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Sultanate Of Massina
The Sultanate of Massina was a state covering much of the Inner Niger Delta in what is now Mali. From its founding around 1400 CE, it was generally a tributary of larger states, including the Mali Empire (14th century), the Songhai Empire (15th-16th centuries), the Pashalik of Timbuktu, Arma (Moroccan) pashas of Tomboctou (17th century), and the Segou Empire (18th century). In 1818 the Sultanate was overthrown by a Fula jihads, ''jihad'' led by Ahmadu Lobbo, who established the Caliphate of Hamdullahi. Etymology There are multiple theories for the origin of the name 'Massina'. One is that it was the name of a lake close to Keke, the first capital of the Sultanate near modern-day Tenenkou. Alternatively, 'Massina' could be related to the Imasna, an Afro-Berber group and the oldest ethnic strata within the population of Tichitt. 'Maasina' is an old Fula language, Fula term for the Dhar Tichitt-Walata-Néma region in the Aoukar basin. History Fulani pastoralists began to enter the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maasina Fulfulde
Maasina Fulfulde is a variety of the Fula language. It is spoken mainly in Mali, Ivory Coast, and Ghana by 1.6 million people. The language has several mutually intelligible dialects albeit with some differences. The variety is named after the Macina region in Mali. Maasinankoore is the most widely spoken dialect of Fula spoken in Mali and is a national language of the country. According to Ethnologue there are two dialects - Western and Eastern - and "There are some dialect differences, but popular opinion is that all dialects in Mali are inherently intelligible." Maasina Fulfulde is grammatically basically the same as other varieties of Fula, with some particularities. For instance there are some slight differences in some verb endings. The counting system retains a recapitulation of older systems historically used by other groups in what is now Mali. Tens from 60-90 have alternative versions not used in other varieties of Fula. In the table the general form, which wou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aoukar
Aoukar or Erg Aoukar () is a geological depression area of south eastern Mauritania. It is located between Kiffa and Néma, south of the Tagant Plateau. The region is also referred to as Hodh or (). Barth, Henry''Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa, being a Journal of an Expedition undertaken under the Auspices of H.B.M.'s Government, in the Years 1849–1855'', Vol. 3, pp. 712 ff.Harper & Bros. (New York), 1859. Accessed 18 Apr 2014. The Aoukar basin is a dry natural region of sand dunes and salt pans fringed by escarpments on its northern and eastern sides. History There was once vast reed-covered endorheic lake in the area, but it no longer exists. The former lake of Aoukar extended towards the area of Tichit, bordering the southern edge of the Tagant Plateau. Below the cliffs ''(dhars)'' facing the extinct lake remains of about 400 villages have been found. From east to west, Dhar Néma, Dhar Walata, Dhar Tichitt, and Dha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moroccan Invasion Of The Songhai Empire
The Moroccan invasion of the Songhai Empire began with an expedition sent in 1590 by Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur of the Saadian dynasty, which ruled over Morocco at the time. The Saadian army, led by Judar Pasha, arrived in the Niger valley region (in present-day Mali) in 1591 and won its first and most decisive victory against the forces of Askia Ishaq II at the Battle of Tondibi and occupied the capital of Gao shortly after. After this victory, however, the Moroccans struggled to have their authority accepted in the region and continued to wage a protracted war with the remnants of the defeated Songhai Empire. The Saadians did achieve their aim of controlling the Trans-Saharan trade routes, which secured a supply of gold and slaves. In the long term the Pashalik of Timbuktu, a small state centered on Timbuktu and controlled by the Arma people, continued to rule a territory stretching roughly from Gao to Djenné and nominally recognized the authority of the Saadian dynasty and the l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
