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Sultanate Of Massina
The Sultanate of Massina was a state covering much of the Inner Niger Delta in what is now Mali. From its founding around 1400 CE, it was generally a tributary of larger states, including the Mali Empire (14th century), the Songhai Empire (15th-16th centuries), the Pashalik of Timbuktu, Arma (Moroccan) pashas of Tomboctou (17th century), and the Segou Empire (18th century). In 1818 the Sultanate was overthrown by a Fula jihads, ''jihad'' led by Ahmadu Lobbo, who established the Caliphate of Hamdullahi. Etymology There are multiple theories for the origin of the name 'Massina'. One is that it was the name of a lake close to Keke, the first capital of the Sultanate near modern-day Tenenkou. Alternatively, 'Massina' could be related to the Imasna, an Afro-Berber group and the oldest ethnic strata within the population of Tichitt. 'Maasina' is an old Fula language, Fula term for the Dhar Tichitt-Walata-Néma region in the Aoukar basin. History Fulani pastoralists began to enter the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maasina Fulfulde
Maasina Fulfulde is a variety of the Fula language. It is spoken mainly in Mali, Ivory Coast, and Ghana by 1.6 million people. The language has several mutually intelligible dialects albeit with some differences. The variety is named after the Macina region in Mali. Maasinankoore is the most widely spoken dialect of Fula spoken in Mali and is a national language of the country. According to Ethnologue there are two dialects - Western and Eastern - and "There are some dialect differences, but popular opinion is that all dialects in Mali are inherently intelligible." Maasina Fulfulde is grammatically basically the same as other varieties of Fula, with some particularities. For instance there are some slight differences in some verb endings. The counting system retains a recapitulation of older systems historically used by other groups in what is now Mali. Tens from 60-90 have alternative versions not used in other varieties of Fula. In the table the general form, which wou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aoukar
Aoukar or Erg Aoukar () is a geological depression area of south eastern Mauritania. It is located between Kiffa and Néma, south of the Tagant Plateau. The region is also referred to as Hodh or (). Barth, Henry''Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa, being a Journal of an Expedition undertaken under the Auspices of H.B.M.'s Government, in the Years 1849–1855'', Vol. 3, pp. 712 ff.Harper & Bros. (New York), 1859. Accessed 18 Apr 2014. The Aoukar basin is a dry natural region of sand dunes and salt pans fringed by escarpments on its northern and eastern sides. History There was once vast reed-covered endorheic lake in the area, but it no longer exists. The former lake of Aoukar extended towards the area of Tichit, bordering the southern edge of the Tagant Plateau. Below the cliffs ''(dhars)'' facing the extinct lake remains of about 400 villages have been found. From east to west, Dhar Néma, Dhar Walata, Dhar Tichitt, and Dha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moroccan Invasion Of The Songhai Empire
The Moroccan invasion of the Songhai Empire began with an expedition sent in 1590 by Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur of the Saadian dynasty, which ruled over Morocco at the time. The Saadian army, led by Judar Pasha, arrived in the Niger valley region (in present-day Mali) in 1591 and won its first and most decisive victory against the forces of Askia Ishaq II at the Battle of Tondibi and occupied the capital of Gao shortly after. After this victory, however, the Moroccans struggled to have their authority accepted in the region and continued to wage a protracted war with the remnants of the defeated Songhai Empire. The Saadians did achieve their aim of controlling the Trans-Saharan trade routes, which secured a supply of gold and slaves. In the long term the Pashalik of Timbuktu, a small state centered on Timbuktu and controlled by the Arma people, continued to rule a territory stretching roughly from Gao to Djenné and nominally recognized the authority of the Saadian dynasty and the l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Tondibi
The Battle of Tondibi was the decisive confrontation in the 16th-century invasion of the Songhai Empire by the army of the Saadi dynasty in Morocco. The Moroccan forces under Judar Pasha defeated the Songhai under Askia Ishaq II, guaranteeing the empire's downfall. Background The Songhai had been the dominant force in Western Africa for more than a century, controlling the Western Sudan from the headwaters of the Senegal River to what is now Niger; however, a series of succession conflicts after the 1586 death of Askia Al-Hajj left the Empire in a weakened state. Meanwhile, to the north, the Saadi Dynasty of Morocco was at the height of its power. In 1578, Morocco successfully repelled an invasion by Portugal at the Battle of Alcácer Quibir, forces decimating the large Portuguese army. However, the expense of the defences built to hold off the Portuguese was a large strain on Moroccan coffers, putting the kingdom on the verge of bankruptcy. Invasion In search of new re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bubu Maryam
Bubu or Bu Bu may refer to: Arts and entertainment * Bubu music, a traditional Temne music of Sierra Leone * ''Bubù'' (film), a 1971 Italian historical drama film * Bubu, a 1970s Argentine rock band * Bubu, a 2000s Romanian band who represented Romania in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest. People * Bubu Mazibuko, South African actress * Bubu Palo (born 1991), American basketball player nicknamed "Bubu" * Ahmadu Hammadi Bubu (1776–1845), founder of the Massina Empire * several kings of the Massina Empire ** Bubu I (reigned 1544–1551) ** Bubu II (reigned 1559–1583) ** Bubu III (reigned 1603–1613) Other uses * bubu, a traditional dance of Perak, Malaysia * bubu, a type of fish trap * Bubu, a brand name of PGO Scooters See also * * * Al-bubu, a version of the boogeyman * Boo Boo (other) * Boubou (clothing) The boubou or grand boubou from Wolof mboubou is a flowing wide-sleeved robe worn across West Africa, and to a lesser extent in North Africa The garmen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Askia Daoud
Askia Daoud (also Askia Dāwūd, Askiya Dawud) was the ruler of the Songhai Empire from 1549 to 1582. His rule saw the empire rise to a peak of peace and prosperity following a series of succession disputes and short reigns."Songhai empire." ''Britannica Academic'', Encyclopædia Britannica, 5 Aug. 2019. academic-eb-com.queens.ezproxy.cuny.edu/levels/collegiate/article/Songhai-empire/68696. Accessed 30 Nov. 2019. Background and rise to power Dawud was one of many sons of Askia Muhammad Ture, the first ruler of the Askia dynasty. Under his rule, the Songhai economy thrived and developed a profoundly Islamized society, with the government promoting trade, education, and literacy. Dawud and his brothers received a good Islamic education. Beginning with his father's deposition in 1528, the Songhai empire was shaken by a series of succession disputes until his brother Askia Ishaq I was peacefully elected Askia in 1539.Root, Mario. "Songhay Empire." ''Encyclopedia of Black Studies'', ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kurmina-fari
The Kurmina-fari or Kanfari was the title of a major administrative and military position in the Songhai Empire. The position was broadly in charge of the western half of the empire, and was based in Tindirma. The position was created by Askia Mohammad I in 1494 soon after he took power from Sonni Ali. His brother Umar Komadiago was the first ''Kurmina-fari'', and several of his sons would hold the position after him. The ''Kurmina-fari'' was often the eldest son or brother of the ruling Askia. List of Kurmina-fari This list comes from the Tarikh al-Sudan. Dates and english spellings are derived mostly from Michael A. Gomez's book African Dominion: A New History of Empire in Early and Medieval West Africa. * Umar Komadiago b. Abu Bakr, 1494–1520 * Yahya b. Abu Bakr, 1520–1529 * Uthman Yawbobo, 1529–1530 * Mohammed Bonkana Kirya, 1530–1531 * Uthman Tinfarin, 1531–1537 * Hammad Aryao b. Mohammad Kirai, 1537–1539 * ‘Alī Kusira, 1539–1543 * Dāwūd, 1543–1549 * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Askia Al-Hajj
Askia Muhammad al-Hajj was the ruler of the Songhai Empire from 1582 to 1586. Rise to Power Muhammad al-Hajj was the son of Askia Daoud and named after his grandfather Askia Mohammed I. Despite his name, he never performed the hajj. Upon his father's accession to the Askiyate in 1549 he was appointed ''Korey-farma'', meaning 'Minister of the Whites.' This position was in charge of managing the Berbers and Tuareg people of the northern parts of the Empire, as well as an increasingly large and influential community of expatriate merchants in Gao and Timbuktu. Under his father, he also served as ''fari-mondio'', in charge of tax collection, from 1579 to 1583. Askia Daoud had intended that al-Hajj's older brother, '' Kurmina-fari'' Muhammad Benkan, succeed him. But when Daoud died in 1582, Muhammad Benkan had not yet arrived from Tindirma. Al-Hajj, being the oldest brother present, was elected Askia. Reign Muhammad Benkan initially intended to oppose the succession, but was quickly ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sonni Ali
Sonni Ali, also known as Si Ali, Sonni Ali Ber (Ber meaning "the Great"), reigned from about 1464 to 1492 as the 15th ruler of the Sunni dynasty of the Songhai Empire. He transformed the relatively small state into an empire by conquering Timbuktu, Massina, the Inner Niger Delta, and Djenne. Early life Sunni Ali was born the son of Sonni Muhammad Da'o, who appears in the kinglists of the '' Tarikh al-Sudan'' and '' Tarikh al-Fattash'' as the 10th Sonni ruler. His mother was from Fara, an area that was still heavily pagan, and Ali was raised in this milieu. As a Sonni, he also received an Islamic education, but practiced a syncretic, unorthodox faith. Reign Upon Sunni Ali's accession, the Songhay already controlled the Niger river basin from Dendi to Mema. His first major conquest was the ancient city of Timbuktu. Controlled by the Tuaregs since the Malian retreat a few decades earlier, in 1469 the Timbuktu-koi 'Umar asked for Songhai protection. He conducted a repressive p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Niger River
The Niger River ( ; ) is the main river of West Africa, extending about . Its drainage basin is in area. Its source is in the Guinea Highlands in south-eastern Guinea near the Sierra Leone border. It runs in a crescent shape through Mali, Niger, on the border with Benin and then through Nigeria, discharging through a massive River delta, delta, known as the Niger Delta, into the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean. The Niger is the third-longest river in Africa, exceeded by the Nile and the Congo River. Its main tributary is the Benue River. Etymology The Niger has different names in the different languages of the region: * Fula language, Fula: ''Maayo Jaaliba'' * Manding languages, Manding: ''Jeliba'' or ''Joliba'' "great river" * Tuareg languages, Tuareg: ''Eġərəw n-Igərǝwăn'' "river of rivers" * Songhay languages, Songhay: ''Isa'' "the river" * Zarma language, Zarma: ''Isa Beeri'' "great river" * Hausa language, Hausa: ''Kwara'' *Nupe language, Nupe: ''Èdù'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
