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Ten Great Campaigns
The Ten Great Campaigns () were a series of military campaigns launched by the Qing dynasty of China in the mid–late 18th century during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor (r. 1735–1796). They included three to enlarge the area of Qing control in Inner Asia: two against the Dzungars (1755–1757) and the "pacification" of Xinjiang (1758–1759). The other seven campaigns were more in the nature of police actions on frontiers already established: two wars to the Gyalrong of Jinchuan, Sichuan, another to the Taiwanese aboriginals (1787–1788), and four expeditions abroad against the Burmese (1765–1769), the Vietnamese (1788–1789), and the Gurkhas on the border between Tibet and Nepal (1790–1792), with the last counting as two. Campaigns Three campaigns against the Dzungars and the pacification of Xinjiang (1755–1759) Of the ten campaigns, the final destruction of the Dzungars (or Zunghars) was the most significant. The 1755 pacification of Dzungaria and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dalai Lama
The Dalai Lama (, ; ) is the head of the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism. The term is part of the full title "Holiness Knowing Everything Vajradhara Dalai Lama" (圣 识一切 瓦齐尔达喇 达赖 喇嘛) given by Altan Khan, the first Shunyi King of Ming dynasty, Ming China. He offered it in appreciation to the Gelug school's then-leader, Sonam Gyatso, who received it in 1578 at Yanghua Monastery. At that time, Sonam Gyatso had just given teachings to the Khan, and so the title of Dalai Lama was also given to the entire tulku lineage. Sonam Gyatso became the 3rd Dalai Lama, while the first two tulkus in the lineage, the 1st Dalai Lama and the 2nd Dalai Lama, were posthumously awarded the title. Since the time of the 5th Dalai Lama in the 17th century, the Dalai Lama has been a symbol of unification of the state of Tibet. The Dalai Lama was an important figure of the Gelug tradition, which was dominant in Central Tibet, but his religious authority went beyond sectarian bo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yining
YiningThe official spelling according to ( zh, s=伊宁), also known as Ghulja () or Kulja (Kazakh language, Kazakh: ), is a county-level city in northwestern Xinjiang, China. It is the administrative seat and largest city of Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture. Yining is the modern successor to the nearby ruined city of Almaliq, Xinjiang, Almaliq, Huocheng County, and is the third largest city in Xinjiang after Ürümqi and Korla. Area and population The city of Yining is a county-level administrative unit located along Ili River. As of 2015, it has an estimated population of 542,507, with a total land area of . It is the most populous city in the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture. The land area and population of the City of Yining saw an increase in 2003; the increase resulted from the transfer of two villages with some of land from the adjacent Yining County, which is a separate administrative unit from the city. Yining's population is primarily Uyghurs, Uyghur, Han Chines ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ili (river)
The Ili River (, , ; ; ; zh, 伊犁河, ; , ; , ) is a river in Northwest China and Southeastern Kazakhstan. It flows from the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture of the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region to the Almaty Region in Kazakhstan. It is long (including its source river the Tekes),Или of which is in Kazakhstan. The river originates from the Tekes and Künes rivers in Eastern . The Ili drains the basin between the Tian Shan and the [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khoja (Turkestan)
Khoja or Khwaja (; ; ; ; ; ; ), a Persian word literally meaning 'master' or ‘lord’, was used in Central Asia as a title of the descendants of the noted Central Asian Naqshbandi Sufi teacher, Ahmad Kasani (1461–1542) or others in the Naqshbandi intellectual lineage prior to Baha al-din Naqshband. The most powerful religious figure in the late Timurid era was the Naqshbandi Shaykh Khwaja Ahrar.The letters of Khwāja ʻUbayd Allāh Aḥrār and his associates. Translated by Jo-Ann Gross. Leiden: BRILL, 2002. The Khojas often were appointed as administrators by Mongol rulers in the Altishahr or present-day region of Tarim Basin in Xinjiang, China. The Khojas of Altishahr claimed to be Sayyids (descendants of Muhammad) and they are still regarded as such by the fraternity people of Altishahr. Although Ahmad Kasani himself, known as ''Makhdūm-i-Azam'' or "Great Master" to his followers, never visited Altishahr (today's Tarim Basin), many of his descendants, known as ''Ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oirats
Oirats (; ) or Oirds ( ; ), formerly known as Eluts and Eleuths ( or ; zh, 厄魯特, ''Èlǔtè'') are the westernmost group of Mongols, whose ancestral home is in the Altai Mountains, Altai region of Siberia, Xinjiang and western Mongolia. The first documented reference to Elut and Yelut was in the Ongin inscription, Onginsk "rune" inscriptions dated in the sixth century. Historically, the Oirats were composed of four major tribes: Dzungar people, Dzungar (Choros (Oirats), Choros or Olot people, Olots), Torghut, Dörbet Oirat, Dörbet and Khoshut. The political elite of the Rouran Khaganate were Yelü, YELÜ-T Mongolic speakers. Although these two empires encompassed multilingual populations, the language of diplomacy, trade, and culture was an ÖLÜ (YELÜ) dialect of ancient Mongolic descent. When the Tabgach destroyed the Rouran Empire, the Mongolic-speaking people escaped into the Caspian steppes. The modern Kalmyks of Kalmykia on the Caspian Sea in southeastern Europe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khoit
The Khoid, also Khoyd or Khoit (; "Northern ones/people") people are an Oirat subgroup of the Choros clan. Once one of largest tribes of the Oirats. File:Amursana.jpg, Amursana Amursana (Mongolian language, Mongolian ; ; 172321September 1757) was an 18th-century ''taishi'' () or prince of the Khoid, Khoit-Oirats, Oirat tribe that ruled over parts of Dzungaria and Altishahr in present-day northwest China. Known as the ... was a Khoid Oirat File:Dzungar cavalry of Amursana, in the Battle of Khorgos against Qing China (1758).png, Partisans of Amursana, in the Battle of Khorgos against Qing China (1758) References Mongol peoples Ethnic groups in Mongolia Kalmykia Kalmyk people Oirats Dzungar Khanate {{Kalmykia-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dawachi
Dawachi (; ; died 1759) was the last ruler of the Dzungar Khanate from 1753 until his defeat at the hands of Qing and Mongol forces at Ili in 1755. Dawachi belonged to the highest rank of Dzungar aristocracy. He traced his ancestry back directly to Erdeni Batur (died 1635), the founder of the Dzungar Khanate. His grandfather was Tsering Dondup. His brother, Tsewang Rabtan (1643-1727), led the Dzungar invasion and occupation of Tibet in 1717. His father was the second cousin of Galdan Tseren, the Khong Tayiji of the Dzungar Khanate from 1727 to 1745. Background Dawachi, whose pasture lands were centered in the Tarbagatai region first came to prominence when he and his Khoit- Oirat ally Amursana opposed the rule of Lama Dorji (1728-1753), who had seized the Dzungar throne after assassinating his brother Tsewang Dorji Namjal in 1750. The reign of Lama Dorji's father, Galdan Tseren, represented a resurgence of the Dzungar Khanate's political, military and economic influence ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amursana
Amursana (Mongolian language, Mongolian ; ; 172321September 1757) was an 18th-century ''taishi'' () or prince of the Khoid, Khoit-Oirats, Oirat tribe that ruled over parts of Dzungaria and Altishahr in present-day northwest China. Known as the last great Oirat hero, Amursana was the last of the Dzungar rulers. The defeat of his rebel forces by Qing dynasty Chinese armies in the late 1750s signaled the final extinction of Mongol influence and power in Inner Asia, ensured the incorporation of Mongol territory into the Qing Empire, Qing Chinese Empire, and brought about the Dzungar genocide, the Qing Emperor's "final solution" to China's northwest frontier problems. Family Amursana was born in 1723 to a noble mother from the Dzungar-Oirat tribe and ''taisha'' or crown prince of the Khoid, Khoit-Oirat clan. Amursana's mother, Boitalak () was the daughter of Tsewang Rabtan, leader of the Dzungar-Oriat tribe following the death of Galdan Boshugtu Khan. She first married Danjung () ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Emin Khoja
Emin Khoja (, ), alternatively rendered as Amīn Khoja and Emin Khwaja, was an Uighur leader from Turpan who revolted against the Dzungar Khanate in 1720, while the Dzungars under Tsewang Rabtan were being attacked by the Qing dynasty in the Dzungar–Qing Wars. Emin Khoja submitted to the Qing dynasty. Uighur Muslims like Emin Khoja from Turfan revolted against their Dzungar Buddhist rulers and pledged allegiance to the Qing dynasty to deliver them from Dzungar Buddhist rule. The Qing eventually eliminated the Dzungars in the Dzungar genocide. Emin Khoja was "arguably the most prominent Muslim collaborator in the Qing imperial expansion into Central Asia". Emin Khoja collaborated with the Qing dynasty against the Dzungars from 1755, contributing 300 soldiers to the Qing campaign against the Dzungars in the Ili region. Emin Khoja also allied with the Qing to crush the Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas led by Burhan-ud-din and Khan Khoja, and drove them to Badakhshan. The Qing arm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
