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Stockton, New South Wales
Stockton is a suburb of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia, located from Newcastle's central business district. It is the only residential suburb of the City of Newcastle that lies north of the Hunter River, New South Wales, Hunter River. Geography Stockton is a peninsula, with the Hunter River, New South Wales, Hunter River at the south and south-west and the Pacific Ocean at the east. On the eastern side are sand dunes and surfing beaches, with numerous shipwrecks at its north, while on the western side there are marshes, where many migratory birds can be spotted. There are numerous spots at Stockton suitable for recreational fishing. For many years, Stockton was linked to Newcastle's central business district at the south by passenger and vehicular ferry services. While there is still a passenger ferry service, vehicular traffic is now connected by the Stockton Bridge that opened in 1971. History Aboriginal history The Aboriginal people, in this area, the Worimi, ...
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Newcastle, New South Wales
Newcastle, also commonly referred to as Greater Newcastle ( ; ), is a large Metropolitan area, metropolitan area and the second-most-populous such area of New South Wales, Australia. It includes the cities of City of Newcastle, Newcastle and City of Lake Macquarie, Lake Macquarie and it is the hub of the List of suburbs in Greater Newcastle, New South Wales, Lower Hunter region, which includes most parts of the cities of City of Newcastle, Newcastle, City of Lake Macquarie, Lake Macquarie, City of Maitland, Maitland, City of Cessnock, Cessnock, and Port Stephens Council. Newcastle is also known by its colloquial nickname, Newy. A Newcastle resident can also be known as a Wiktionary, Novocastrian. Located at the mouth of the Hunter River (New South Wales), Hunter River, it is the predominant city within the Hunter Region. Famous for its Hunter Valley Coal Chain, coal, Newcastle is the largest coal exporting harbour in the world, exporting 143 million tonnes of coal in 2022. Beyon ...
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Central Business District
A central business district (CBD) is the Commerce, commercial and business center of a city. It contains commercial space and offices, and in larger cities will often be described as a financial district. Geographically, it often coincides with the "city centre" or "downtown". However, these concepts are not necessarily synonymous: many cities have a central ''business'' district located away from its traditional city center, and there may be multiple CBDs within a single urban area. The CBD will often be highly accessible and have a large variety and concentration of specialised goods and services compared to other parts of the city. Midtown Manhattan is the world's largest central business district. In the City of London, the largest concentration of economic output in the world is held there, with many headquarters of major financial and law firms being based in the City. In Chicago, the Chicago Loop is the second-largest central business district in the United States. It is ...
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World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the world's countries participated, with many nations mobilising all resources in pursuit of total war. Tanks in World War II, Tanks and Air warfare of World War II, aircraft played major roles, enabling the strategic bombing of cities and delivery of the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, first and only nuclear weapons ever used in war. World War II is the List of wars by death toll, deadliest conflict in history, causing World War II casualties, the death of 70 to 85 million people, more than half of whom were civilians. Millions died in genocides, including the Holocaust, and by massacres, starvation, and disease. After the Allied victory, Allied-occupied Germany, Germany, Allied-occupied Austria, Austria, Occupation of Japan, Japan, a ...
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Dave Sands
Dave Sands (born David Ritchie; 4 February 1926 – 11 August 1952) was an Australian professional boxer. The man the Americans called the "boxer with the educated left hand" received his due when he was inducted into the World Boxing Hall of Fame in 1998 at a ceremony held in Los Angeles, recognised as one of the greatest boxers never to have won a world title. Sands was the 2009 Inductee for the Australian National Boxing Hall of Fame Veterans category. Early life He was born at Burnt Bridge Mission in Kempsey, New South Wales, the fifth of eight children of George Ritchie, a rodeo-rider and timber-cutter of mixed Aboriginal and European descent, and his Aboriginal wife Mabel, née Russell. Sands' brothers Clement, Percival, George, Alfred and Russell also boxed, emulating their father and their maternal great-uncle Bailey Russell, a noted bare-knuckle fighter. In 1939, Percy travelled to Newcastle to train with Tom Maguire. At age 15, Sands joined Percy training with M ...
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Newcastle Herald
The ''Newcastle Herald'' (formerly branded as ''The Herald'') is a local tabloid newspaper published daily, Monday to Saturday, in Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia. It is the only local newspaper that serves the greater Hunter Region and Central Coast region six days a week. It is owned by Australian Community Media. Overview The ''Newcastle Herald'' is the Hunter's largest local media organisation, and enjoys a long affinity and reader involvement with the region's residents. It is also well read in Sydney (with readership figures showing a 20% increase in Sydney readership on Saturdays) and interstate, and is usually seen as an accurate record of business and local data for those looking to relocate to the region. The paper features the only classifieds section published six days a week across the region. The ''Newcastle Herald'' employs more than 310 full-time staff, and injects $17 million into the local economy each year. History The ''Newcastle Herald'' had its o ...
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James Mitchell (New South Wales Politician)
James Mitchell (1789 or 1792 – 1 February 1869) was a Scottish-born Australian surgeon, businessman and politician. Personal life He was born in Fife to farmer David Mitchell and Margaret Low. He arrived in Sydney on 15 July 1820. He married Augusta Maria Scott on 22 August 1833 and fathered three children. One of them was David Scott Mitchell. On 1 February 1869 he died at his house in Cumberland and received a private funeral at Rockwood Cemetery. Military career In 1810 he joined the Army Medical Corps. With the army he spent nine years travelling around Spain, America, the Netherlands, the West Indies, and Australia. He served in several battles in the Peninsular War, Napoleonic Wars and American War including the Battle of New Orleans. He served in a Military hospital in Brussels during the Battle of Waterloo. Medical practice In 1813 he became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons. He served as Assistant Surgeon of the 48th Regiment, including two visits ...
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Alexander Walker Scott
Alexander Walker Scott (10 November 1800 – 1 November 1883) was an Australian entomologist mainly interested in butterflies. Scott was the son of Dr Helenus Scott, Helenus and Augusta Maria Scott. He was born in Bombay, India and was educated at Bath, Somerset, Bath Grammar School and Peterhouse, Cambridge, receiving a BA in 1822 and an MA in 1825. Scott was elected to the new New South Wales Legislative Assembly, Legislative Assembly, representing Electoral district of Northumberland and Hunter, Northumberland and Hunter from 1856 to 1859, Electoral district of Northumberland, Northumberland 1858 to 1859 and Electoral district of Lower Hunter, Lower Hunter from 1860 to 1861. He supported the secret ballot and franchise extension. In 1861 he was nominated to the New South Wales Legislative Council, Legislative Council for life, but he took no part in it and resigned in 1866. A failed entrepreneur, he later became a prominent figure in the commercial establishment of the Newca ...
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Norfolk (1798 Sloop)
The Colonial sloop ''Norfolk'' was built on Norfolk Island in 1798. It was wrecked in 1800. David Collins recorded in his ''Account of the English Colony in New South Wales: ''"The necessity of a vessel to keep up a more frequent intercourse with Norfolk Island, ...having been much felt by the want of various stores ...occasioned Captain Townson, the Commanding officer, to construct a small decked boat, sloop rigged, in which he sent His letters to this port..."'' Cumpston describes ''Norfolk'' as, “A decked longboat built at Norfolk Iland” Governor Hunter put the ''Norfolk'' under the command of Matthew Flinders, the Sailing Master Peter Hibbs (seaman formerly on the "Sirius"). The vessel was to be used as a survey vessel and in that capacity was used by Flinders and Bass in 1798-99 to circumnavigate Van Diemens Land (Tasmania) – proving the existence of Bass Strait. Flinders also took ''Norfolk'' north to chart Cook's ''Morton's Bay'' (now Moreton Bay) and Hervey' ...
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John Shortland
John Shortland (5 September 1769 – 21 January 1810) was an officer of the Royal Navy, the eldest son of John Shortland. Shortland, John (1796 - 1810)
The Australian Dictionary of Biography - Online Edition.
Shortland joined the Royal Navy as a midshipman and went to in a transport commanded by his father. From 1783 to 1787 he served in the . In 1787 he was in when the

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Worimi
The Worimi (also spelt Warrimay) people are Aboriginal Australians from the eastern Port Stephens and Great Lakes regions of coastal New South Wales, Australia. Before contact with settlers, their people extended from Port Stephens in the south to Forster/ Tuncurry in the north and as far west as Gloucester. Country The Worimi's lands extended over according to Norman Tindale, who specified that the tribal area encompassed the Hunter River to the coastal town of Forster near Cape Hawke. It reached Port Stephens and ran inland as far as roughly Gresford and in proximity of Glendon Brook, Dungog, and the upper Myall Creek. To the south, their territory extended to Maitland. Social organisation The Worimi were divided into four bands: * ''Garuagal'' (the country adjoining Teleghery Creek and along the lower Hunter) * ''Maiangal'' (sea-shore south of Port Stephens, inland to Teleghery Creek) * ''Gamipingal'' (northern side of Port Stephens, left bank of Karuah) * ''Bu ...
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Stockton Bridge
The Stockton Bridge is a road bridge that carries Nelson Bay Road across the Hunter River, between Kooragang and Stockton in the Hunter Region of New South Wales, Australia. The bridge and Nelson Bay Road serve as the main transport route between Newcastle and the Tilligerry and Tomaree peninsulas in Port Stephens. The bridge carries motor vehicles and a central grade-separated shared cycleway and footpath. History Prior to the construction of the bridge, the Department of Main Roads operated a car ferry service between Wharf Road in Newcastle and Stockton.Graceful Lightness crosses the water ''Newcastle Herald'' 21 June 2012 page 26 In May 1955, the Newcastle Harbour Crossing Committee was formed by the Newcastle City Council to investigate options to cross the Hunter River. Options investigated included bridges from Hunter Street and Nobbys Head to Stockton and an underwater tunnel. All were rejected as not feasible. The Kooragang Island reclamation project provided ...
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Migratory Bird
Bird migration is a seasonal movement of birds between breeding and wintering grounds that occurs twice a year. It is typically from north to south or from south to north. Migration is inherently risky, due to predation and mortality. The Arctic tern holds the long-distance migration record for birds, travelling between Arctic breeding grounds and the Antarctic each year. Some species of tubenoses, such as albatrosses, circle the Earth, flying over the southern oceans, while others such as Manx shearwaters migrate between their northern breeding grounds and the southern ocean. Shorter migrations are common, while longer ones are not. The shorter migrations include altitudinal migrations on mountains, including the Andes and Himalayas. The timing of migration seems to be controlled primarily by changes in day length. Migrating birds navigate using celestial cues from the Sun and stars, the Earth's magnetic field, and mental maps. Historical views In the Pacific, ...
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