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Streptobacillus
''Streptobacillus'' is a genus of fastidious microaerophilic gram-negative bacteria, which grow in culture as rods in chains. Species associated with infection - ''S. moniliformis'' Reported susceptibilities and therapies - penicillin, erythromycin Diseases Associated infections: the Haverhill fever form of rat bite fever. (Notes '' Spirillum minus'' is also an agent of rat bite fever, in the form known as sodoku.) Haverhill fever, which is characterized by fever, rash, chills, headache, vomiting, muscle pain, arthritis, and bacteremia, and by weight loss and diarrhea in children. Commentary Rat bite fever is caused by either ''Streptobacillus moniliformis'' or ''Spirillum minor''. The incidence of rat-bite fever is highest in urban areas with poor sanitation where the rat population is high, however in recent times cases have also been attributed to occupational contact with rodents such as pet shop employees or laboratory workers or through pet ownership. While the disea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Streptobacillus Moniliformis
''Streptobacillus moniliformis'' is a non-motile, Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium that is a member of the family Leptotrichiaceae. The genome of ''S. moniliformis'' is one of two completed sequences of the order Fusobacteriales. Its name comes from the Greek word ''streptos'' for "curved" or "twisted", and the Latin words ''bacillus'' meaning "small rod" and ''moniliformis'' for "necklace". ''S. moniliformis'' is microaerophilic, requiring less oxygen than is present in the atmosphere for its growth. Background History ''S. moniliformis'' was first isolated from a rat-bitten man in 1914 by German microbiologist H. Schottmüller, who described it as ''Streptothrix muris ratti''. In the United States during the year 1916, ''S. moniliformis'' was determined to be the causative source of rat-bite fever. Microbiology Some isolates of ''S. moniliformis'' have been collected from the upper respiratory tract of domestic and wild rats. Two known variants of ''S. moniliformis'' have b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rat Bite Fever
Rat-bite fever (RBF) is an acute, febrile human illness caused by bacteria transmitted by rodents, in most cases, which is passed from rodent to human by the rodent's urine or mucous secretions. Alternative names for rat-bite fever include streptobacillary fever, streptobacillosis, spirillary fever, bogger, and epidemic arthritic erythema. It is a rare disease spread by infected rodents and caused by two specific types of bacteria: # ''Streptobacillus moniliformis'', the only reported bacteria that causes RBF in North America (streptobacillary RBF) # ''Spirillum minus'', common in Asia (spirillary RBF, also known as sodoku). Most cases occur in Japan, but specific strains of the disease are present in the United States, Europe, Australia, and Africa. Some cases are diagnosed after patients were exposed to the urine or bodily secretions of an infected animal. These secretions can come from the mouth, nose, or eyes of the rodent. The majority of cases are due to the animal's bite. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haverhill Fever
Haverhill fever (or epidemic arthritic erythema) is a systemic illness caused by the bacterium '' Streptobacillus moniliformis'', an organism common in rats and mice. If untreated, the illness can have a mortality rate of up to 13%. Among the two types of rat-bite fever, Haverhill fever caused by '' Streptobacillus moniliformis'' is most common in North America. The other type of infection caused by '' Spirillum minus'' is more common in Asia and is also known as Sodoku. The initial non-specific presentation of the disease and hurdles in culturing the causative microorganism are at times responsible for a delay or failure in the diagnosis of the disease. Although non-specific in nature, initial symptoms like relapsing fever, rash and migratory polyarthralgia are the most common symptoms of epidemic arthritic erythema. Bites and scratches from rodents carrying the bacteria are generally responsible for the affliction. However, the disease can be spread even without physical lacera ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spirillum Minus
''Spirillum minus'' is an organism associated with rat-bite fever (specifically sodoku) that has never been fully identified and was assigned to the genus ''Spirillum'' in 1887 based on morphology, although it is not a validly published name. As ''Spirillum'' species generally obligately microaerophiles and are not found in mammals, this organism may be misclassified. Sequencing data should help to resolve this question. This organism is presumed to be a bacterium. It stains gram-negative Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining method of bacterial differentiation. They are characterized by their cell envelopes, which are composed of a thin peptidoglycan cell wa ... and has a coiled rod shape. It does not grow ''in vitro'', and requires inoculation in animals for growth. No attempts to sequence the organism are known as of 2015. References {{Taxonbar, from=Q7577829 Nitrosomonadales ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spirillum Minor
''Spirillum minus'' is an organism associated with rat-bite fever (specifically sodoku) that has never been fully identified and was assigned to the genus ''Spirillum'' in 1887 based on morphology, although it is not a validly published name. As ''Spirillum'' species generally obligately microaerophiles and are not found in mammals, this organism may be misclassified. Sequencing data should help to resolve this question. This organism is presumed to be a bacterium. It stains gram-negative Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining method of bacterial differentiation. They are characterized by their cell envelopes, which are composed of a thin peptidoglycan cell wall ... and has a coiled rod shape. It does not grow ''in vitro'', and requires inoculation in animals for growth. No attempts to sequence the organism are known as of 2015. References {{Taxonbar, from=Q7577829 Nitrosomonadales ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Bacteria Genera
This article lists the genera of the bacteria. The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). However many taxonomic names are taken from the GTDB release 07-RS207 (8th April 2022). Phyla {, border="0" style="width: 100%;" ! , - , style="border:0px" valign="top", {, class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 100%; font-size: 95%;" !Syperphylum !Phylum !Authority !Synonyms , - , Parakaryota , , , Myojin parakaryote , - , , " Canglongiota" , Zhang et al. 2022 , , - , , " Fervidibacteria" , , OctSpa1-106 , - , , " Heilongiota" , Zhang et al. 2022 , , - , , " Qinglongiota" , Zhang et al. 2022 , , - , , " Salinosulfoleibacteria" , Tazi et al. 2006 , , - , , " Teskebacteria" , Dojka 1998 , WS1 , - , , " Tharpellota" , Speth et al. 2022 , , - , Terrabacteria , Chloroflexota , Whitman et al. 2018 , " Thermomicrobiota" , - , Terrabacteria , " Dormibacter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sodoku
Sodoku (鼠毒) is a bacterial zoonotic disease. It is caused by the Gram-negative rod '' Spirillum minus'' (also known as ''Spirillum minor''). It is a form of rat-bite fever (RBF). Signs and symptoms The initial scratch or wound caused by a bite from a carrier rodent results in mild inflammatory reactions and ulcerations. The wounds may heal initially, but reappear with the onset of symptoms. The symptoms include recurring fever, with body temperature 101–104°F (38–40°C). The fever lasts for 2–4 days, but recurs generally at 4–8 weeks. This cycle may continue for months or years. The other symptoms include regional lymphadenitis, malaise, and headache. The complications include myocarditis, endocarditis, hepatitis, splenomegaly, and meningitis. Causes The infections are acquired through rat Rats are various medium-sized, long-tailed rodents. Species of rats are found throughout the order Rodentia, but stereotypical rats are found in the genus ''Rattus''. Ot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bacteria Genera
This article lists the genera of the bacteria. The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). However many taxonomic names are taken from the GTDB release 07-RS207 (8th April 2022). Phyla {, border="0" style="width: 100%;" ! , - , style="border:0px" valign="top", {, class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 100%; font-size: 95%;" !Syperphylum !Phylum !Authority !Synonyms , - , Parakaryota , , , Myojin parakaryote , - , , " Canglongiota" , Zhang et al. 2022 , , - , , " Fervidibacteria" , , OctSpa1-106 , - , , " Heilongiota" , Zhang et al. 2022 , , - , , " Qinglongiota" , Zhang et al. 2022 , , - , , " Salinosulfoleibacteria" , Tazi et al. 2006 , , - , , " Teskebacteria" , Dojka 1998 , WS1 , - , , " Tharpellota" , Speth et al. 2022 , , - , Terrabacteria , Chloroflexota , Whitman et al. 2018 , " Thermomicrobiota" , - , Terrabacteria , " Dormibacte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Erythromycin
Erythromycin is an antibiotic used for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections. This includes respiratory tract infections, skin infections, chlamydia infections, pelvic inflammatory disease, and syphilis. It may also be used during pregnancy to prevent Group B streptococcal infection in the newborn, as well as to improve delayed stomach emptying. It can be given intravenously and by mouth. An eye ointment is routinely recommended after delivery to prevent eye infections in the newborn. Common side effects include abdominal cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea. More serious side effects may include ''Clostridium difficile'' colitis, liver problems, prolonged QT, and allergic reactions. It is generally safe in those who are allergic to penicillin. Erythromycin also appears to be safe to use during pregnancy. While generally regarded as safe during breastfeeding, its use by the mother during the first two weeks of life may increase the risk of pyloric stenosis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Penicillin
Penicillins (P, PCN or PEN) are a group of β-lactam antibiotics originally obtained from ''Penicillium'' moulds, principally '' P. chrysogenum'' and '' P. rubens''. Most penicillins in clinical use are synthesised by P. chrysogenum using deep tank fermentation and then purified. A number of natural penicillins have been discovered, but only two purified compounds are in clinical use: penicillin G ( intramuscular or intravenous use) and penicillin V (given by mouth). Penicillins were among the first medications to be effective against many bacterial infections caused by staphylococci and streptococci. They are still widely used today for different bacterial infections, though many types of bacteria have developed resistance following extensive use. 10% of the population claims penicillin allergies but because the frequency of positive skin test results decreases by 10% with each year of avoidance, 90% of these patients can tolerate penicillin. Additionally, those w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bacterium
Bacteria (; singular: bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep biosphere of Earth's crust. Bacteria are vital in many stages of the nutrient cycle by recycling nutrients such as the fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere. The nutrient cycle includes the decomposition of dead bodies; bacteria are responsible for the putrefaction stage in this process. In the biological communities surrounding hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, extremophile bacteria provide the nutrients needed to sustain life by converting dissolved compounds, such as hydrogen sulphide and methane, to energy. Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gram-negative
Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining method of bacterial differentiation. They are characterized by their cell envelopes, which are composed of a thin peptidoglycan cell wall sandwiched between an inner cytoplasmic cell membrane and a bacterial outer membrane. Gram-negative bacteria are found in virtually all environments on Earth that support life. The gram-negative bacteria include the model organism ''Escherichia coli'', as well as many pathogenic bacteria, such as '' Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', '' Chlamydia trachomatis'', and '' Yersinia pestis''. They are a significant medical challenge as their outer membrane protects them from many antibiotics (including penicillin), detergents that would normally damage the inner cell membrane, and lysozyme, an antimicrobial enzyme produced by animals that forms part of the innate immune system. Additionally, the outer leaflet of this membrane comprises a complex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
