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Solobacterium Moorei
''Solobacterium moorei'' is a Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-positive, Obligate anaerobe, obligate anaerobic bacillusD.S. Gerber, DS, Haraszthy, VI, Zambon, JJ. (2007)Characterization of ''Solobacterium'' moorei Strains from Subjects with Halitosis, IADR/AADR/CADR 85th General Session and Exhibition (March 21–24, 2007) that contributes to halitosis. This Bacteria, bacterium is non-spore forming and commonly found in the oral and intestinal Human microbiome, human microbiota. The species was previously known as Bulleidia extructa, ''Bulleidia'' ''extructa'' and ''B. moorei'', in the family Erysipelotrichidae before it was reclassified into a new genus. Kageyama and Benno identified the first strain in human feces as an unclassified Clostridium group RCA59 in 2000. Cell Structure and Molecular Components ''S. moorei'' is a Non-motile bacteria, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium approximately 0.2 μm in width and 0.4-0.7 μm in length. It is frequently found in pairs or chains withou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gram-positive Bacteria
In bacteriology, gram-positive bacteria are bacteria that give a positive result in the Gram stain test, which is traditionally used to quickly classify bacteria into two broad categories according to their type of cell wall. The Gram stain is used by microbiologists to place bacteria into two main categories, gram-positive (+) and gram-negative (−). Gram-positive bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan within the cell wall, and gram-negative bacteria have a thin layer of peptidoglycan. Gram-positive bacteria retain the crystal violet stain used in the test, resulting in a purple color when observed through an optical microscope. The thick layer of peptidoglycan in the bacterial cell wall retains the stain after it has been fixed in place by iodine. During the decolorization step, the decolorizer removes crystal violet from all other cells. Conversely, gram-negative bacteria cannot retain the violet stain after the decolorization step; alcohol used in this stage ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GC-content
In molecular biology and genetics, GC-content (or guanine-cytosine content) is the percentage of nitrogenous bases in a DNA or RNA molecule that are either guanine (G) or cytosine (C). This measure indicates the proportion of G and C bases out of an implied four total bases, also including adenine and thymine in DNA and adenine and uracil in RNA. GC-content may be given for a certain fragment of DNA or RNA or for an entire genome. When it refers to a fragment, it may denote the GC-content of an individual gene or section of a gene (domain), a group of genes or gene clusters, a non-coding region, or a synthetic oligonucleotide such as a primer. Structure Qualitatively, guanine (G) and cytosine (C) undergo a specific hydrogen bonding with each other, whereas adenine (A) bonds specifically with thymine (T) in DNA and with uracil (U) in RNA. Quantitatively, each GC base pair is held together by three hydrogen bonds, while AT and AU base pairs are held together by two hydrogen bonds ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Integrin Beta 1
Integrin beta-1 (ITGB1), also known as CD29, is a cell surface receptor that in humans is encoded by the ''ITGB1'' gene. This integrin associates with integrin alpha 1 and integrin alpha 2 to form integrin complexes which function as collagen receptors. It also forms dimers with integrin alpha 3 to form integrin receptors for netrin 1 and reelin. These and other integrin beta 1 complexes have been historically known as very late activation (VLA) antigens. Integrin beta 1 is expressed as at least four different isoforms. In cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle, the integrin beta-1D isoform is specifically expressed, and localizes to costameres, where it aids in the lateral force transmission from the Z-discs to the extracellular matrix. Abnormal levels of integrin beta-1D have been found in limb girdle muscular dystrophy and polyneuropathy. Structure Integrin beta-1 can exist as different isoforms via alternative splicing. Six alternatively spliced variants have been found ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Integrin Alpha 2
Integrin alpha-2, or CD49b (cluster of differentiation 49b), is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''CD49b'' gene. The CD49b protein is an integrin alpha subunit. It makes up half of the α2β1 integrin duplex. Integrins are heterodimeric integral membrane glycoproteins composed of a distinct alpha chain and a common beta chain. They are found on a wide variety of cell types including T cells (the NKT cells), NK cells, fibroblasts and platelets. Integrins are involved in cell adhesion and also participate in cell-surface-mediated signalling. Expression of CD49b in conjunction with LAG-3 has been used to identify type 1 regulatory (Tr1) cells. The DX5 monoclonal antibody recognizes mouse CD49b. Interactions CD49b has been shown to interact with MMP1 Interstitial collagenase, also known as fibroblast collagenase and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''MMP1'' gene. The gene is part of a cluster of MMP genes which ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
HT-29
HT-29 is a human colon cancer cell line used extensively in biological and cancer research. Characteristics The HT-29 cell line was established in 1964 from the tumor of a 44-year-old Caucasian female with colorectal adenocarcinoma by Dr. Jorgen Fogh at the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. HT-29 cells grow in a tight monolayer and share similar features with small intestinal enterocytes. Under specific conditions, such as glucose deprivation or exposure to differentiation-inducing agents like sodium butyrate, these cells develop epithelial cell morphology, characterized by microvilli and well-defined tight junctions. Genetic characteristics and mutations HT-29 cells carry several genetic alterations common in colorectal carcinomas, most notably mutations in the tumor suppressor genes TP53 and APC, and in the oncogene BRAF. Specifically, HT-29 cells overproduce the p53 tumor antigen, but have a mutation in the p53 gene at position 273, resulting in a histidine replacing ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adenomatous Polyps
A polyp is an abnormal growth of tissue projecting from a mucous membrane. If it is attached to the surface by a narrow elongated stalk, it is said to be ''pedunculated''; if it is attached without a stalk, it is said to be ''sessile''. Polyps are commonly found in the colon, stomach, nose, ear, sinus(es), urinary bladder, and uterus. They may also occur elsewhere in the body where there are mucous membranes, including the cervix, vocal folds, and small intestine. Some polyps are tumors (neoplasms) and others are non-neoplastic, for example hyperplastic or dysplastic, which are benign. The neoplastic ones are usually benign, although some can be pre-malignant, or concurrent with a malignancy. The name is of ancient origin, in use in English from about 1400 for a nasal polyp, from Latin through Greek. The animal of similar appearance called polyp is attested from 1742, although the word was earlier used for an octopus. Digestive polyps Relative incidences by loca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Progression Of Colorectal Cancer By S
Progression may refer to: In mathematics: * Arithmetic progression, a sequence of numbers such that the difference between any two successive members of the sequence is a constant * Geometric progression, a sequence of numbers such that the quotient of any two successive members of the sequence is a constant * Harmonic progression (mathematics), a sequence of numbers such that their reciprocals form an arithmetic progression In music: * Chord progression, series of chords played in order ** Backdoor progression, the cadential chord progression from iv7 to I, or flat-VII7 to I in jazz music theory ** Omnibus progression, sequence of chords which effectively divides the octave into 4 equal parts ** Ragtime progression, chord progression typical of ragtime music and parlour music genres * Progression, music software for guitarists * Progression, Markus Schulz's second Artist Album, released in 2007 In other fields: * Age progression, the process of modifying a photograph of a perso ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Skin And Soft Tissue Infection
Skin is the layer of usually soft, flexible outer tissue covering the body of a vertebrate animal, with three main functions: protection, regulation, and sensation. Other animal coverings, such as the arthropod exoskeleton, have different developmental origin, structure and chemical composition. The adjective cutaneous means "of the skin" (from Latin ''cutis'' 'skin'). In mammals, the skin is an organ of the integumentary system made up of multiple layers of ectodermal tissue and guards the underlying muscles, bones, ligaments, and internal organs. Skin of a different nature exists in amphibians, reptiles, and birds. Skin (including cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues) plays crucial roles in formation, structure, and function of extraskeletal apparatus such as horns of bovids (e.g., cattle) and rhinos, cervids' antlers, giraffids' ossicones, armadillos' osteoderm, and os penis/os clitoris. All mammals have some hair on their skin, even marine mammals like whales, dolphins, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bloodstream Infection
Bloodstream infections (BSIs) are infections of blood caused by blood-borne pathogens. The detection of microbes in the blood (most commonly accomplished by blood cultures) is always abnormal. A bloodstream infection is different from sepsis, which is characterized by severe inflammatory or immune responses of the host organism to pathogens. Bacteria can enter the bloodstream as a severe complication of infections (like pneumonia or meningitis), during surgery (especially when involving mucous membranes such as the gastrointestinal tract), or due to catheters and other foreign bodies entering the arteries or veins (including during intravenous drug abuse). Transient bacteremia can result after dental procedures or brushing of teeth. Bacteremia can have several important health consequences. Immune responses to the bacteria can cause sepsis and septic shock, which, particularly if severe sepsis and then septic shock occurs, have high mortality rates, especially if not treated q ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Methionine Gamma-lyase
The enzyme methionine γ-lyase (EC 4.4.1.11, MGL) is in the γ-family of PLP-dependent enzymes. It degrades sulfur-containing amino acids to α-keto acids, ammonia, and thiols: :L-methionine + H2O = methanethiol + NH3 + 2-oxobutanoate (overall reaction) ::(1a) L-methionine = methanethiol + 2-aminobut-2-enoate ::(1b) 2-aminobut-2-enoate = 2-iminobutanoate (spontaneous) ::(1c) 2-iminobutanoate + H2O = 2-oxobutanoate + NH3 (spontaneous) Because sulfur-containing amino acids play a role in multiple biological processes, the regulation of these amino acids is essential. Additionally, it is crucial to maintain low homocysteine levels for the proper functioning of various pathways and for preventing the toxic effects of the cysteine homologue. Methionine γ-lyase has been found in several bacteria ''(Clostridiums porogenes, Pseudomonas ovalis, Pseudomonas putida, Aeromonas sp., Citrobacter intermedius, Brevibacterium linens, Citrobacter freundii, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema dentico ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
β-Galactosidase
β-Galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23, beta-gal or β-gal; systematic name β-D-galactoside galactohydrolase) is a glycoside hydrolase enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing β-D-galactose residues in β-D-galactosides. (This enzyme digests many β-Galactosides, not just lactose. It is sometimes loosely referred to as lactase but that name is generally reserved for mammalian digestive enzymes that breaks down lactose specifically.) β-Galactosides include carbohydrates containing galactose where the glycosidic bond lies above the galactose molecule. Substrates of different β-galactosidases include ganglioside GM1, lactosylceramides, lactose, and various glycoproteins. Function β-Galactosidase is an exoglycosidase which hydrolyzes the β- glycosidic bond formed between a galactose and its organic moiety. It may also cleave fucosides and arabinosides but at a much lower rate. It is an essential enzyme in the human body. Deficiencies in the protein can ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Volatile Sulfur Compounds
Organosulfur chemistry is the study of the properties and synthesis of organosulfur compounds, which are organic compounds that contain sulfur. They are often associated with foul odors, but many of the sweetest compounds known are organosulfur derivatives, e.g., saccharin. Nature is abound with organosulfur compounds—sulfur is vital for life. Of the 20 common amino acids, two (cysteine and methionine) are organosulfur compounds, and the antibiotics penicillin and sulfa drugs both contain sulfur. While sulfur-containing antibiotics save many lives, sulfur mustard is a deadly chemical warfare agent. Fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas, which are derived from ancient organisms, necessarily contain organosulfur compounds, the removal of which is a major focus of oil refineries. Sulfur shares the chalcogen group with oxygen, selenium, and tellurium, and it is expected that organosulfur compounds have similarities with carbon–oxygen, carbon–selenium, and carbon–tellu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
