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Theodotus I Of Constantinople
Theodotus I of Constantinople ou ''Theodotos I Kassiteras'', latinised as ''Theodotus I Cassiteras'' ( or Κασσιτηρᾶς; - died January 821) was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1 April 815 to January 821.. Theodotus was born in Nakoleia, as the son of the '' patrician'' Michael Melissenos by the sister of Eudokia, the last wife of Emperor Constantine V. Theodotus had become attached to the court bureaucracy and was a confidant of Emperor Michael I Rangabe. By the time Michael I Rangabe was deposed by Leo V the Armenian in 813, Theodotus I was an elderly '' spatharokandidatos'', whom the near-contemporary Scriptor Incertus describes as "meek" and "uneducated". On 14 March 815, Leo V forced the resignation of Patriarch Nicephorus I of Constantinople, and appointed the pro-iconoclast Theodotus Melissenos in his place. Later in 815, the new patriarch presided over a Church council in Constantinople, which overturned the Second Council of Nicaea and rein ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Theodotus Of Antioch
Theodotus of Antioch, patriarch of Antioch (died 429), in 417 succeeded Alexander of Antioch, under whom the long-standing schism of Meletius at Antioch had been healed, and followed his lead in replacing the honoured name of John Chrysostom on the diptychs of the church. He is described by Theodoret, at one time one of his presbyters, as "the pearl of temperance", "adorned with a splendid life and a knowledge of the divine dogmas". John Moschus relates anecdotes illustrative of his meekness when treated rudely by his clergy, and his kindness on a journey in insisting on one of his presbyters exchanging his horse for the patriarch's litter. By his gentleness he brought back the Apollinarians to the church without rigidly insisting on their formal renouncement of their errors. On the real character of Pelagius's teaching becoming known in the East and the consequent withdrawal of the testimony previously given by the synods of Jerusalem and Caesarea to his orthodoxy, Theodotus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spatharokandidatos
(), Latinized as , was a mid-ranking Byzantine court dignity used in the 7th–11th centuries. History The title was created as a portmanteau of the titles and , both of which were types of palace guards in the 4th–6th centuries.. The earliest references to the title occur in the ''History'' of Sebeos and in a letter by Pope Gregory II to Emperor Leo III the Isaurian (). John B. Bury accepted a creation in the early 7th century, but the title is clearly attested only from the early 9th century on. In the 9th-century lists of precedence ('' Taktika''), the dignity ranks below that of and above that of among the dignities intended for 'bearded men' (i.e. non-eunuchs). Its distinctive insigne () was a golden chain () worn around the chest. The dignity was not given to eunuchs, for whom the corresponding dignity was that of . Judging from sigillographic Sigillography, also known by its Greek-derived name, sphragistics, is the scholarly discipline that studies the Sealin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
9th-century Patriarchs Of Constantinople
The 9th century was a period from 801 (represented by the Roman numerals DCCCI) through 900 (CM) in accordance with the Julian calendar. The Carolingian Renaissance and the Viking raids occurred within this period. In the Middle East, the House of Wisdom was founded in Abbasid Caliphate, Abbasid Baghdad, attracting many scholars to the city. The field of algebra was founded by the Muslim polymath al-Khwarizmi. The most famous Islamic scholar Ahmad ibn Hanbal was tortured and Imprisonment, imprisoned by Abbasid official Ahmad ibn Abi Du'ad during the reign of Abbasid caliph al-Mu'tasim and caliph al-Wathiq. In Southeast Asia, the height of the Mataram Kingdom happened in this century, while Burma would see the establishment of the major kingdom of Pagan Kingdom, Pagan. Tang china, Tang China started the century with the effective rule under Emperor Xianzong of Tang, Emperor Xianzong and ended the century with the Huang Chao#Rebellions, Huang Chao rebellions. In America, the Maya ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Macmillan Publishers
Macmillan Publishers (occasionally known as the Macmillan Group; formally Macmillan Publishers Ltd in the United Kingdom and Macmillan Publishing Group, LLC in the United States) is a British publishing company traditionally considered to be one of the Big Five (publishers), "Big Five" English language publishers (along with Penguin Random House, Hachette Book Group USA, Hachette, HarperCollins and Simon & Schuster). Founded in London in 1843 by Scottish brothers Daniel MacMillan, Daniel and Alexander MacMillan (publisher), Alexander MacMillan, the firm soon established itself as a leading publisher in Britain. It published two of the best-known works of Victorian-era children's literature, Lewis Carroll's ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'' (1865) and Rudyard Kipling's ''The Jungle Book'' (1894). Former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Harold Macmillan, grandson of co-founder Daniel, was chairman of the company from 1964 until his death in December 1986. Since 1999, Macmi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Michael II
Michael II (, ; 770 – 2 October 829), called the Amorian (, ) and the Stammerer (, or , ), reigned as Byzantine emperor from 25 December 820 to his death on 2 October 829, the first ruler of the Amorian dynasty. Born in Amorium, Michael was a soldier, rising to high rank along with his colleague Leo V the Armenian (). He helped Leo overthrow and take the place of Emperor Michael I Rhangabe. However, after they fell out Leo sentenced Michael to death. Michael then masterminded a conspiracy which resulted in Leo's assassination at Christmas in 820. Immediately he faced the long revolt of Thomas the Slav, which almost cost him his throne and was not completely quelled until spring 824. The later years of his reign were marked by two major military disasters that had long-term effects: the beginning of the Muslim conquest of Sicily, and the loss of Crete to Andalusian Arab pirates. Domestically, he supported and strengthened the resumption of official iconoclasm, which had b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iconodule
Iconodulism (also iconoduly or iconodulia) designates the religious service to icons (kissing and honourable veneration, incense, and candlelight). The term comes from Neoclassical Greek εἰκονόδουλος (''eikonodoulos'') (from – ''icon (image)'' + – ''servant''), meaning "one who serves images (icons)". It is also referred to as iconophilism (also iconophily or iconophilia from – ''icon (image)'' + – ''love'') designating a positive attitude towards the religious use of icons. In the history of Christianity, iconodulism (or iconophilism) was manifested as a moderate position, between two extremes: iconoclasm (radical opposition to the use of icons) and iconolatry (idolatric veritable (full) adoration of icons). History In contrast to moderate or respectful adoration, various forms of latria of icons (''iconolatry'') were also starting to appear, mainly in popular worship. Since veritable (full) adoration was reserved for God alone, such an attitude t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John VII Of Constantinople
John VII of Constantinople, surnamed ''Grammatikos'' or ''Grammaticus'', i.e., "''the Grammarian''" (; died before 867), was list of ecumenical patriarchs of Constantinople, Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 21 January 837 to 4 March 843, died before 867. He is not to be confused with the much earlier philosopher John Philoponus. Life John was born into an aristocratic family. His father was Pankratios Morocharzanios, and he had a brother, Arsaber. Warren Treadgold identifies the latter as Arsaber, who married a sister of Theodora (wife of Theophilos), Empress Theodora, wife of Theophilos (emperor), Emperor Theophilos. John's sister was the mother of the future Patriarch Photios I of Constantinople. John, who began his clerical career c. 811, was also a painter of icons and a correspondent of Theodore the Studite. By 814 John had become an iconoclasm, iconoclast, and Emperor Leo V the Armenian chose him to head a committee to collect patristic texts supporting this ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Byzantine Iconoclasm
The Byzantine Iconoclasm () are two periods in the history of the Byzantine Empire when the use of religious images or icons was opposed by religious and imperial authorities within the Ecumenical Patriarchate (at the time still comprising the Roman-Latin and the Eastern-Orthodox traditions) and the temporal imperial hierarchy. The First Iconoclasm, as it is sometimes called, occurred between about 726 and 787, while the Second Iconoclasm occurred between 814 and 842. According to the traditional view, Byzantine Iconoclasm was started by a ban on religious images promulgated by the Byzantine Emperor Leo III the Isaurian, and continued under his successors. It was accompanied by widespread destruction of religious images and persecution of supporters of the veneration of images. The Papacy remained firmly in support of the use of religious images throughout the period, and the whole episode widened the East–West Schism, growing divergence between the Byzantine and Carolingian Em ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Icon
An icon () is a religious work of art, most commonly a painting, in the cultures of the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Catholic Church, Catholic, and Lutheranism, Lutheran churches. The most common subjects include Jesus, Mary, mother of Jesus, Mary, saints, and angels. Although especially associated with portrait-style images concentrating on one or two main figures, the term also covers most of the religious images in a variety of artistic media produced by Eastern Christianity, including narrative scenes, usually from the Bible or the lives of saints. Icons are most commonly painted on wood panels with egg tempera, but they may also be cast in metal or carved in stone or embroidered on cloth or done in mosaic or fresco work or printed on paper or metal, etc. Comparable images from Western Christianity may be classified as "icons", although "iconic" may also be used to describe the static style of a devotional image. In the Greek language, the term for icon painting uses ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Second Council Of Nicaea
The Second Council of Nicaea is recognized as the last of the first seven ecumenical councils by the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church. In addition, it is also recognized as such by Old Catholic Church, Old Catholics and others. Protestantism, Protestant opinions on it are varied. The Council assembled in 787 AD in Nicaea (site of the First Council of Nicaea; present-day İznik, Bursa Province, Bursa, in Turkey), to restore the use and veneration of icons (or holy images),Gibbon, p. 1693. which had been suppressed by emperor, imperial edict inside the Byzantine Empire during the reign of Leo III the Isaurian, Leo III (717–741). His son, Constantine V (741–775), had held the Council of Hieria to make the suppression official. The Council determined that the honorary veneration (''timētikē proskynēsis'') of icons was permitted, and that the true adoration (''alēthinē latreia'') was reserved for God alone. It further stated that the honor paid to the icon e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Council Of Constantinople (815)
The Council of Constantinople of 815 was held in the Byzantine capital, in the Hagia Sophia, and initiated the second period of the Byzantine Iconoclasm. Background The Ecumenical Council of Nicaea or Second Council of Nicaea (787) allowed icon veneration. However, there were monks at the Studion Monastery in Constantinople who were iconoclasts (opposed to icons). History Shortly before it convened, the iconophile Patriarch Nikephoros I was deposed by Emperor Leo V the Armenian (813-820) in favour of the iconoclast Theodotos I (patriarch from 815-821). Theodotos presided over the council, which reinstated iconoclasm, repudiating the Second Council of Nicaea and reaffirming the decisions of the Council of Hieria of 754. Although the meeting had been convened at the behest of the iconoclast Emperor, much of the Iconoclast effort was driven by other clerics, including the later patriarchs Antony I and John VII. In the aftermath of this synod Theodotos is represented as tort ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scriptor Incertus
''Scriptor Incertus de Leone Armenio'' ("unknown writer on Leo the Armenian") is the conventional Latin designation given to the anonymous author of a 9th-century Byzantine historical work, of which only two fragments survive. The first fragment, preserved in the 13th-century ''Vat. gr. 2014'' manuscript (interposed into descriptions of the Avaro-Persian siege of Constantinople and the Second Arab Siege of Constantinople The second (symbol: s) is a unit of time derived from the division of the day first into 24 hours, then to 60 minutes, and finally to 60 seconds each (24 × 60 × 60 = 86400). The current and formal definition in the International System of Un ..., as well as hagiographical texts) in the Vatican Library, deals with the 811 campaign of Emperor Nikephoros I () against the First Bulgarian Empire, Bulgars, which ended in the disastrous Battle of Pliska. Discovered and published in 1936 by I. Dujčev, it is also known as the ''Chronicle of 811'', or the Dujčev Fr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
