|
Tell Saadiya
Tell Saadiya (also Tell es-Saadiya) is a tell, or archaeological settlement mound, in Diyala Governorate (Iraq). Archaeological research Excavations at the site were conducted in 1979–1980. They were part of an international salvage operation organized by the Iraqi Directorate of Antiquities which aimed to protect historical monuments in the Gebel Hamrin region endangered by the building of a dam on the Diyala River{{Cite journal, last=Kozłowski, first=Stefan Karol, last2=Bieliński, first2=Piotr, date=1979, title=Tell El Saadiya, url=http://bazhum.muzhp.pl/media//files/Informator_Archeologiczny_badania/Informator_Archeologiczny_badania-r1979-t13/Informator_Archeologiczny_badania-r1979-t13-s289-290/Informator_Archeologiczny_badania-r1979-t13-s289-290.pdf, journal=Informator Archeologiczny, volume=13 (Hamrin program, Hamrin Dam Salvage Project). Archaeological works at Tell Saadiya were carried out by a team from the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology University of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tell (archaeology)
In archaeology, a tell (from , ', 'mound' or 'small hill') is an artificial topographical feature, a mound consisting of the accumulated and stratified debris of a succession of consecutive settlements at the same site, the refuse of generations of people who built and inhabited them and natural sediment. Tells are most commonly associated with the ancient Near East but are also found elsewhere, such as in Southern Europe, Southern and parts of Central Europe, from Greece and Bulgaria to Hungary and Spain,, see map. and in North Africa. Within the Near East they are concentrated in less arid regions, including Upper Mesopotamia, the Southern Levant, Anatolia and Iran, which had more continuous settlement. Eurasian tells date to the Neolithic, the Chalcolithic and the Bronze and Iron Ages. In the Southern Levant the time of the tells ended with the conquest by Alexander the Great, which ushered in the Hellenistic period with its own, different settlement-building patterns. Many t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ubaid Period
The Ubaid period (c. 5500–3700 BC) is a prehistoric period of Mesopotamia. The name derives from Tell al-'Ubaid where the earliest large excavation of Ubaid period material was conducted initially in 1919 by Henry Hall, Leonard Woolley in 1922-1923, and later by Pinhas Delougaz in 1937.P. Delougaz, "A Short Investigation of the Temple at Al-’Ubaid", Iraq, vol. 5, pp. 1–11, 1938 Excavations continue into the present day. In Southern Mesopotamia, this period marks the earliest known human settlements on the alluvial plain, although it is likely earlier periods exist that are obscured under the alluvium. In the south it has a very long duration between about 5500 and 3800 BC when it is replaced by the Uruk period. In Northern Mesopotamia the period runs only between about 5300 and 4300 BC. It is preceded by the Halaf period and the Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period and succeeded by the Late Chalcolithic period. History of research The excavators of Eridu and Tell ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tell Yelkhi
Tell Yelkhi, is an ancient Near East archaeological site in Diyala Governorate (Iraq). It was examined as part of the Hemrin Dam, Hamrin Dam salvage excavation before it flooded. Other sites a part of that rescue excavation included, Me-Turan, Tell Gubah, Tell Songor, Tellul Hamediyat, Tell Rubeidheh, Tell Madhur, Tell Imlihiye, Tell Rashid, Tell Saadiya and Tell Abada. Some of these sites, including Tell Yelkhi, periodically emerge from the water. The site of Tell Yelhi was settled in the early 3rd millennium BC and occupation continued through the Kassite period late in the 2nd millennium BC. Its name in ancient times is not yet known though Awalki (known during Akkadian, Ur III, and Old Babylonian periods) has been suggested. Archaeology The oval mound (220 meters by 170 meters) rises about 12 meters above the plain, having two peaks, one lower than the other, and covers an area of about 4 hectares. The edges of main mound have eroded somewhat, removing some Level I Kassite r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tell Madhur
Tell Madhur (also Madhhur) is a Tell (archaeology), tell, or archaeological settlement mound, in Diyala Governorate (Iraq). The site was excavated due to it being flooded by the Lake Hamrin, reservoir created by the Hemrin Dam, Hamrin Dam. Madhur is best known for its particularly well-preserved Ubaid house. A significant Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia), Early Dynastic occupation, consisting of a rounded building typical for the Hamrin region at the time, has also been attested at Madhur. The site and its environment The Tell (archaeology), tell measures 100 by 80 m and rises 2.5 m above the surrounding plain. The archaeological deposits extended some 4 m below the current surface of the plain as well, indicating that considerable soil accumulation must have taken place since Madhur was first settled. History of research Tell Madhur was excavated for four seasons between 1977 and 1980 by the British Archaeological Expedition to Iraq as part of the large, international Resc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tell Abada
Tell Abada is a Tell (archaeology), tell, or archaeological settlement mound, in Diyala Governorate (Iraq). Abada was excavated as part of the Rescue archaeology, archaeological salvage operation to excavate sites that would be flooded by the reservoir of the Hemrin Dam, Hamrin Dam. Excavations revealed occupation levels dating to the Ubaid period, Ubaid 1-3 periods. The site is important because it was one of the few where an Ubaid period settlement could be excavated in its entirety. The site and its environment The site lies in the foothills of the Zagros Mountains in the Hamrin Mountains, Hamrin region, east of the Diyala River and southeast of Sadiyah. It measures 190 by 150 m and rises 3.5 m above the surrounding plain. Another nearby Ubaid period site is Tell Rashid, which is located north of Tell Abada. History of research Tell Abada was excavated for a single season from December 1977 until July 1978 under the direction of Sabah Abboud Jasim. The excavation was part ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tell Rashid
Tell Rashid is a tell, or archaeological settlement mound, in Diyala Governorate, Iraq. The site lies in the foothills of the Zagros Mountains, some south of Tell Abada, another Ubaid period site. It measures 54 by 30 m and extends 2.5 m above the surrounding plain. Tell Rashid was excavated for a single season in 1978 under the direction of Sabah Abboud Jasim as part of the archaeological salvage work being done for the construction of the Hemrin Dam. The excavation trench reached a depth of 5 m, at which point virgin soil (undisturbed by human activity) was reached. Four different occupation levels were recognised, all dating to the Ubaid period. Occupation history The oldest level, IV, consists of some mudbrick foundations that were part of a larger building that extended beyond the excavated area. Based on the ceramics, the level could be dated to Ubaid 2. Level III yielded significant architectural remains, consisting of at least three separate buildings. Two of these we ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cities Of The Ancient Near East
The earliest cities in history were in the ancient Near East, an area covering roughly that of the modern Middle East: its history began in the 4th millennium BC and ended, depending on the interpretation of the term, either with the conquest by the Achaemenid Empire in the 6th century BC or with that by Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC. The largest cities of the Bronze Age Near East housed several tens of thousands of people. Memphis in the Early Bronze Age, with some 30,000 inhabitants, was the largest city of the time by far. Ebla is estimated to have had a population of 40,000 inhabitants in the Intermediate Bronze age. Ur in the Middle Bronze Age is estimated to have had some 65,000 inhabitants; Babylon in the Late Bronze Age similarly had a population of some 50,000–60,000. Niniveh had some 20,000–30,000, reaching 100,000 only in the Iron Age (around 700 BC). In Akkadian and Hittite orthography, URU became a determinative sign denoting a city, or combine ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Burial
Burial, also known as interment or inhumation, is a method of final disposition whereby a dead body is placed into the ground, sometimes with objects. This is usually accomplished by excavating a pit or trench, placing the deceased and objects in it, and covering it over. A funeral is a ceremony that accompanies the final disposition. Evidence suggests that some archaic and early modern humans buried their dead. Burial is often seen as indicating respect for the dead. It has been used to prevent the odor of decay, to give family members closure and prevent them from witnessing the decomposition of their loved ones, and in many cultures it has been seen as a necessary step for the deceased to enter the afterlife or to give back to the cycle of life. Methods of burial may be heavily ritualized and can include natural burial (sometimes called "green burial"); embalming or mummification; and the use of containers for the dead, such as shrouds, coffins, grave liners, an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kiln
A kiln is a thermally insulated chamber, a type of oven, that produces temperatures sufficient to complete some process, such as hardening, drying, or Chemical Changes, chemical changes. Kilns have been used for millennia to turn objects made from clay into pottery, Tile, tiles and bricks. Various industries use rotary kilns for pyroprocessing (to calcinate ores, such as limestone to Lime (material), lime for Cement kiln, cement) and to transform many other materials. Etymology According to the Oxford English Dictionary, kiln was derived from the words cyline, cylene, cyln(e) in Old English, in turn derived from Latin ''culina'' ('kitchen'). In Middle English, the word is attested as kulne, kyllne, kilne, kiln, kylle, kyll, kil, kill, keele, kiele. In Greek the word ''καίειν, kaiein'', means 'to burn'. Pronunciation The word 'kiln' was originally pronounced 'kil' with the 'n' silent, as is referenced in ''Webster's Dictionary of 1828'' and in ''English Words as Sp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mudbrick
Mudbrick or mud-brick, also known as unfired brick, is an air-dried brick, made of a mixture of mud (containing loam, clay, sand and water) mixed with a binding material such as rice husks or straw. Mudbricks are known from 9000 BCE. From around 5000–4000 BCE, mudbricks evolved into Brick#Fired brick, fired bricks to increase strength and durability. Nevertheless, in some warm regions with very little timber available to fuel a kiln, mudbricks continued to be in use. Even today, mudbricks are the standard of vernacular architecture in some warmer regions- mainly in parts of Africa and western Asia. In the 20th century, the compressed earth block was developed using high pressure as a cheap and eco-friendly alternative to obtain non-fired bricks with more strength than the simpler air-dried mudbricks. Ancient world The history of mudbrick production and construction in the southern Levant may be dated as far back to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (e.g., PPNA Jericho). ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stratigraphy (archaeology)
Stratigraphy is a key concept to modern archaeological theory and practice. Modern excavation techniques are based on stratigraphic principles. The concept derives from the geological use of the idea that sedimentation takes place according to uniform principles. When archaeological finds are below the surface of the ground (as is most commonly the case), the identification of the context of each find is vital in enabling the archaeologist to draw conclusions about the site and about the nature and date of its occupation. It is the archaeologist's role to attempt to discover what contexts exist and how they came to be created. Archaeological stratification or sequence is the dynamic superimposition of single units of stratigraphy, or contexts. Contexts are single events or actions that leave discrete, detectable traces in the archaeological sequence or stratigraphy. They can be deposits (such as the back-fill of a ditch), structures (such as walls), or "zero thickness surfac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mound
A mound is a wikt:heaped, heaped pile of soil, earth, gravel, sand, rock (geology), rocks, or debris. Most commonly, mounds are earthen formations such as hills and mountains, particularly if they appear artificial. A mound may be any rounded area of topography, topographically higher elevation on any surface. Artificial mounds have been created for a variety of reasons throughout history, including habitation (see Tell (archaeology), Tell and Terp), ceremonial (platform mound), burial (tumulus), and commemorative purposes (e.g. Kościuszko Mound). Archaeology North American archaeology In the archaeology of the United States and Canada, a mound is a deliberately constructed elevated earthen structure or earthworks (engineering), earthwork, intended for a range of potential uses. In European and Asian archaeology, the word "tumulus" may be used as a synonym for an artificial hill, particularly if the hill is related to particular burial customs. While the term "mound" may ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
