, gram-negative, rod or coccobacillus shaped, facultative anaerobe bacterial species belonging to the family Pasteurellaceae. Prior to 2003, it was thought ''Haemophilus somnus'', ''Histophilus ovis'', and ''Histophilus agni'' were three different species, but now are all classified as ''Histophilus somni''. ''Histophilus somni'' is a commensal bacteria of mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and reproductive tract with a global prevalence and is found in cattle and other small ruminants. ''Histophilus somni'' is also a known causative agent that is a part of the Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) complex, which typically involves multiple pathogens residing together in biofilm environments. ''Histophilus somni'' may also cause Histophilosus symptoms and clinical presentation will depend on the tissue affected. When disease does occur, it can be difficult to catch in time and is often diagnosed post mortem. This means that treatment of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pasteurella Multocida
''Pasteurella multocida'' is a Gram-negative, nonmotile, penicillin-sensitive coccobacillus of the family Pasteurellaceae. Strains of the species are currently classified into five serogroups (A, B, D, E, F) based on capsular composition and 16 somatic serovars (1–16). ''P. multocida'' is the cause of a range of diseases in mammals and birds, including fowl cholera in poultry, atrophic rhinitis in pigs, and bovine hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle and buffalo. It can also cause a zoonotic infection in humans, which typically is a result of bites or scratches from domestic pets. Many mammals (including domestic cats and dogs) and birds harbor it as part of their normal respiratory microbiota. History ''Pasteurella multocida'' was first found in 1878 in cholera-infected birds. However, it was not isolated until 1880, by Louis Pasteur, in whose honor ''Pasteurella'' is named. Disease :''See: Pasteurellosis'' ''P. multocida'' causes a range of diseases in wild and domesticated ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
